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Lecture-5 (FM-I)

Kinematics

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Mohammadan Academy
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22 views

Lecture-5 (FM-I)

Kinematics

Uploaded by

Mohammadan Academy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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04-Nov-24

Fluid Mechanics-I
Lecture-5
Course Instructor:
Engr Zeeshan Akbar Mahar

Kinematics of Flow
Motion of particles without considering forces causing the
motion…
Velocity at any point at any time is observed…
If velocity is known, then the pressure distribution can be
determined…
Here we will discuss ways to determine velocities and
acceleration…
Lagrangian method is used for v, p etc. for a single particle.
Eularian method is used for v, p etc. for whole flow field.

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Types of Fluid Flow


Steady & Unsteady… (Fixed location and varying time)
Steady: No change in v, y, etc. with time.
Unsteady: Any change in v, y, etc. with time.
Uniform & Non-uniform… (Fixed time and varying location)
Uniform: No change in v, y, etc. with distance.
Non-uniform: Any change in v, y, etc. with distance.
Laminar & Turbulent…
Laminar: All particles follow regular paths and don’t cross paths.
Turbulent: Particles don’t follow regular paths and cross paths.

Types of Fluid Flow


Compressible and Incompressible…
Compressible: Volume changes as flow takes place.
Incompressible: Volume doesn’t change as flow takes place.
Rotational & Irrotational…
Rotational: Rotation about axis while moving along streamlines.
Irrotational: No Rotation about axis while moving.
Dimensional…
1D, 2D, & 3D

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Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q)


Quantity or amount or volume of fluid flowing through any a pipe,
channel, or section in one second.
For an incompressible fluid, it is the volume of a fluid flowing
across a section in one second.
Q = V/t = A.v
Q = discharge (cubic meter per second),
V = volume of fluid (cubic meter), and
t = time (seconds),
A = area (square meter), and
v = velocity (m/s).

Equation of Continuity
According to the continuity equation, the product of the cross-
sectional area of the pipe and the velocity of the fluid at any given
point along the pipe is constant.
Continuity equation represents that the product of cross-
sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along
the pipe is always constant. This product is equal to the volume
flow per second or simply the flow rate. The continuity equation
is given as:
Q = Av = constant

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Equation of Continuity
Assumptions:
Following are the assumptions of continuity equation:
• The tube is having a single entry and single exit,
• The fluid flowing in the tube is non-viscous,
• The flow is incompressible, and
• The fluid flow is steady.

Derivation
Consider the following diagram.
Now, consider the fluid flows for a
short interval of time in the tube.
So, assume that short interval of
time as Δt. In this time, the fluid
will cover a distance of Δx1 with a
velocity v1 at the lower end of the
pipe.
At this time, the distance covered
by the fluid will be:
Δx1 = v1Δt
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04-Nov-24

Derivation
Now, at the lower end of the pipe, the volume of the fluid that will
flow into the pipe will be:
V = A1.Δx1 = A1.v1.Δt
It is known that mass (m) = Density (ρ) × Volume (V).
So, the mass of the fluid in Δx1 region will be:
Δm1= Density × Volume
Δm1 = ρ1A1v1Δt ——–(Equation 1)

Derivation
Now, the mass flux has to be calculated at the lower end. Mass
flux is simply defined as the mass of the fluid per unit time
passing through any cross-sectional area. For the lower end with
cross-sectional area A1, mass flux will be:
Δm1/Δt = ρ1A1v1 ——–(Equation 2)
Similarly, the mass flux at the upper end will be:
Δm2/Δt = ρ2A2v2 ——–(Equation 3)
Here, v2 is the velocity of the fluid through the upper end of the
pipe i.e. through Δx2 , in Δt time and A2, is the cross-sectional area
of the upper end.

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04-Nov-24

Derivation
In this, the density of the fluid between the lower end of the pipe
and the upper end of the pipe remains the same with time as the
flow is steady. So, the mass flux at the lower end of the pipe is
equal to the mass flux at the upper end of the pipe i.e.
Equation 2 = Equation 3
Thus,
ρ A1v1 = ρA2v2
A1v1 = A2v2 ——–(Equation 4)
This is the equation of continuity which follows the LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS…
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"The important thing is not to stop


questioning. Curiosity has its own
reason for existing.“
Albert Einstein

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Example 5.1

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Solution (5.1)

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Example 5.2

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Solution (5.2)

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Practice Problems

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