New :Course book Class 9th

For Practical Based Accessement Follw the follwing book

Note: Both Books are available in school canteen

Note: These are Sample answers for detail understanding consult the text
book and note book follow all lectures in class where all topics are explained
in details also draw diagram where it is necessary. Main points are written in
each answer you can write the complete statement.

Unit 1: Page 1 of 19
 Lesson 01 Computer Systems (Page# 7 54)
SLO Based Questions Answers from the topic according to Federal board
(new exam Pattern)
Short Q/A
1. What are computer systems and how have they transformed modern life?
➢ Computer systems consist of hardware (physical components) and software
(programs).
➢ They process and manage information efficiently.
➢ They have transformed modern life by improving:
➢ Communication (e.g., emails, social media)
➢ Work (e.g., automation, data processing)
➢ Education (e.g., online learning)
➢ Entertainment (e.g., gaming, streaming services)
2. Describe the Abacus and its significance in early computing history.
➢ Invented by the Chinese about 4000 years ago.
➢ A wooden frame with rods and beads used for basic arithmetic.
➢ It is one of the earliest known computing devices.
3. How did John Napier contribute to the field of computing?
➢ Invented Napier’s Bones in the 1600s.
➢ A tool that used strips of numbers for multiplication and division.
➢ Introduced the concept of the “decimal point”.
4. Explain the function of Blaise Pascal's Pascaline.
➢ Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
➢ A mechanical calculator using gears and wheels.
➢ Performed basic arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction).
5. What improvement did Wilhelm Leibniz make to Blaise Pascal’s calculator?
➢ Improved Pascal’s calculator in 1673 by creating the Stepped Reckoner.
➢ A digital mechanical calculator that used grooved wheels.
➢ Could perform more complex calculations, like multiplication and division.
6. What was the purpose of Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine?
➢ Invented in the early 1820s by Charles Babbage.
➢ A steam powered machine designed for basic arithmetic calculations.
➢ Could automate mathematical processes, reducing human error.
7. How did the Analytical Engine differ from the Difference Engine?
The Analytical Engine (1830) was more advanced than the Difference Engine.

Unit 1: Page 2 of 19
 It could:
➢ Solve complex mathematical problems.
➢ Store data using punch cards.
➢ Be programmed for various calculations.

8. What is the significance of Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine?

➢ Invented in 1890 by Herman Hollerith.
➢ Used punch cards to record and compute data.
➢ Played a role in the development of IBM, founded in 1924.
9. Describe the function of the Differential Analyzer invented by Vannevar
Bush.
➢ Introduced in 1930.
➢ The first electrical computer.
➢ Used vacuum tubes for calculations, processing about 25 operations per
minute.
10. What were the main features of Howard Aiken’s Mark I computer?
➢ Built in 1944 by Howard Aiken.
➢ A digital computer capable of:
➢ Performing arithmetic with eight digit numbers.
➢ Printing results using punched cards.
➢ It was 50 feet long and weighed 5 tons.
11. What were the characteristics of First Generation Computers?
➢ Time period: 1940 1956.
➢ Used vacuum tubes for operation.
➢ Large, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
➢ Relied on punched cards for input/output with limited memory capacity.
12. How did Second Generation Computers improve over First Generation
Computers?
➢ Time period: 1956 1963.
➢ Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors.
➢ Transistors made computers:
➢ Smaller, faster, and more reliable.
➢ Cheaper and less power consuming.
13. What technological advancement defined Third Generation Computers?
➢ Time period: 1963 1971.
➢ Introduced integrated circuits (ICs) , replacing transistors.
➢ Reduced power consumption and increased efficiency.
➢ Added user friendly interfaces like keyboard and monitor.

