2ol0723

MTWTF S S
THE Þ- bteck Elements Page No.:

Date:
YOUVA

-’whOse ast e enters inp-subshell

13, (4,I 6 I7, 8]
Groups L în p- subchelltheme mas be nmax o 6electeron

Representatiye elements The fastE membeK of any graup

p- block shows the sinilar properties as of rest of
the membersot

NoTE s- hlock t p'- blacl tepre sentatize element

Whick at the fallaang is not p- bloct elementL

Guoup 15
si2e AH ‘
An.amalous przaperties
N(S) Nitrroqen
(S)
As (s)
Sb (s
Period no,

pr-p band in.'N,ís shrKonqeN than belo)

forc ms because of it Small

N N
N
N NN
N N

P=P X
 Atomic Síze Top to Bottom.
( Gircoup )
Density’ Top to Bottom
(Giroup)
P
(mass )> More domia ating
(vt)

Tonitatian- enexy enthalpy i A;HIE/e

) size ) outer e will be far
Top to Bottom
(Gtroup)
amay
frcor nueleus ) e0sy to eae
electr on :n
Oxidation State i Mihimum
Maximum =) b y gaininge(only N)
by haxing e
+
N, Petc.
+2 m
NH, NH orr Ng Hs NH, NE Cag Ng
m-3=0
AS -3 =31
Sb
Bi

43Tto & e) Tendentuy ta shaw 43‘ Tnext Patr Elect

Poor
5)Tto C > Tendeney to': shaw t5d e) Toert Pair
OR
Effet
G)Which is more stable?

43

atabilily
due to poor T

BF stabilihin t5)
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YOUVA
Date:

(0hat is the maxmem covalenty of Nandp ?

Noaf tovalent bond.

25 Max. tavaleny
3 bonds by
one co- ordina te
bond (by donahon) sharing e due to unavailabiiby
(eovtlent) of dorcbital
11bond
Total Bonds= 4 eX NHa t H’NH
3 bonds (4- bonds)

covalenty ) (due to preiencs

of d-oe bitat)
Co-orcdinate
due ta aize of P il is difficutt to make coordina te.
can give to
Vacantd

tovaleny e&
Max Covalenty 6)
covaleny= s NC does not exfst

NotE As Sh unpairting hogA

B Nopaírng
-2
NS (ovalenu (max)=4 N Dg
N

Jkat is dispropatianation reaction ?

Those teactions fa wbie h same species undercaaes both
Oxfda tion taell as reduchan ís calted disprtaporekionafion e.
AlL oxidahan state of N to 44 sheuws dísprapartion in.
acidic medium
 Date
YOUVA

+3
3HNOS 2NO +HNO,t H
ed.

P also shews
+3
disprcportion. A
PH +3H,ly
Hed

what are hydocides ?

Compounds of Gyroup - 1s witth H is knan as hydide

N’ NHR síze ‘ Bond Leng th ‘ easy to break

P PH Top Thermal stabilits l
to
As’ As HasBcttom N Reduciog character ‘
Sb ’ Sb H, Lew's base
Bi ’ BiHa Bond angle
NoTE: Alkali aq, NaoH + P, PHy t Na H, P02
Ca,Na Ca, + H,o NHs PH t (a loHa
Zn, Na t 6HCL (Me As/sb/Gi)

According to Droqo's Rule, if the centralatgi is at

period3xd more qenecally and electaonegatiity
of central atom ís equal nearly eaual to H then band
angle be

PHs
As Ha Ho Se
Sh H, H, Te
AiHy

BP oKde ’ m1 ) síze ‘ ) SAt )vwF‘ MP‘ ) BP ‘

NHs CPHy <AsH< Sh Ha< GiHy lexpeeted)
H-bord
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AVUDY YOUVA
Date:

bnod
NHa
H- bond VwF
(expected)
Actual'oder’ BP ’ PHg <AsHa < NHg <Sb Ha < Bitg
baod
EP PHa < As HaCS6Ha <BiH < NHe

HALIDES
Trihalides )NE,
NCLG Thenmal stabiliby
NBrg
N tybridizatian -- p)
(least stase) iuiganal
Bipyranids
’ NCs + 3 H¡0 NH, t 3 HOCLL

HOC4

H H

HOlL
H H H H H

+3HCL

P
+ 3HA
CA CL OH
OH

2As Cla +3H, 0 As0, +6HCA

Sb U, t Hao ShOct2HC
’ Parkia hydraly sis
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Date: YOUVA

axial bond
Clongex)
Eauatoral Represented by 3 eaual bondk
bon Truigonal bípymamidal Csp'a).

