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Week 13 Lesson Notes

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Week 13 Lesson Notes

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Week 13 Lesson Notes

Should have V3: Criticism and Regret

e.g. You should have called me before coming. I was just about to leave
the house. (criticism)

e.g. I should have studied harder for my exams. I failed and now I feel
sorry. (regret & criticism)

e.g. My neighbors shouldn’t have left the back door unlocked. Their
house was robbed last night.

Should you have gone to Jack’s house to talk to him?

Yes, I should. He definitely needed my support.

S + should(n’t) have V3

Cope with = deal with = tackle

e.g. Many people find it difficult to cope with /deal with /tackle
depression and seek professional help.

When I don’t sleep well for a week, it significantly impacts on my


health.

impact (n): to have an impact on sth.

e.g. Education levels have a huge impact on the development of a


country.

impact (v)

e.g. Education levels impacts the development of a country.


Time Linkers

“as soon as”: immediately after

e.g. I went to the hospital as soon as I heard about the news of the
accident.

(I heard about the accident and immediately I went to the hospital)

e.g. As soon as I finish my homework, I will go out to have a cup of


coffee with my friends.

e.g. They cancelled the wedding ceremony as soon as they learnt that
the bride was covid 19 positive.

“Meanwhile”: during that time, at that time

!!! Meanwhile is used in a single sentence. It does not connect two


sentences.

e.g. I will go out for shopping groceries. Meanwhile, can you please do
the laundry?

e.g. I was trying to study. Meanwhile, the children were screaming and
shouting outside.

WE USE UNTIL WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS UP TO A PARTICULAR


POINT IN TIME

until + full sentence

(we can use all tenses)

e.g He drove the same car until he was thirty.

e.gAt least wait until the doctor sees her.


!!!!We do not use will after until when speaking about the future.

e.g I will wait until I hear from you.

I willhearfromyou

e.gWe have to wait until he arrives.

until he willarrive

until + particular time

I was awake until 4 a.m.

I was awake until 5 minutes ago.

Let us wait until evening.

BY THE TIME

We use by the time when one action is completed before the main
action happens.

By the time my father came home ,ı had finished my homework.

(ı finishedmyhomeworkandthenmyfatherarrived)

By the time our teacher visited our break out room ,we had already
chosen our link.

(we had tried to predict our topic before teacher told us)

By the time we got back again, Sarah had left again.

(Sarah was not there any more when we went there)


We can use by the time in future as well

Bythe time ı do ,you will have all shared your regrets

(they will share their posts before ı share mine)

He will have been in LA bythe time ı arrive.

(he will be there before ı arrive)

DURING
We use during when something happens at a point within a period of
time.

We use during before nouns and noun phrases but not before verbs.

e.g.During I was waiting for the bus, I saw a cat.

We cannot use full sentence after during.

e.g.It’s open seven days a week during the mall’s working hours.

e.g.During Christmas time, I forget about all the bad things and feel like
everything is coming up roses.

e.g. What do you like to do during the summertime?

During+Noun/Noun phrase, Sentence.

Sentence, During+Noun/Noun phrase.


WHEN

1-We use “when” to show things that happen at the same time.

When they were at hospital , I was at home.

2-We can also use when for an action that interrupts another.

My mom was cooking when electricity went out.

!!!WARNING!!!

When we use “when” as a conjunction introducing a time clause, the


same rule (In sentences that contain a future time clause, the main
clause contains a future tense (usually will + infinitive), but the time
clause contains a present tense) as for other time clauses applies:

CORRECT I’ll call you when I come home.


WRONG I’ll call you when I will come home.

In the cases in which “when” doesn’t introduce an adverbial time


clause, we do use “will” when expressing the future. Most
importantly, we use it

When asking questions:

CORRECT When will you know the results?


WRONG When do you know the results?
IF CLAUSE TYPE 3

1. It would have been better if Berners-Lee hadn’t included the


famous double slash. (https://)

-Did he include the famous double slash?-yes, he did

-Is it beter with the double slash? No, it is not.

Hypothetical /Unreal situation in the past

2. If he hadn’t put it in, it would have saved millions of computer


strokes. (he put the double slash in, millions of computers had
strokes) Unreal past

3. If Nguyen hadn’t invented the game at all, a lot of people could


have been happier. (He invented the game, a lot of people were
unhappy) Hypothetical past. - REGRET

4. If Zuckerman hadn’t invented the pop-up code, someone else


might have done this. (He invented the pop-up code. Someone
else did not do this) Unreal/ hypothetical past

5. If we had planned them better from the start, we would have


developed better systems.

could have V3

If + past perfect , would have V3

might have V3
We use if clause type 3 to talk about unreal / hypothetical past.
We use it to comment on the past actions, which happened and
which cannot be changed any more.

Sometimes if clause type ^can be used to mention regret


(example 3 above)

Type 2 (unreal present) vs Type 3 (Unreal past)

Type 2: If I had a lot of money, I would/could buy a Ferrari. (unreal


present: I don’t have a lot of money now, so I cannot/will not buy
a Ferrari. )

Type 3: If I had studied harder at high school, I would/could/might


have entered university. (Unreal past: I didn’t study harder at high
school. I couldn’t enter a university. Chance missed. I am a high
school graduate)

Wishes about past: would like to have V3

e.g. I would like to have gone to Italy for my master’s studies after the
university, but I couldn’t as I started working after graduation.

MTR Text 26

Forgery (n): a fake object

e.g. That is a cheap forgery, not an authentic Ming Dynasty vase.

Output(n): product
e.g. She writes many things but her poems are her most important
literary outputs.

Exploit (v): to abuse

e.g. During the colonial era, England exploited many countries all
around the world. The English especially exploited the natural
resources.

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