Unit 1: Page 3 of 19
14. What defines Fourth Generation Computers (1971 Present)?
➢ Fourth generation computers use integrated microprocessors.
➢ These are faster, smaller, and support advanced input/output devices.
➢ They include modern programming languages and more complex software.
15. What are Fifth Generation Computers?
➢ Fifth generation computers aim to understand natural languages.
➢ They possess thinking capabilities, relying on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
➢ These systems allow user commands in any language.
16. Define a system and its purpose.
A system is a collection of interconnected components working together to achieve
specific purposes in various aspects of life.
17. What are natural systems and give examples?
➢ Natural systems exist in nature, are diverse, and self regulate.
➢ Examples include:
➢ Ecosystems
➢ Weather systems
➢ Biological systems
➢ Hydrological systems
➢ Solar system
18. What are artificial systems and give examples?
➢ Artificial systems are human made, designed for specific purposes to solve
problems.
➢ Examples include:
➢ Communication systems
➢ Information systems
➢ Healthcare systems
➢ Transportation systems
19. What are input devices?
➢ Devices used to provide data to a computer:
➢ Keyboards
➢ Mice
➢ Scanners
➢ Barcode readers
➢ Digital cameras
➢ Microphones
20. What is the system unit?
➢ The central part of a computer, containing the motherboard,
microprocessor (CPU) , and registers .
21. What are memory types in computers?

Unit 1: Page 4 of 19
 ➢ Memory types include:
➢ ROM (Read Only Memory)
➢ RAM (Random Access Memory)
➢ Cache memory
22. What are output devices?
➢ Devices that display text, graphics, and images:
➢ Monitors
➢ Printers
➢ Plotters
➢ Speakers
23. What is data transmission?
➢ Data transmission moves data between components using buses, following
an instruction cycle that fetch, decodes, executes, and stores data.
24. Explain Von Neumann architecture.
➢ Describes how computer hardware and software work together.
➢ Components: CPU, registers, ALU, control unit, and buses.
25. What are memory units?
➢ Memory is measured in units like:
➢ Kilobytes
➢ Megabytes
➢ Gigabytes
➢ Terabytes
➢ Petabytes
➢ Exabytes
26. What is optical memory?
➢ Optical memory stores data as pits on optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and
Blu ray disks
27. Define volatile and non volatile memory.
➢ Volatile memory: Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM, cache).
➢ Non volatile memory: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM, flash
memory).
28. What is computer software?
Computer software is a collection of programs, data, and instructions that enable
computers to perform tasks.
29. What is the function of system software?
Manages and controls hardware, acts as an intermediary between users and
hardware.

Unit 1: Page 5 of 19
 Examples:
Operating systems
Device drivers
Utilities
Compilers
30. What are programming languages?
Programming languages instruct computers to perform tasks.
Low level languages: machine or assembly based.
High level languages: user friendly and can be procedural or object oriented (e.g.,
C++, Java).
31. What is data communication?
Data communication involves exchanging data between devices or systems via
networks . Key components: sender, message, medium, protocol, receiver.
32. Explain the modes of network communication.
Simplex: One way communication.
Half duplex: Both ways, but not simultaneous.
Full duplex: Both ways simultaneously.
33. What are communication devices?
Devices like hubs, switches, and routers that enable data exchange in
networks.
34. What is the OSI Model?
OSI model has seven layers performing specific tasks in data communication:
1. Application
2. Presentation
3. Session
4. Transport
5. Network
6. Data Link
7. Physical layers
35. What are data communication protocols?
Various communication protocols such as TCP/IP , HTTP , FTP , and SMTP
define how data is transmitted and received over networks.

