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Digital Communication Lab 1

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28 views8 pages

Digital Communication Lab 1

lab guidline

Uploaded by

hailukalkidan651
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Addis Ababa Institute of technology

Department of Electrical and Computer


Engineering
Course: Digital Communication Systems (ECEG-6318)
Lab 1

Submitted By: Kalkidan Hailu


ID: GSE/5438/12
Submitted To: Dr. Tsegamlak Terefe
Submission date: 5/12/2020
Orthigonalization, Orthonormlization and orthonormal Basis
Function
1. Are the orthonormal set’s unique? If not why?
No because as depending on the basis started from, it will be found different orthonormal
families, means if we change the order the orthogonalization of the signal is done, we won’t get
the same result.

2. What is the dimension of the orthonormal basis?


The dimension of the orthonormal basis depends on the linear independence of each signal. The
maximum number of dimension that could occur will be equal to the number of given signals
which means in case of the signals are linearly independent but if there is high dependence the
dimension might be less than the number of given signals which it can be shown in the
experiment that the 4 signals are represented by 3 orthonormal basis since, 𝑆4 (𝑡), 𝜑4 (𝑡) can be
obtained by adding the orthonormal function of other wave forms.

3. Can you express the original block as linear summation of the orthonormal
basis function? If so show how you can do so.
 Yes we can.
And it can be done as shown below;

Figure 1.Original block as linear summation of orthonormal basis function


Where,
𝑆𝑖 (𝑡) = ∑𝑁
𝑘=1 𝑆𝑖𝑘 𝜑𝑘 (𝑡), 0≤t≤ 𝑇𝑠 , i=1, 2, 3… M

N represents real valued orthogonal basis function


M represents final energy signals.
Common Digital baseband modulating waveforms
The Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)

Consider the basis waveform of a binary PAM signal given in figure 2

1. Which function best approximate the given wave shape?


Since it is zero at t=0, sine function best approximate the given wave shape.
2. Plot the function in time domain using MATLAB.

3. Find the spectral representation using MATLAB.


4. Shift the spectrum by a carrier frequency𝒇𝒄 .

5. Plot the time domain wave form of Qn4

6. Plot the frequency domain representation of Qn5.


Multi-Dimensional PAM

Figure 3. A biorthogonal 4-Array PAM

1.Plot the above constellation diagram using MATLAB


2. What does bi-orthogonal mean?
Bi-Orthogonal signal is defining as negative of orthogonal signal. Its bases function also
expressed in terms of negative of bases function of orthogonal signals. That is a bi-orthogonal
signal set is the same as orthogonal signal set except that the negative of each orthonormal signal
is also allowed. Thus, there are 2N signals in N dimensions.

3. Could this be a solution to the problem associated with a one-dimensional


PAM?

In one dimensional PAM the controlling parameter is only amplitude and different constellation
points are represented by different amplitude values (like A1, A2, A3…) when the data rate is
increased the constellation points will also increase and this will cost energy. Due to this energy
inefficient behavior we may also encounter issue on quality. Adding one dimension and making
the modulation scheme two-dimensional (increasing the orthonormal basis function) will be a
solution for the above problem. When it is two dimensional there will be a constant energy circle
and that constant circle will be defined by is defined by its radius. And any point on the circle
can be expressed as a theta value and if it can be expressed by theta value it is called phase
modulation. And now we can take many constellation points along with this circle and those
constellation points insure a fixed energy value as shown on the figure below

Figure 4. Two dimensional PAM.

4.How many bits per modulating waveform is suitable for the above
constellation diagram? How should you allocate the bit streams?

There is a relationship between the number of possible modulating waveforms(M) that could be
transmitted, and the number of bits per modulating waveform(N), the relationship is:
𝑁 = log2 (𝑀)
And in our case M=4 and therefore
𝑁 = log2 (4)
Which finally rings N=2. Which indicates that it is suitable to map 2 bits per each modulating
waveform . These bits streams can be allocated by using a mechanism called Gray coding which
maps bits to symbols so that the number of bit errors is minimized.
5. What should be the general formula to construct a band pass M-Array
PAM?
The general band pass M-array PAM signal waveform formula is given by:

𝑢𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑔𝜏 (𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 t, m=1, 2,….M

6. What do you think should the name of this band pass modulation scheme?

As discussed on Qn3, it is all about playing with the phase therefore the name of this band pass
modulation scheme should be PSK, and the given constellation diagram becomes QPSK.

7. What happens when M increases? How can you overcome this problem?
When we need to increase the data rate more and more constellation points will also become a
lot and this will bring resolvability issue at the receiver because the symbols will get near each
other. So adding dimension will be the solution. But as we add dimension, it will be complicated
for the receiver to resolve and the ease of contraction issue will be affected, so simply adding
many dimension is not recommended. Instead, in order to overcome this problem we need to
introduce another constant energy circle in this two dimensional space with different amplitude
as shown blow.

Thus, as shown on the above figure, we have two controlling parameters (amplitude and phase)
to ensure resolvability, to efficiently utilize transmission energy, to enhance data rate.

8. What is Hilbert transformation? Can you see any use of this transformation
for the current topic?

The Hilbert transform 𝐻[𝑔(𝑡)] of a signal g(t) is defined as,


1 1 ∞ 𝑔(𝜏) 1 ∞ 𝑔(𝑡−𝜏)
𝐻 [g(t)] = g(t) ∗ 𝜋𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑡−𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
The Hilbert transform of g(t) is the convolution of g(t) with the signal 1/𝜋𝑡 .It is the response to
g(t) of a linear time-invariant filter(called Hilbert transformer)having impulse response 1/𝜋𝑡.The
̂ .And the Hilbert transform is the transform in
Hilbert transform of g(t) is often denoted by 𝑔(𝑡)
which phase angle of all components of the signal is shifted by -π/2 radians.

Hilbert transforms have properties which may be useful in the current topic which is, A signal
and its Hilbert transform are mutually orthogonal and the energy spectral density is same for
both g(t) and g^(t).

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)


1. Plot a constellation diagram of 8-QAM by modulating the previously
obtained 2 dimensional bi-orthogonal PAM

2. Why is it called QAM?

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is the name of a family of digital modulation. It conveys two
analog massage signals ,or two digital bit streams ,by changing the amplitude of two carrier
waves , using the amplitude–shift keying(ASK) digital modulation .The two carrier waves of the
same frequency are out of phase with each other by 90° ,so this will bring the name orthogonally
or quadrature amplitude modulation.

3. What should be the general formula expressing an M array QAM?

An M-array signal can be defined by the following equation:

Where 𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) represents the baseband signal chosen from the M possible waveforms, g(t) is a
real-valued signal pulse whose shape influences the spectrum of the transmitted signal,
𝐴𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑚 denote the amplitude and phase angle of the 𝑚𝑡ℎ symbol

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