Definition and measurement of

personality

• The dynamic organization within

individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique
Defining adjustments to his environment(
Gordon Alport)
Personality:
• Sum total ways in which an
individual reacts to and interacts
with others.
Psycho Analytic Theory : Psychosexual
development
According to Sigmund Freud
personality is mostly established
by the age of five.

Early experiences play a large

role in personality development
and continue to influence
behavior later in life.
Structure of personality
 Structure of Personality
The Id
• The id is the only component of personality that is
present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely
unconscious and includes of the instinctive and
primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the
source of all psychic energy, making it the primary
component of personality.
• The id is driven by the pleasure principle which strives
for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and
needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the
result is a state anxiety or tension.
 The Ego
• The ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.
• According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in
a manner acceptable in the real world.
• The ego operates based on the reality principle which
strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially
appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs
and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon
or abandon impulses
 The Superego
• The last component of personality to develop
is the superego. The superego is the aspect of
personality that holds all of our internalized
moral standards and ideals that we acquire
from both parents and society--our sense of
right and wrong. The superego provides
guidelines for making judgments. According to
Freud, the superego begins to emerge at
around age five.
 Stages of Psychosexual development
• The Oral Stage
• The Anal Stage
• The Phallic Stage
• The Latent Period
• The Genital Stage
 Conscious mind
• The conscious mind includes everything that
we are aware of. This is the aspect of our
mental processing that we can think and talk
about rationally. A part of this includes our
memory, which is not always part of
consciousness but can be retrieved easily at
any time and brought into our awareness.
 unconscious mind
• The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings,
thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of
our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of
the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant,
such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.
• According to Freud, the unconscious continues to
influence our behavior and experience, even
though we are unaware of these underlying
influences.
Erik Erickson’s trait theory of Psycho
social Development
Basic Trust Vs Mistrust ( Up to one year )

Autonomy Vs Shame and doubt( 2-3 Years)

Initiative Vs Guilt (4-5 years)

Industry Vs Inferiority ( Latency)

Identity Vs Role Diffusion ( Adolescence)

Intimacy Vs Isolation (Early adulthood)

Generativity Vs Stagnation( adult hood)

Integrity Vs Despair ( Later Years)

 Personality
Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome

Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Children develop a sense of

months) trust when caregivers
provide reliabilty, care, and
affection. A lack of this will
lead to mistrust.
Early Childhood (2 to 3 Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet Training Children need to develop a
years) Doubt sense of personal control
over physical skills and a
sense of independence.
Success leads to feelings of
autonomy, failure results in
feelings of shame and
doubt.
Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Children need to begin
asserting control and power
over the environment.
Success in this stage leads
to a sense of purpose.
Children who try to exert
too much power experience
disapproval, resulting in a
sense of guilt.
School Age (6 to Industry vs. School Children need to
11 years) Inferiority cope with new
social and
academic
demands. Success
leads to a sense of
competence, while
failure results in
feelings of
inferiority.
Adolescence (12 Identity vs. Role Social Relationships Teens needs to
to 18 years) Confusion develop a sense of
self and personal
identity. Success
leads to an ability to
stay true to yourself,
while failure leads to
role confusion and a
weak sense of self.
Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Relationships Young adults need to
(19 to 40 years) Isolation form intimate, loving
relationships with
other people.
Success leads to
strong relationships,
while failure results
in loneliness and
isolation.
Middle Adulthood Generativity vs. Work and Adults need to
(40 to 65 years) Stagnation Parenthood create or nurture
things that will
outlast them, often
by having children or
creating a positive
change that benefits
other people.
Success leads to
feelings of
usefulness and
accomplishment,
while failure results
in shallow
involvement in the
world.
Maturity(65 to Ego Integrity vs. Reflection on Life Older adults need to
death) Despair look back on life and
feel a sense of
fulfillment. Success
at this stage leads to
feelings of wisdom,
while failure results
in regret, bitterness,
and despair.
 Psychological Type
A Dynamic Theory of Personality
Carl G. Jung
 Theory of personality
• Developed by Swiss Psychiatrist Carl G. Jung to explain the differences
among people

• Active mind of people shows two basic mental processes

-Taking in in formation - Perceiving
-Organizing that information and coming to conclusion - Judging

• Orientation of Energy
Directed outward Extraversion
Directed inward Introversion

Mental Energy Mental

Processes Orientation Functions
 Sensing
Perceiving Extraversion
Intuition
Thinking Introversion
Judging
Feeling

Sensing Sensing
Extraverted Perceiving Introverted

Intuition Intuition
Mental Functions
Thinking Thinking

Extraverted Judging Introverted

Feeling Feeling
 Differences between people ???
• Differences in the preferences of using and developing these mental
functions leads to fundamental differences between people

Dynamic interaction Predictable

PSYCHOLOGICL
with the other mental pattern of
TYPE
functions behaviors

• Myers Briggs’ Development of Jung’s Theory

(MBTI type)

Less
Most used
preferable
mental
process=
mental MBTI
process=
Dominant
Auxiliary
type
Function
Function
Dominant Function Auxiliary Function MBTI Type
Introverted Sensing with Extraverted Thinking ISTJ
Introverted Sensing with Extraverted Feeling ISFJ
Extraverted Sensing with Introverted Thinking ESTP
Extraverted Sensing with Introverted Feeling ESFP
Introverted Intuition with Extraverted Thinking INTJ
Introverted Intuition with Extraverted Feeling INFJ
Extraverted Intuition with Introverted Thinking ENTP
Extraverted Intuition with Introverted Feeling ENFP
Introverted Thinking with Extraverted Thinking ISTP
Introverted Thinking with Extraverted Feeling INTP
Extraverted Thinking with Introverted Thinking ESTJ
Extraverted Thinking with Introverted Feeling ENTJ
Introverted Feeling with Extraverted Thinking ISFP
Introverted Feeling with Extraverted Feeling INFP
Extraverted Feeling with Introverted Thinking ESFJ
Extraverted Feeling with Introverted Feeling ENFJ
 What are preferences??
• 16 MBTI types describe dynamic energy systems with interacting
processes

