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Biomechanics (Definitions + Comparisons)

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8 views

Biomechanics (Definitions + Comparisons)

Uploaded by

hasan.abomohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Definitions:

Force: is the action applied to body which moves or tends to move a body from
a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line

ALSO  A physical quantity that either causes a change in shape if applied on a


non-rigid body (By Hook’s law) or acceleration if applied on a rigid body
(Newton’s second law)

Concurrent Forces: Forces that pass through a common point

Non-concurrent forces: Forces not meeting at a common point

Varignon Theorem: The moment of any force around a specific point is equal
to the algerbraic sum of the moments of the component forces around the
same point

Force diagram(=Free body diagram): A diagram of the body showing all forces
acting upon it. It helps in predicting the effect of different forces acting on a
body or to resolve a force into its components

Center of gravity(For free bodies): the point at which the body (at least in
theory) can be perfectly balanced and all of its weight is concentrated.

Center of resistance (For restricted bodies): area at which mass of the body is
concentrated where if it is suspended from this area it should be in balance.
Also if force passes through this area, pure translation without rotation would
be expected.

Force delivery system: The active part of the appliance that delivers force
(Elastic – Active wire – Loop – Spring – Functional appliance etc)

Center of rotation: a point around which a body appears to have rotated as


determined from its initial and final positions

Equivalent force systems: two force systems that are equal in all three
dimensions having equal moments and producing the same effect on the
object.
Couple: A system composed of two forces that are equal in magnitude,
parallel, non-collinear and having opposite direction (Sense). It results in pure
rotation.

Newton’s first law of motion (Law of Inertia): Every body continues in its state
of rest or uniform motion in straight line unless it is compelled to change by
forces impressed on it.

Newton’s second law of motion (Law of acceleration): The change in motion


is directly proportional to the impressed motive force and is made in the
direction of the straight line in which the force is applied.

Newton’s third law of motion (Law of action and reaction): Every action has a
reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

Static Equilibrium: it implies that at any point within a body, the sum of forces
and moments acting on the body is zero

Statics: a field of mechanics that examines forces acting on bodies at rest

Activational forces: forces needed to install the wire into the bracket

De-activational forces: Reactionary forces exerted by the wire on the bracket


as a result of its enforced installation. They indicate the direction of tooth
movement.

Consistent force system: a system where forces are in a favourable direction


toward malocclusion correction

Inconsistent: forces are not correcting the malocclusion

One Couple System: Only one couple is created at one end of the system. It’s
statically determinate meaning that the forces and moments the wire will
apply to the teeth are easy to discern clinically.

Two couple system: two couples are created as the wire engages two brackets
at an angle at both ends of the system. It’s statically indeterminate.
Comparisons:

Moment of Couple Moment of Force


Moment produced due to a couple (=2 Moment created due to a force that is
equal and opposite parallel forces) a applied away from the CR
Pure rotation with no translation Associated with translation
Not affected by the distance from the Affected by distance from CR
CR
Calculation: One force x Distance Calculation: Force x perpendicular
between the two forces distance between the line of action
and the center of resistance

Scalar Vector
A physical quantity having a A physical quantity having a
magnitude only magnitude and a direction
Ex: Temperature - distance Force - Weight

Sense of Vector Direction of a vector


Determined by the arrow head Defined by the line of action +
sense(arrow head)

One couple force system Two couple force system


Wire is engaged in the bracket at one Wire is engaged in the bracket with an
side while at the other side there is a angle at both ends
point of application of force
Only one couple is found at the tooth Two couples at both sites of wire
where the wire is engaged engagement in the bracket
Commonly used in Orthodontics Not usually preferrable
Statically determinate system Statically indeterminate
Examples: Canine extrusion spring – Examples: Utility arches – Torquing
Anterior intrusion arch – Anterior arches – Transpalatal arches
extrusion arch – Anterior midline
spring – Cleft cantilever spring –
Separate canine root correction with a
cantilever – Cantilever anterior root
correction
Free Vector Bound Vector
Same effect is created whatever the Effect varies with different points of
point of force application application
Couple Force

Consistent force system Inconsistent forces


All forces within the system are in Not all forces within the system have
favourable direction toward a favourable direction
malocclusion correction

Statically determinate forces Statically indeterminate forces


Forces and moments created are easy Forces and moments are not easy to
to discern (identify) clinically discern clinically
One couple force systems Two couple force systems

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