AP Chemistry Equations & Constants

ADVANCEDPLACEMENT
ADVANCED PLACEMENTCHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRYEQUATIONS
EQUATIONSAND
ANDCONSTANTS
CONSTANTS

Throughout
Throughoutthe
thetest
testthe
thefollowing
followingsymbols
symbolshave
havethe
thedefinitions
definitionsspecified
specifiedunless
unlessotherwise
otherwisenoted.
noted.
L,
L,mL
mL == liter(s),
liter(s),milliliter(s)
milliliter(s) mm
mmHg Hg == millimeters
millimetersofofmercury
mercury
gg == gram(s)
gram(s) J,J,kJ
kJ == joule(s),
joule(s),kilojoule(s)
kilojoule(s)
nm
nm == nanometer(s)
nanometer(s) VV == volt(s)
volt(s)
atm
atm == atmosphere(s)
atmosphere(s) mol
mol == mole(s)
mole(s)

ATOMICSTRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
energy
EE == energy
EE == hhνν νν == frequency
frequency
λν
cc == λν λλ == wavelength
wavelength
−34
Planck’sconstant,
Planck’s constant,hh == 6.626 10−34
6.626××10 JJss
−1
Speedof
Speed oflight,
light,cc == 2.998 mss−1
1088m
2.998××10
−1
Avogadro’snumber
Avogadro’s number == 6.022 mol−1
102323mol
6.022××10
−19
Electroncharge,
Electron 10−19
−1.602××10
charge,ee == −1.602 coulomb
coulomb

EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM
[C]cc [D]dd
[C] [D]
KKcc == aa bb
,,where
where aaAA++bbBB R
R ccCC++ddD
D EquilibriumConstants
Equilibrium Constants
[A] [B]
[A] [B]
(molarconcentrations)
KKcc (molar concentrations)
((PPCC))cc((PPDD))dd
KKpp == (gaspressures)
KKpp (gas pressures)
((PPAA))aa((PPBB))bb
(weakacid)
KKaa (weak acid)
[H++ ][A-- ]
KKaa == [H ][A ] (weakbase)
KKbb (weak base)
[HA]
[HA]
(water)
KKww (water)
[OH--][HB
[OH ][HB++]]
KKbb ==
[B]
[B]
KKww == [H ][OH−−]] == 1.0
[H++][OH 1.0 ××10 −14
10−14 atat25°C
25°C
== KKaa××KKbb
−log[H++]],, pOH
pH == −log[H
pH −log[OH−−]]
pOH==−log[OH
14 == pH
14 pH++pOH
pOH
[A--]]
pH == pK
pH log[A
pKaa++log
[HA]
[HA]
−logKaa,, pK
pKaa==−logK
pK −logKbb
pKbb ==−logK

KINETICS
KINETICS
ln[A]t t−−ln[A]
ln[A] ln[A]00 == −−ktkt
kk == rate
rateconstant
constant
11 -- 11 == ktkt tt ==time
time
[[AA]]t t [[AA]]00 tt½
½ == half-life
half-life
tt½ 0.693
0.693
½ == kk

R-2
 GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
P = pressure
V = volume
PV = nRT
T = temperature
moles A n = number of moles
PA = Ptotal × XA, where XA =
total moles m = mass
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . M = molar mass
D = density
n= m KE = kinetic energy
M
à = velocity
K = °C + 273 A = absorbance
a = molar absorptivity
D= m b = path length
V
c = concentration
KE per molecule = 1 mv 2
2
Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol -1 K -1
Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution = 0.08206 L atm mol -1 K -1
A = abc = 62.36 L torr mol -1 K -1
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
STP = 0.00 D C and 1.000 atm

THERMOCHEMISTRY/ ELECTROCHEMISTRY
q = heat
m = mass
q = mcDT c = specific heat capacity
=DSD Â SD products - Â SD reactants T = temperature
SD
= standard entropy
=DH D Â DHfD products - Â DH fD reactants D
H = standard enthalpy
=DGD Â DGfD products - Â DGfD reactants GD = standard free energy
n = number of moles
G D DH D - T D S D
D= E D = standard reduction potential
I = current (amperes)
= - RT ln K q = charge (coulombs)
t = time (seconds)
= - n F ED

q Faraday’s constant, F = 96,485 coulombs per mole

I of electrons
t
1 joule
1volt =
1 coulomb