Unit 1: Page 6 of 19
36. What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that
evolved from ARPANET , facilitating communication, information exchange, and
connectivity worldwide.
37. How does the Internet work?
The Internet operates through a decentralized architecture, using packet
switching technology, protocols like TCP/IP , DNS for domain translation, and
security measures to transmit and protect data.
38. What are the advantages of the Internet?
The Internet offers:
➢ Global connectivity .
➢ Access to vast information resources .
➢ Real time communication .
➢ Opportunities for e commerce, education , entertainment , business , and
innovation.
39. What are the disadvantages of the Internet?
The Internet poses concerns related to:
➢ Privacy
➢ Cybersecurity risks
➢ Information overload
➢ Digital addiction
➢ The digital divide
➢ Online harassment
➢ Health impacts .
40. What are the common applications of the Internet?
The Internet is used for:
➢ Communication
➢ Information retrieval
➢ E commerce
➢ Social media
➢ Entertainment
➢ Education
➢ Business
➢ Research
➢ Innovation .

Unit 1: Page 7 of 19
 Long Questions Answers
1. Describe the historical development of computer systems, from the
Abacus to Third Generation Computers.
➢ Abacus (~4000 years ago): Used by the Chinese for arithmetic.
➢ Napier’s Bones (1600s): Introduced the decimal point system.
➢ Pascaline (1642): First mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal.
➢ Stepped Reckoner (1673): Advanced digital calculator by Leibniz.
➢ Difference Engine (1820s): A steam powered machine by Charles Babbage
for basic computations.
➢ Analytical Engine (1830): Babbage’s more advanced machine with punch
card programming.
➢ Tabulating Machine (1890): Invented by Hollerith, used punch cards, and laid
the foundation for IBM.
➢ Differential Analyzer (1930): First electrical computer using vacuum tubes.
➢ Mark I (1944): A massive digital computer by Howard Aiken, capable of
arithmetic with punched cards.
➢ First Generation (1940 1956): Vacuum tubes, large and slow.
➢ Second Generation (1956 1963): Transistors, smaller, faster, more reliable.
➢ Third Generation (1963 1971): Integrated circuits, with keyboards and
monitors.
2. Explain the contributions of Charles Babbage to the development of
computers and why he is called the "Father of the Computer."
➢ Difference Engine (1820s): A machine to automate arithmetic operations.
➢ Analytical Engine (1830): A programmable mechanical computer capable of
solving complex problems.
➢ Used punch cards for input.
➢ Had components similar to modern computers (memory, processing, logic).
➢ Babbage’s ideas laid the foundation for future computing technologies.
➢ He is called the “Father of the Computer” for his visionary contributions.
3. How did the invention of transistors revolutionize the development of
Second Generation Computers?
➢ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in Second Generation Computers.
➢ Smaller, faster, more reliable, and less power consuming.
➢ Made computers cheaper and more accessible to institutions.
➢ Led to improved speed and accuracy in computing.
➢ Extended the lifespan of computers by reducing failures.
➢ Enabled the development of programming languages like COBOL and
FORTRAN.
4. Compare and contrast First Generation and Third Generation Computers.
➢ First Generation Computers (1940 1956):
➢ Used vacuum tubes.
➢ Large, slow, unreliable, consumed a lot of power.

Unit 1: Page 8 of 19
 ➢ Relied on punched cards and machine language programming.
➢ Third Generation Computers (1963 1971):
➢ Used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors.
➢ Smaller, faster, more efficient, and reliable.
➢ Introduced user friendly interfaces like keyboards and monitors.
➢ Featured operating systems that allowed multitasking.
5. Compare Fourth and Fifth Generation Computers.
➢ Fourth Generation (1971 Present):
➢ Use integrated microprocessors.
➢ Faster, smaller, support modern programming languages and software.
➢ Advanced input/output devices.
Fifth Generation:
➢ Aim for natural language understanding.
➢ Incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI) .
➢ Allow interaction through commands in any language.
6. Explain the types of systems and give examples.
➢ Natural Systems:
➢ Found in nature, diverse, and self regulating.
➢ Examples: ecosystems, solar systems, weather systems.
➢ Artificial Systems:
➢ Human made, designed for specific purposes.
➢ Examples: communication systems, information systems, healthcare
systems.
7. What are memory types and their categories?
➢ Memory Types :
➢ ROM : Read Only Memory.
➢ RAM : Random Access Memory.
➢ Cache Memory : High speed storage used to store frequently accessed data.
➢ Volatile Memory : Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM, cache).
➢ Non volatile Memory : Retains data without power (e.g., ROM, flash memory,
hard disks).
8. Explain Von Neumann architecture.
➢ Describes how computers process data:
➢ CPU : Central Processing Unit.
➢ Registers : Small storage areas.
➢ ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit for calculations.
➢ Control Unit : Manages operations.
➢ Buses : Transfer data between components.