Solld -

sp° sp3
0ctaheda tetrahed ral

NITROGEN (N,)
Preparation Labotatoy Prepaahon (small scale)
Todustrial Preparahon (Larqe scale)

’ Lare scale Liquiticaton of air and frach'onat

distilla Hon

$Liauikedaizen

Freac hionàl dishlation

O, N2 arce sepazated
Normal RreparaHon
i) Ammanium Nitrite)NHy NO N;+2t,o
Ammonium dfehromate. (NH)Cr, o,
 (Aquse)
(N),] LAg 2NHy 2Aq
blue) deep (
,2+
N t lu NH, tLuo
o H t N t Pb
NH )Pb4
oxîde Metal >
OHli NH,t ’ Hy0 Li+gN
Process AL/M) (Li/
Haber's
nitride By
AMMONIA
Nitride
46Li2LiN N
nitride ben K) (773 -5S0C 450C
ted bewil NHa atm 200
Mo
Bromote
0gAl, +to mount
ot Small
a =Fe+
Catalyst
roces) (tHaberr' 2NHa H,3 + N,
773K
Propenties Chemical
+N2Na 2NaNg
Na/Ba) of
oidazíde ote (Take
N(Pecee
st) preparahon N
YOUVA Date:
AUOY
No. sPage
 Page No.:

Date:
YOUVA

CorKOSve Cahite)
Sublimate

+
H, Cla + NHy DH 19
Catome l Grey
H I+ kI + H,0
+ kOH + NH, HN- H -0
To dide of milllon's
Ne sse's Base (Brcown ppt)
teagent
+1 N,0 (neutra)
odde system Coeutral)
3 +2NO
acidie
’ 43 (acidie ch- ‘
iyitem lacidic)
4 5 ’ N, O Cacidie)

OS.] =) Actdic ch. 1

HNO (nitreous aid)

aphydous HNO
Hz N, Oy-Ha0 = (N03)

HNO+ HNO

Annhydrsus + HNO
Ha Ng O, - Hg0 = NgOy NO

HNO (Aaua Far tis ori Nitr'e aidl

Anohydous HNO,
 No,.

YOUVA
Date:

Ntrcíc
Niteic Acid HND)- agua fort's
Commecial Methad
S08K,5a (Ntre
oxide)
Coskuwala's Paocess

3NOS

ChemicalProperties
Iriganal Planan

Broin reiog test i- Test o NO fon

Fe SO4

3 +
+ H NO + Fe + H,0
Bron 2+;

Ee (isa) NO] + NO Pe (tho)s NO + ttyD

Metal ohich becomes poassive ore donot eactoith cone

becaLAe over it

These metals aree nender passie

Ch Co AL Fe Ni
Do not Keact by making
Aayerovlr it

Reaction with Non- Metals

P t HNO, NO, + H,0 + H, Pay

S. +HNO,
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Date: YOUVA

Some Metall oids

SbtHNO
NO,H,0+ta As Ou
AsHNCa

Sn t HNO,

Reactian otNO, with metal

Nery dlute HNO M /Mn t HNO H, + Metal Nitra
3ZnSn/Fe + HNO,NH, Nog + Metal nitrdh

Dilute HNO fe2n + HNO, ’ N,0 + metal Nitnate tH,o

Cul Agl H Pb + HNO, ’ NO + metal bitate
+ Hz0

Conc. HN0 ZnCulpLFeA + HNOg ’ Nh, t meBal nitatk.

YPcG +so, +2s,Cla

Thiony
chlonide

CSulphuyl Chlode)

Sulphyry
hlanide

(Phosphog
chlorkde)
PH,
alkali + R *90 PH4 t 'sodium
(oq, Nag ’hypophosphite
(Na H PO2)
Tmpurre PH, catcbes fie with ae due to presenca
f híghly inflaramable PHy (diphasphane Ldiphasphil
 Page Na.:
YOUVA
Date:

-H2
H
PH + PH, PH
H P-Pn|lu H
H H

Removal from PH3

By passínq evolved gas theough fneez ing mixtune whtch
Condenses. PHy
By passing threugh HT (PH, tarms PHyI which on
treatment with KoH qives pute PH)

Metalsalt + PHa Metalphosphide + a id

Cusoy + PHg
+ PHa HNOg

Lde tampa sihen eazhin ]

Bast totye'ignat
Impurs.

