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Lec1 Microscope

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Lec1 Microscope

Uploaded by

husseinmahdi272
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Almaaqal University

College of Health and Medical Techniques


Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques

Lec. 1
Microscope
Laboratory instruments
1st year

Assist. Lecturer: Abbas Al Eidany


History of microscope
Origin: The origin of the word microscope from “Microscopium”, stands
for "an instrument for viewing what is small“, from skopein "look at."
Microscopic "of minute size“.

 1590: Two Dutch father-and-son team, Hans and Zacharias


Janssen, create the first microscope.

 1667: Robert Hooke's famous "Micrographia" is published, which


outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope.

 1675: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, Who Used A Microscope With


One Lens To Observe Insects And Other Specimen. Leeuwenhoek
Was The First To Observe Bacteria.
 1830: Joseph Jackson Lister Discovers That Using Weak Lenses
Together At Various Distances Provided Clear Magnification.

 1932: Frits Xernike's invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

 1938: Ernst Ruska has invented the electron microscope.

 1981: 3-D specimen images possible with the invention of the scanning
tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
Light microscope
Structure:
There are three structural parts of the microscope i.e. head, base,
and arm.
 Head: This is also known as the body, it carries the optical parts
in the upper part of the microscope.
 Base: It acts as microscopes support. It also carries microscopic
illuminators.
 Arms: This is the part connecting the base and to the head and
the eyepiece tube to the base of the microscope. It gives support
to the head of the microscope and it is also used when carrying
the microscope.
 Optical parts of a microscope and their functions:

 Eyepiece: also known as the ocular. this is the part used to look through
the microscope. Its found at the top of the microscope. Its standard
magnification is 10x .

 Objective lenses: These are the major lenses used for specimen
visualization. They have a magnification power of 40x-100X. There are
about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope.

 Nose piece: It holds the objective lenses. It is movable hence it can


revolve the objective lenses depending on the magnification power of the
lens.
 The Adjustment knobs: These are knobs that are used to focus the
microscope. There are two types of adjustment knobs i.e fine
adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs.
 Stage: This is the section on which the specimen is placed for viewing.
They have stage clips that hold the specimen slides in place.
 Aperture: This is a hole on the microscope stage, through which the transmitted
light from the source reaches the stage.
 Microscopic light: This is the microscopes light source, located at the base. It
is used instead of a mirror.

 Condenser: These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the
illuminator into the specimen. They are found under the stage next to the
diaphragm of the microscope. They play a major role in ensuring clear sharp
images are produced with a high magnification of 400X and above.

 Diaphragm: It’s also known as the iris. Its found under the stage of the
microscope and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the
specimen.
 The rack stop: It controls how far the stages should go preventing the objective
lens from getting too close to the specimen slide which may damage the
specimen.
Calculation of magnification =
Magnification of objective lens X
magnification of the eyepiece lens.

Resolution is the ability of a lens


to separate or distinguish between
small objects closely linked
together.
Phase Contrast Microscope
 The phase-contrast microscope
produces high contrast images
when using a transparent
specimen more so those of
microbial cultures, thin tissue
fragments, cell tissues, and
subcellular particles.

 The PCM can be used to view


unstained cells also known as
the phase objects, which
means that the morphology of
the cell is maintained and the
cells can be observed in their
natural state, in high contrast
and efficient clarity.
A Phase contrast photo
Fluorescent microscope
 Fluorescence microscopy is
highly sensitive, specific,
reliable and extensively used
by scientists to observe the
localization of molecules within
cells, and of cells within
tissues.

 The principle: The reflected


light passes through the
objective where it is focused
onto the fluorescent specimen.
The emissions from the
specimen are in turn, passed
back up through the objective.
Electron microscope
 An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of
accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

 electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can
reveal the structure of smaller objects.

 Electron microscopes use shaped magnetic fields to form electron optical


lens systems that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.

 Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of


biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells,
large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals, Industrially. electron
microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis.
Types of electron microscope:

 Transmission electron microscope (TEM):

 The original form of the electron microscope, the transmission electron


microscope (TEM), uses a high voltage electron beam to illuminate the specimen and
create an image.

 The electron beam is produced by an electron gun, as the electron source. focused
by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses, and transmitted through the
specimen. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries
information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by the objective
lens system of the microscope.
 Scanning electron microscope (SEM):

 The SEM produces images by probing the


specimen with a focused electron beam that is
scanned across the specimen.

 When the electron beam interacts with the


specimen, it loses energy as heat, emission
of low-energy electrons and high-energy
electrons, light emission or X-ray emission, all of
which provide signals carrying information about
the properties of the specimen surface, such as
its topography and composition.
An Electron microscope photo

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