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Lec 4 Newton Raphson

lec 4 newton raphson

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Ahmed Shabana
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10 views

Lec 4 Newton Raphson

lec 4 newton raphson

Uploaded by

Ahmed Shabana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Power and Machine Engineering Department

Application of computer in
Power systems

Lecturer
Ass.Prof. Doaa Mokhtar
Load flow solutions methods
Introduction

The solution (LF) is expected to provide information of voltage magnitudes and angles, active and reactive
power flows in the individual transmission units, losses and the reactive power generated or absorbed at
voltage-controlled buses.
The load-flow problem is formulated in its basic analytical form with the network represented by linear,
mutual and balanced lumped parameters.
However the power and voltage constraints make the problem nonlinear and the numerical solution must
therefore be iterative in nature.
The current problems faced in the development of load flow are an ever increasing size of systems to be
solved, on-line applications for automatic control, and system optimization. Hundreds of contributions have
been offered to overcome these problems.
Load flow solutions methods

The main properties are required of a load-flow solution method.

1. High computational speed. This is especially important when dealing with large systems, real time
applications (on-line), multiple case load flow such as in system security assessment, and also in
interactive applications.
2. Low computer storage. This is important for large systems and in the use of computers with small core
storage availability, e.g. mini-computers for on-line application.

3. Reliability of solution. It is necessary that a solution be obtained for ill-conditioned problems, in outage
studies and for real time applications.

4. Flexibility. An ability on the part of load flow to handle conventional and special features (e.g. the
adjustment of tap ratios on transformers; different representations of power system apparatus), and its
suitability for incorporation into more complicated processes.

5. Simplicity. The ease of coding a computer program of the load-flow algorithm.


Load flow solutions methods
Power flow calculations are needed in planning new transmission lines and all studies of generation, load
demand, power factor correction, exchange of energy between utilities, or transfer of power between
nonadjacent power areas (wheeling power), voltage profiling, and so on. Some of these applications are
considered to be off-line of a power flow calculation that are performed months or years ahead of the actual
situation.

An on-line power flow is a periodically executed program in the digital computers that are monitoring and
controlling the power system. They take averaged or processed real-time measured data for the P, Q or P, V
conditions at buses in order to calculate bus voltages and phase angles for the entire network. The real-time
results of power flow calculation may be used to determine the reactive compensation to establish network
voltages
Or incremental transmission line losses associated with changing the output power of a generator.
If total network generation is to change, which generators should be perturbed depends on line losses and
the cost of energy for each generating plant, but a power flow calculation is needed to predict the results of
this change.
In recent years, distributed computer systems used to monitor power systems have increased the
computation capability to the point that contingency cases are now run as power flow cases.
Load flow solutions methods
Load-flow solves a set of simultaneous nonlinear algebraic power
equations for the two unknown variables at each node in a system. A
second set of variable equations,
which are linear, are derived from the first set, and an iterative method is
applied to this second set.
The basic algorithm which load-flow programs use is depicted in the Fig.
System data, such as bus bar power conditions, network connections and
impedance, are read in and the admittance matrix formed. Initial voltages
are specified to all buses.
The iteration cycle is terminated when the busbar voltages and angles are
such that the specified conditions of load and generation are satisfied.
This condition is accepted when power mismatches for all buses are less
than a small tolerance.

When a solution has been reached, complete terminal conditions for all
buses are computed. Line power flows and losses and system totals can
then be calculated.

Flow diagram of basic load-flow algorithm


Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations

Newton-Raphson algorithm is converged, accurate solution method for LF


Assume that the basic variables are given in polar coordinates, that is, in terms of magnitude and
angles. Let
Vi= Vi ∟δi
Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations

The elements of submatrices of this


Jacobian matrix can be found as follows.
For submatrix J1 the off-diagonal and
on diagonal elements, respectively, can
be determined as

i
Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations
Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations

1-BUS DATA

No type V THETA PG QG PD QD QMAX QMIN Qinj


Bus-data=[1 0 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1.04 0 0.4 0 0.2 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0
3 2 1.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.15 0 0 0.2
4 2 1.0 0 0 0 0.40 0.05 0 0 0
5 2 1.0 0 0 0 0.60 0.10 0 0 0];

At each bus all these values must be determined, if not exist it will be assumed
by zero ( P, Q). For load bus the voltage will be assumed as slack bus value and
angle.

2- Calculate Ybus based on Line data


Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations
3- Based on initial(calculated Pc) values of P &Q and schedule values of Ps & Qs calculate:
new ΔP for all buses except slack bus = Ps - Pc
new ΔQ for all buses except slack bus and P-V bus = Qs - Qc

4- Calculate the mis match matrix [ΔP


ΔQ]
5- Check the max. value in [ΔP ΔQ] matrix each iteration (error)

6- If error in acceptable the program will stop, if not new iteration will be performed

7- Calculate elements of each Jacobian matrix (on &off elements) for all buses (include slack bus)
dimension of Jacobian matrix is 2n*2n
Application of newton–Raphson method to load flow equations

8- for each Jacobian matrix eliminate certain elements from row and column.
ex. For (J1 eliminate the row and column of slack bus
J2 eliminate the row and column of slack bus & Column of P-V bus
J3 eliminate the row and column of slack bus & row of P-V bus
J4 eliminate the row and column of slack bus & column and row of P-V bus )

9- Calculate the matrix [Δ δ


ΔV]

10- Update the values of voltage magnitude and angles

11- Update the values of [ΔP ΔQ]


Thanks

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