Unit 1: Page 9 of 19
9. What is the OSI Model and its layers?
OSI model consists of seven layers, each performing a specific role in data
communication:
1. Application: User interaction.
2. Presentation: Data translation.
3. Session: Connection management.
4. Transport: Data transfer.
5. Network: Data routing.
6. Data Link: Error detection and correction.
7. Physical: Physical connection (cables, switches).
Exercise Question Answers

Correct answers for the multiple-choice questions:

1. c) Tabulating Machine
2. a) Transistors
3. c) Third Generation
4. b) Human body
5. b) Control Unit (CU)
6. b) ROM
7. b) Provide high-speed storage
8. b) Bit
9. b) Optical memory
10. b) In the same memory unit
11. c) Transmit data between components
12. a) Establishing connections between computers
13. b) Bus Topology
14. b) HTTP
15. a) Client/Server Network

Short Response Questions (SRQs):

i. What is the function and significance of Napier’s Bone in early computing?

• Napier’s Bones was an early calculating tool developed by John Napier. It

was significant for its ability to simplify multiplication, division, and even
square roots, marking an important step toward mechanical computation.

ii.. How did Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine differ from the Analytical
Engine?

• The Difference Engine was designed specifically to calculate polynomial

functions and produce mathematical tables, while the Analytical Engine was
a more general-purpose machine, capable of performing a variety of

Unit 1: Page 10 of 19
 calculations and even possessing features like a memory and a conditional
control flow.

iii. What is the primary goal of fifth-generation computers?

• Fifth-generation computers aim to understand natural languages and

possess thinking capabilities by relying on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

iv. Name the three types of memory mentioned on the motherboard in the Von
Neumann architecture?

• The three types of memory mentioned are:

o RAM
o Cache
o Registers

v. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory.

• Volatile memory: Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM).

• Non-volatile memory: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM, Hard
disks).

vi Show memory hierarchy with the help of a diagram.

• The memory hierarchy typically includes:

o Registers (fastest, smallest)
o Cache
o RAM
o Hard Disk (slowest, largest) See notebook and book

Vii Why is the word size of a processor important, and how does it affect the
computer’s performance?

• The word size determines how much data a processor can handle at a time.
A larger word size allows the processor to work with larger chunks of data,
which enhances the overall performance and speed of the computer.

Questions from Book following are the answers

viii. Pipelining is a technique that improves CPU efficiency by overlapping the
execution of multiple instructions. It breaks down the instruction execution process
into stages, allowing different instructions to be at different stages simultaneously,
similar to an assembly line. This increases the throughput and overall performance
of the CPU.
ix. Three considerations when choosing memory for a custom computer:

