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7518 Topper 21 110 6 2 3145 9782 Physical Properties of Metals and Non Metals Up201710171240 1508224231 1145

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31 views5 pages

7518 Topper 21 110 6 2 3145 9782 Physical Properties of Metals and Non Metals Up201710171240 1508224231 1145

Uploaded by

Tushar Sindhu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

Metals and Non-metals


There are millions of substances in the world, but they are all made of a limited number of basic
substances called elements.

 Classifications of elements

Elements in the Modern Periodic Table

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

Metals

 Most of the elements known to us are metals.


Examples: Gold, silver, platinum, iron, tin, calcium, nickel
 Of the 118 elements in the periodic table, about 91 are metals.
 Metals are hard, lustrous materials which are good conductors of heat and electricity.
 They are malleable and ductile.

 Occurrence
Metals occur in nature in both free and combined states.
 Free or native state metals are gold, silver and platinum.
 Combined state metals are compounds along with some earthy impurities.
1) Minerals: These are compounds of various metals found in nature along with some
earthy impurities.
2) Ores: These are the naturally occurring minerals from which metals can be extracted
profitably and easily.
Some common ores:
Metal Common name Chemical name Formula
Zinc Zinc blende Zinc sulphite ZnS
Aluminium Bauxite Hydrated aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
Iron Haematite Iron[III] oxide Fe2O3

 Types of metals
1. Base metals: These are metals which get oxidised easily. Examples: Iron, lead, copper
2. Ferrous metals: The word ‘ferrous’ is derived from the Latin word which means ‘containing iron’.
Example: Pure iron
3. Noble metals: Unlike base metals, these metals are resistant to corrosion, and due to their rarity,
they may be considered precious. Examples: Gold, platinum, silver
4. Heavy metals: These are defined on the basis of density or atomic weight. Examples: Mercury,
lead

Non-metals

Non-metals are fewer in comparison to metals. Excluding the inert gases, there are only eleven
non-metals known to us. Non-metals also play a vital role in everyday life.
They are further divided into halogens and noble gases.
1) Halogens: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
2) Noble gases: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
 Occurrence

 Non-metals occur in the Earth’s crust in the combined state as oxides, carbonates,
sulphates and nitrates.
 In the atmosphere, both oxygen and nitrogen are in the free state and carbon dioxide
and water are in the combined state.
 The most abundant non-metal in nature is oxygen. Nitrogen in the free state accounts
for 78% of the air. It also forms proteins, an important food nutrient.
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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

Physical properties of metals and non-metals

 Terms involved in physical properties of metals

Term Ability of a metal to


Lustre  Show brightness on reflection of light
Hardness  Resist indentation by external force Lustre
Malleability  Be beaten into thin sheets
Ductility  Be drawn into wires
Tensile strength  Withstand longitudinal pull when in wire
Malleability
form
Sonority  Produce a resonant sound when struck
Conductivity  Conduct heat and electricity transmitted
through a unit area of metal in unit time Ductility

 Differences in the physical properties of metals and non-metals

Property Metals Non-metals


State  Solids at room temperature Liquids, gases or brittle solids
Exception: Mercury
Lustre  Lustrous (show brightness) Non-lustrous
Exceptions: Graphite, iodine
Malleability  Malleable Non-malleable
Exception: Zinc Exception: Carbon fibre
Ductility  Ductile Non-ductile
Exceptions: Zinc, mercury Exception: Carbon fibre
Tensile strength  High tensile strength Low Tensile strength
Exception: Carbon fibre
Sonority  Sonorous Not sonorous
Conduction of  Good conductor of heat and Non or poor conductor of
heat and electricity electricity
electricity Exception: Graphite
Corrosion  Corrosive Non-corrosive
Melting and  High melting and boiling points Low melting and boiling points
boiling points Exceptions: Sodium, potassium, Exceptions: Carbon, silicon
mercury
Density  High density Low density
Exceptions: Sodium, potassium, Exception: Graphite (carbon)
calcium

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CHEMISTRY METALS AND NON-METALS

Metalloids

 Metalloids are elements which show some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals.
 They are solids. They are silicon, boron, arsenic, antimony, germanium, tellurium and
polonium.

 Properties of metalloids
1) State - Metalloids are generally solids at room temperature.
2) Lustre - They have metallic lustre.
3) Nature - They are brittle in nature.
4) Conductivity - Semiconductors of electricity and show average transmission of heat.
5) Malleability - Generally malleable and ductile, except silicon.
& ductility

 Uses of metalloids:
1) Boron - Used as an insecticide and a fire retardant.
2) Silicon - Silicon gel is generally applied to burn patients; absorbs moisture.
3) Arsenic - Finds use for certain medicinal purposes.
4) Antimony - Used as a type metal in printing presses.
5) Germanium - Used as a semiconductor and to make alloys.

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