Sea
emexgeney
incomptete
due impuriy it undergoescambstíon
o
) 11 snake easiy seen biy nearbey ship a0d then
they Come to Hese

Oxoacids of p':
HypaphosphorusAid (Phasphinie aid)
Basiih
0H H
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Date: YOUVA
Ontho
H,POg Phosphorous aid (Phosphonfe acid)
Basitaiky
OH

yniphoupkani acid

delete 2

OH. HOI O4

OH OH
1
OH

ypo phasphoxaie acid

QH, PO, Ha delele

- H
4

P-OH

(HPO,), Polymex
Trnge
Baiity E3
4
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YOUVA
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Oxídes ot Phosphorus
(Pu t 30s (limited)

(cold)

Puoe t 6 Hyo3H, POy + PHa

(hot)

’ (Py ts02 (excess))

(c old) (meta pho spho 'e P= 0

6 H,O ’ 4H, POy

(hot)

Paucrkl dehydkatig aget

4Allotropes ot PhosphoKUs
White Phosphonus

fess stable
60
P ’ Bond strength is vexy 11
reaehie
Hrgaty
’ Keart uith aie and catehes Gee

naturce

2)Red Phospharui
chain af R tetahed«al Laked together
TH fs polsmenic chain
Non- pafsonatzs then bite
Keactve than white p'
Less
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Date: YOUVA

3)lack PhosphaKus
B- Black p'

Both palyrnerie o nature

4
 Page No.:
Date: VoUVA

Oxygen Faraily chalzogen famtly

-oree famtkey
’gas (os) pr-P(stronq)
Se
Te Soltd (pa- px tucak)) S
Po
Y13-8 doys
fhalf-f
Ss
size ) Top ta Bottom T
Af H Top to Bottog
Eq ) S>Se > Te> Po >0
y Reaso n: o' i Size JJ ’ e - e
psro n 1 ’ 0uter e
foree of atttaehon
wtth nucleus ) Ea least)
Mininum oxidatton -2
Maxfmum oxídation

First
3p3
Cxukdstate 4

and exited
state

Top to Dottom Poor o due to d-orbital

Cuter ns'eLattracted toasaxdr and

nueleus
‘ t4
)0"S by 2 $+6

becomemarce stable
 Page No.:
Dete: YoUVA

Chemfcat Troperkes M/er1

4lychei des. ease of 1i
ion1_CGond)
reduetrq chanaclee 1
H, Se
H, Te
acidie ehaaeter f
henmal stability
9deue tof size bond easiy bres
4 ease easily
< Ho H- bone is prse-dominake
M/
Gond Angle - but afe Ha S
Orago'srulé, t,
H, Se
H Te
H Po

Hatides! Gr-16 elements forcm balides

Bas oxdation state.
(SF hfghly stable due tocteric hiodcanee
ie, it i Dat easily hydraly sed end tused as
oc taheclea)
qaseeus in sal atoxs in htgh voltage qenexaba
And switch
F
qeans

Oxides: Form dioxfdes And tuoxldes:

Dioxide. Tioxid
Acidte S0Au
SeDe
die SOAtt
Se, Qg Atdic
Te029 Am pho lerie Lses
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YOUVA
Date:
xei kd ztake
Ne] 3 3p 3
3p 3a

2 P-d7
Pa- P* 1
Pr-Pn
Pa- d =1

Sog eKeited state.

Ne] 3

713 Pa- d7

JPa-PA= 1
Pa -da =2

SO, exfst as yclic tríner lineat

chainpolymer.

exist in cyclic tetramex

tt
S O= Se-0 Se aD

Se
 Page No.:

Date: vOUVA

Ozone(o,) (v- shaped).

Gas Clece)
Solid (violet Blacl)
’Liqdd (Derek Slue)
Tsepanation: a) By ailent electri dischace af a,
silent e
30 204
ai'sehaxqe (to forenmeol)
HE t \Og
+3 H 0z0nised x4gen.

) electralysis af aeidiked t,olats cunxent density

in whih Pt- anode is talken and is ibercated
at P-anode.