Unit 1: Page 11 of 19
 • Type: RAM (Random Access Memory) is essential for immediate data
access. Consider the type (DDR, DDR2, etc.) and speed (MHz) based on the
CPU's compatibility.
• Size: Determine the required RAM capacity based on the intended usage. For
general tasks, 8GB is sufficient, but for demanding applications like video
editing or gaming, 16GB or more might be necessary.
• Storage: Choose between HDD (Hard Disk Drive) for large storage capacity
and SSD (Solid-State Drive) for faster data access and improved system
performance.
x. To improve the performance of an older computer without replacing the CPU,
consider the following:
• Upgrade the RAM: Adding more RAM can help the system handle
multitasking and demanding applications more efficiently.
• Install an SSD: Replacing the HDD with an SSD can significantly boost
system boot time and overall responsiveness.
• Optimize software: Remove unnecessary programs, update drivers, and use
lightweight software to reduce system load.
xi. Advantages and disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers:
• Impact printers:
o Advantages: Durable, reliable, and often cheaper.
o Disadvantages: Noisy, slower, and can produce dust.
• Non-impact printers:
o Advantages: Quieter, faster, and cleaner.
o Disadvantages: Can be more expensive, might have limitations in
certain applications (e.g., multi-part forms).
xii. A protocol in data communication is a set of rules and standards that govern
how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted between devices. It ensures that
both the sender and receiver understand the data format and transmission methods.
xiii. Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes of communication:
• Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., radio broadcasting).
• Half-duplex: Data can flow in both directions, but only one at a time (e.g.,
walkie-talkies).

Unit 1: Page 12 of 19
 • Full-duplex: Data can flow in both directions simultaneously (e.g., telephone
conversations).
xiv. Start and stop bits are used in asynchronous data transmission to signal the
beginning and end of a data character. They help the receiver synchronize with the
sender and ensure accurate data interpretation.
xv. A switch is a network device that forwards data packets to the intended recipient
based on the MAC address. It is more intelligent than a hub, which simply
broadcasts data to all connected devices.
xvi. Asynchronous transmission sends data characters individually, with start and
stop bits for synchronization. It is suitable for low-speed, error-prone connections
(e.g., modems). Synchronous transmission sends data in blocks, synchronized by a
clock signal. It is suitable for high-speed, error-free connections (e.g., fiber optics).
xvii. A peer-to-peer network is one where all connected computers act as both
clients and servers. It is suitable for small-scale networks and sharing resources
among a limited number of users. However, it can be less secure and difficult to
manage compared to a client-server network.
xviii. Star and ring network topologies:
• Star: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. It is easy to
manage and fault-tolerant, but a single point of failure can disrupt the entire
network.
• Ring: Devices are connected in a circular fashion. It is reliable and efficient,
but adding or removing devices can be difficult.
xix. Mesh topology is considered the most reliable because it provides multiple
paths for data to flow, making it resilient to failures. However, it is also the most
expensive to implement due to the large number of cables required.
xx. The Application Layer in the OSI model is responsible for providing services to
applications and users. It handles tasks such as file transfer, email, and web
browsing.

Long Answers

Q1. Evolution of Computer Generations:

Unit 1: Page 13 of 19
 • First Generation (1940s-1950s): Used vacuum tubes, slow and bulky,
programmed in machine language.
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors,
smaller and faster, introduced high-level programming languages.
• Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced
transistors, leading to smaller, more powerful, and affordable computers.
• Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors (single-chip
computers) revolutionized computing, enabling personal computers and
various electronic devices.
Q2. Categorizing Systems:
• Natural systems: Occur naturally, such as ecosystems, human bodies, and
solar systems.
• Artificial systems: Created by humans, including machines, software, and
organizations.
Understanding different types of systems helps us analyze their components,
interactions, and behaviors.
Q3. Fifth-Generation Computers:
• Characteristics: Aim to understand natural language, possess reasoning and
problem-solving abilities, and learn from experience.
• Challenges: Natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and ethical
considerations.
• Implications: Potential advancements in medicine, education, and
automation, but also concerns about job displacement and societal impact.
Q4. Network Communication Components:
• Data: The information to be transmitted.
• Sender: The device that initiates the transmission.
• Receiver: The device that receives the data.
• Transmission medium: The physical path through which data travels (e.g.,
cables, wireless signals).
• Protocols: Rules that govern how data is transmitted and interpreted.
Q5. Communication Devices:
• Hub: A simple device that broadcasts data to all connected devices.
• Switch: A more intelligent device that forwards data to the intended recipient.