• The MBTI preferences indicate the differences in people

- Where they prefer to focus their attention and get energy
Extraversion and introversion
- The way they prefer to take in information
Sensing and Intuition
- The way they prefer to make decisions
Thinking or Feeling
-How they orient themselves to the external world
Judging or Perceiving process
 • Like to focus on the outer world of people and activity
• Direct energy and attention outward and receive energy
Extraversion from interacting with people and from taking action
• Focus on their own inner world of ideas and experiences
• Direct energy and attention inward and receive energy from
Introversion reflecting on their thoughts, memories and feelings

• Like to take real and tangible information

Sensing
• Observant about the specifics of what is going on around

• Take in information by seeing the big picture

• Focus on the relationship and connections between facts
Intuition
 • Look at the logical consequences of a choice or action
• Energized by critiquing and analyzing to identify problems
Thinking

• Mentally place themselves into situation to identify

Feeling • Energized by appreciating and supporting others

• Like to live in a planned, structured and organized

• Sticking to plans and schedule
Judging • Energized by getting things done

• Like to live in a flexible and spontaneous way

• Energized by their resourcefulness in adapting to the demands
Perceiving
 Big Five

• A personality dimension
describing someone who
is sociable, gregarious
Extraversion and assertive
 Big Five Model
continues

Agreeableness

• Someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientious

• Someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent and

organized

Emotional Stability

• Someone as calm, self-confident, secure ( positive) versus

nervous, depressed, and insecure ( negative)
 Big Five model

• personality dimension
Openness that characterizes
to someone in terms of
experience imagination, sensitivity.
And curiosity.
 Other Traits related to OB
• Core Self-Evaluation
– The degree to which people like or dislike themselves
– Positive self-evaluation leads to higher job performance
• Machiavellianism
– A pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player who believes that ends
justify the means
– High Machs are manipulative, win more often, and persuade more than
they are persuaded. They flourish when:
• they have direct interaction with others
• they work with minimal rules and regulations
• emotions distract others
• Narcissism
– An arrogant, entitled, self-important person who needs excessive
admiration
– Less effective in their jobs
• Self-Monitoring
– The ability to adjust behavior to meet external,
situational factors.
– High monitors conform more and are more likely
to become leaders.
• Risk Taking
– The willingness to take chances.
– May be best to align propensities with job
requirements.
– Risk takers make faster decisions with less
information
 Measuring of personality

Projective
Observer-ratings measures
Self report reports • Rorschach Inkblot
surveys
Test and Thematic
Apperception test
 Johari Window
Self
Known Unknown

Known
Arena Blind

Other

Private Unknown
(Façade)
Unknown
Change and Modification in
Personality
Thought

Image

Feeling

Belief/ Belief
System

Attitude

Action

Habit
Attitude and values
 Values
Values
Basic convictions that a specific
mode of conduct or end-state of
existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or
converse mode of conduct or
end-state of existence.

Value System
A hierarchy based on a ranking of
an individual’s values in terms of
their intensity.
 Importance of Values
• Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals
and cultures.
• Influence our perception of the world
around us.
• Represent interpretations of “right” and
“wrong.”
• Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.
 Types of Values –- Rokeach Value
Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior
or means of achieving one’s
terminal values.
 Values in the
Rokeach
Survey

Source: M. Rokeach,
The Nature of Human
Values (New York: The
Free Press, 1973).
 Values in the
Rokeach
Survey
(cont’d)

Source: M. Rokeach,
The Nature of Human
Values (New York: The
Free Press, 1973).
Dominant Work Values in Today’s
Workforce
 The person-job fit:

• The person-job fit:

• The person-organization fit
Global Implications of personality and
Values
– Values
• Hofstede’s framework for assessing cultures
– Six value dimensions of national culture:
Power distance: The degree to which people in a country
accept that power in institutions and organizations is
distributed unequally.
Individualism versus collectivism: Individualism is the
degree to which people in a country prefer to act as
individuals rather than as members of groups.
Collectivism equals low individualism.
Hofstede’s framework
• Masculinity versus femininity: Masculinity is the degree to
which values such as the acquisition of money and material
goods prevail. Femininity is the degree to which people value
relationships and show sensitivity and concern for others.
• Uncertainty avoidance: The degree to which people in a
country prefer structured over unstructured situations.
• Long-term versus short-term orientation: Long-term
orientations look to the future and value thrift and
persistence. Short-term orientation values the past and
present and emphasizes respect for tradition and fulfilling
social obligations.
• Indulgence versus restraint: Indulgence is the degree to
which people can enjoy life and fulfill desires. Restraint is the
extent to which social norms govern the gratification of
desires.
 Attitudes

Attitudes Cognitive component

The opinion or belief segment
Evaluative of an attitude.
statements or
judgments Affective Component
concerning The emotional or feeling segment
objects, of an attitude.
people, or
events. Behavioral Component
An intention to behave in a certain
way toward someone or something.
 Types of Attitudes
Job Satisfaction
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that
an individual holds toward his or her job.

Job Involvement
Identifying with the job, actively participating in it,
and considering performance important to self-worth.

Organizational Commitment
Identifying with a particular organization and its
goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the
organization.
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior

• Employee Engagement