Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

Abdurrahman Sabir
[email protected]
Graphical Representation
The visual representation of a statistical data (quantitative data) in the form of points, lines, areas,
and other geometrical forms and symbols. Graph provides a very good method of showing
fluctuation and trends in statistical data. Graph can be used to make predictions and forecasts.

Graph

Frequency distribution Graph of time series

Grouped frequency Ungrouped frequency

distribution distribution

Histogram Frequency curve

Frequency polygon Cumulative

frequency polygon

• Frequency bar chart

• Frequency histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Cumulative frequency polygon (Ogive)

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 Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

Histogram
Its consists of a set of rectangles having bases on a horizontal axis i.e. X-axis ( note that these
bases are marked off by class boundaries not a class limits) with centers at the class marks and
area proportional to the class frequency.
➢ If the widths of the classes are equal then the heights of the rectangles are also
proportional to the frequencies and are taken numerically equal to class frequencies.
➢ If the widths of the classes are not equal then the heights of the rectangles have to be
adjusted.
First method for equal class width
➢ Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
➢ Take class boundaries on X-axis and frequency Y-axis
➢ Construct joint rectangles. The resulting figure is the required histogram.
Example: we use the following data.
classes 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109
frequency 2 5 7 9 7 4 3
Sol:
Classes Frequency Class boundaries
40-49 2 39.5-49.5
50-59 5 49.5-59.5
60-69 7 59.5-69.5
70-79 9 69.5-79.5
80-89 7 79.5-89.5
90-99 4 89.5-99.5
100-109 3 99.5-109.5

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 Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

Second Method (Unequal Class Width)

➢ Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
➢ Take class boundaries on X-axis and adjusted frequencies on Y-axis. (Frequencies
are adjusted by dividing them by their respective class width)
➢ Construct joint rectangles. The resulting figure is the required histogram.
Example: Construct Histogram from the following frequency distribution:
classes 40-49 50-53 54-64 65-79 80-89 90-99 100-109
f 10 12 44 75 40 20 10
Sol:

class f
Classes frequency boundaries class width Adj : f =h
40-49 10 39.5-49.5 10 1
50-53 12 49.5-53.5 4 3
54-64 44 53.5-64.5 11 4
65-79 75 64.5-79.5 15 5
80-89 40 79.5-89.5 10 4
90-99 20 89.5-99.5 10 2
100-109 10 99.5-109.5 10 1

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 Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

Frequency Curve
When the frequency polygon is smoothed out as a curve then it becomes frequency curve. OR
when the mid-points are potted against the frequencies then a smooth curve passes through these
points is called a frequency curve.
Method of Frequency Curve
➢ Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
➢ Take class marks on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis.
➢ Plot the frequencies against the class marks.
➢ The plotted points are then joined by a smooth curve, which gives frequency curves.
Example: Construct Frequency Curve from the following frequency distribution:

Classes 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59

Frequency 5 15 40 20 10
Sol:
Classes Frequency Mid-points
10-19 5 14.5
20-29 15 24.5
30-39 40 34.5
40-49 20 44.5
50-59 10 54.5

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Frequency polygon:
A frequency polygon is a many-sided closed figure. It is constructed by plotting the class
frequencies against their corresponding class marks (mid-points) and then joining the resulting
points by means of straight lines it can also be obtained by joining the mid-points of the tops of
rectangles in the histograms.
Method of frequency polygon:
➢ Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
➢ Take class marks (mid-points) on X-axis and frequency Y-axis.
➢ Join the points by means of straight lines. The resulting figure is the required frequency
polygon
Example: we use the following data for frequency polygon
Classes Frequency Class marks (mid-points)
10-19 5 14.5
20-29 15 24.5
30-39 40 34.5
40-49 20 44.5
50-59 10 54.5

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 Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

Cumulative frequency polygon (Ogive)

When a curve is based on cumulative frequency then it is called cumulative frequency distribution
or Ogive
There are two types of Ogive
Ogive

Less than Ogive Greater than Ogive

i) Less than ogive

Method for less than ogive

➢ First calculate the cumulative frequencies.
➢ Take upper class boundaries on X-axis and the cumulative frequencies on Y-axis.
➢ Plot the cumulative frequency against the upper class boundaries.
➢ Join the potted points by straight lines. The resulting figure is the required less than
cumulative frequency polygon or less than ogive.
Example: construction the less than cumulative frequency polygon (ogive) from the following
frequency distribution.
classes 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
Frequency 5 15 25 45 30 20 10
Sol:
classes Frequency Cumulative Class boundaries
frequency
10-19 5 5 9.5-19.5
20-29 15 20 19.5-29.5
30-39 25 45 29.5-39.5
40-49 45 90 39.5-49.5
50-59 30 120 49.5-59.5
60-69 20 140 59.5-69.5
70-79 10 150 69.5-79.5

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 Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023

ii) More than Ogive

➢ First calculate the cumulative frequencies.
➢ Take lower class boundaries on X-axis and the cumulative frequencies on Y-axis.
➢ Plot the cumulative frequency against the lower-class boundaries.
➢ Join the potted points by straight lines. The resulting figure is the required more
than cumulative frequency polygon or less than ogive.
Example: construction the more than cumulative frequency polygon (ogive) from the following
frequency distribution
classes 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
Frequency 5 15 25 45 30 20 10
Sol:
classes Frequency Cumulative Class boundaries
frequency
10-19 5 150 9.5-19.5
20-29 15 145 19.5-29.5
30-39 25 130 29.5-39.5
40-49 45 105 39.5-49.5
50-59 30 60 49.5-59.5
60-69 20 30 59.5-69.5
70-79 10 10 69.5-79.5

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Introduction to Statistics 10/04/2023