203 ’ 30

y Na sent OXYgen
(due to this Oa have oxtdising poperhy
and even bleochtng preopey)
Calbured + lo] ’ caloweless
Gleach ’ caloue fading
Orfdisiog
With
ropeahy of
Halo ceie

+03
Reduee

HF -b Fa
 Page No.:

Date:
VOUVA

PhS
(Black) (white) faislig
made of Pbtunns black
be cause
P6 reacts ith atmospheric
H,SPk + tHysPbs)
Soaked ith H,0 rubbed
:) CuS
+03
(uso PbS P6SOu
+02 (Btaek) (while)

+03 +0
)
+03 +02
Fe sOu
+03 Fe(so)g
Test o 0zo9e i Rotten snnell
’laleoholic benz(dioe solutionuens bcaLw)
’ staneh iodide papet blue
aleaholic solukon of tebamethyl ba se turn
violet

is expased eoith Q, it loses its

iseaaiy- and Menisus

Aotopes Sutphue i- Rhombic 0ctabedaal a- sulphur

Monoclinic e- sulphus
Plasticsulphue
Enge's sulphur i Se-chai foo
Conormahon

Plostte Sulphur i when batlinq s i_paurcd in

poured into Cotd
H0,it givesplasti salphur
Ziglzag
 M
Psge Ho

Dste: YOUVA

T
Rhom bie sulphur So (Tackened Ring0ctahedral)
mast stable fotm which erists at
tenp
Compeunds of Seulghux
tydegen Sulphide sulphuretked hydzaqen

Fes , SQu Fesou t H,S Kipp's apparraka)

Aidis Natuee
tweak acid. Oserroll

HS H* S2

V sbaped

Test o tys Smells liee otten

en eqg
4 TE tuens Leod
acedate paper
paper black
Ldue to formaian pbs)
(elack)
- Gives violet colcur ith nitrephusside soluhon

roastin4
ololess gas
Purqest SDel

sulhcaiig
Free2£5íntoShes ike salid
more soluble íntea)14. saluianato.
easily Lique Aiable
coloualess Liquid
 Page NG.:
YOUVA
Date:

So, aidia )

Achan ith limewatee

(sulphun chlorid)
Oxtdizkoq aatue
Sa, t 2HS ’3S + 2 H,0
Seg SM4 metal’ m-Oyioe
So, t3Fe

(Potessium thtoslplate)

Bieaching Actioh ol soa

( n pesenee a! molstue)

due ta Sog exhibit bleazhing actan

Colourzed malen +
t Tu7 colorless
Tbe bieaching achon af ses is ale educhaa
Any substance bleahed with Soq and hen expesed to
the substance qains Laleue agoin
achon
bleaching
bieachig actonpetManeAb
eso, Sulphun Tzioxide
 Date: vOUVA

olherwise
(so, and 0, bath mustb.CompleIelydy
they for) deid

By heating Fegltada strangly

Aeidic Natree
Sa, anahdeuide
Ma)
(acidic) (b4sic)

So t
(0cidi ) (bosic)
t000c
Decomposihon
Reachon with Conc HCA s) SOg + HCA So, (OH)l

S=0

chlorto suploni)

(sulphenus ad)
Casiity 2.
) 4, 0yCsulphuie aid)
Dascihy 2
Lu) ,,
Og(Tenexodizulplwu. aid)
(Man shalt's add .
Easiity 2
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(Thíosulphutie aid)
S=0
T Basiaty : 2

(oleum (Pynosulphuie deid)

Basfily =2
oH OH

Ha sogCaro's aid)Peuetomono sulphuie acid)

’0O H

Oioxyaen
Labi teating o orygeo contanisg salk lik chlaate
chlatake niteate

Hermal decamposibon ot metal oxide

Meta l Pouwden

Elecholysís af H,0 at anade coa

vapoun
J. PraeHora d'chllahon.
2NL
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Date:
YoUVA

odounless qas
B08m
293 K ) manine lite ges adealuale O

Pauamaqnete
Reort awith al met als/ hon- mehals

ighly eYotherrmic ttett fBarttett

dee to bond dissoaHon energy preofpaned
Xe
campaund
with FA0.

Zns t 30,’
CHy t Oa
Culs

Respixakar
lombushon

Manulackunáig
HespiBat eytindea to
metals Steel

Stuba cives:
exyacetyteneweldiag
As_oxidizen wi bydrazina.
bydaaina 3(Roelet
nockatFuel)
propellsat
Ortaizer Fue!
 Date:
YOUVA

khq o chemicals
Contact aecass 8Sog

A
Sulphde + On
(recsHy )

(Ton
Pyaik)
ex othem mle
H = - 7 keal.

poísona 673- 723 I<

by imuri hes So
nowrdouy
we
catalya>

(oleu)

Ct so,is stoned marketed and traorporkkd

Hy soyLdesicable Cone)
(erothermic 1)
colaumless
syrupy aily liuid
Carrosive natrce

338° H- bond
viscoshy H-0e
H -o

4zeoto pic mnitera

Dhe H, SOs is calle d king o chemnicals

Due to follouwíng rea30ns -
s Dehydraling natue