Unit 1: Page 14 of 19
 • Router: A network device that directs data packets between different
networks.
• Gateway: A device that connects two different network types (e.g., LAN and
WAN).
These devices play crucial roles in network connectivity, data routing, and overall
network performance.
Long Answer Questions and Answers

Q6. Discuss the advantages and limitations of different network topologies,

including bus, star, ring, and mesh. When should each topology be used in a
network design?

Answer:
Network topologies determine the physical layout of a network, affecting its
performance, reliability, and scalability. Here's a breakdown of the common
topologies and their suitability:
Bus Topology:
• Advantages: Simple to implement, cost-effective, and requires minimal
cabling.
• Limitations: Centralized cable failure can disrupt the entire network, prone to
noise and interference, and difficult to expand.
• Best suited for: Small, linear networks with limited devices.
Star Topology:
• Advantages: Easy to manage, fault-tolerant (individual device failure doesn't
affect the whole network), and scalable.
• Limitations: Requires more cabling than bus topology, a central hub or
switch can be a single point of failure.
• Best suited for: Most network environments, especially those with a large
number of devices or where reliability is a priority.
Ring Topology:
• Advantages: High performance, fault-tolerant (due to token-passing
mechanism), and suitable for high-speed networks.

Unit 1: Page 15 of 19
 • Limitations: Complex to install and troubleshoot, adding or removing devices
can disrupt the network, and prone to traffic congestion.
• Best suited for: Local area networks (LANs) that require high bandwidth and
reliability, such as fiber optic networks.
Mesh Topology:
• Advantages: Highly reliable, fault-tolerant, and scalable.
• Limitations: Expensive to implement due to the large amount of cabling
required, complex to manage, and prone to congestion in heavily used links.
• Best suited for: Networks where reliability and redundancy are critical, such
as military or industrial applications.
When choosing a network topology, consider factors like network size, budget,
performance requirements, and desired level of reliability.

Q7. What is the OSI model, and how does it help in understanding the process
of data communication? Explain each of the seven layers and their functions.

Answer:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that
divides the process of data communication into seven layers. It provides a
standardized approach to understanding and troubleshooting network
communication issues.
1. Physical Layer: Handles the physical transmission of data bits over a
physical medium (e.g., cables, wireless signals).
2. Data Link Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between two directly
connected nodes, including error detection and correction.
3. Network Layer: Responsible for routing data packets across the network and
addressing issues like congestion and packet loss.
4. Transport Layer: Provides reliable end-to-end communication, including flow
control, error control, and multiplexing.
5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates communication
sessions between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, encryption, and compression
to ensure compatibility between different systems.

Unit 1: Page 16 of 19
 7. Application Layer: Provides services to applications and users, such as file
transfer, email, and web browsing.
By understanding the functions of each layer, network professionals can identify and
troubleshoot problems at the appropriate level.

Q8. Explain the evolution of the Internet from its origins to the modern-day
global network. What major technological advancements contributed to its
growth?

Answer:
The Internet originated in the 1960s as a military research project called ARPANET.
It was initially a small network of computers connected via telephone lines. Over
time, several technological advancements contributed to its growth:
• Packet switching: This technology allowed data to be broken down into
smaller packets and transmitted over different paths, improving efficiency and
resilience.
• TCP/IP: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite provided
the foundation for the Internet, defining how data is transmitted and routed.
• Fiber optics: High-speed fiber optic cables replaced copper wires,
significantly increasing network capacity and speed.
• World Wide Web: The development of the World Wide Web in the early
1990s made the Internet accessible to the general public and spurred its rapid
growth.
• Advancements in hardware and software: The development of faster
processors, larger storage capacities, and user-friendly software applications
made it easier for individuals and organizations to use the Internet.
These advancements, along with the increasing demand for connectivity and
information sharing, have transformed the Internet into the global network it is today.

Q9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet, considering

factors like global connectivity, information access, privacy concerns, and
digital addiction.

Unit 1: Page 17 of 19
Answer:
The Internet offers numerous advantages, including:
• Global connectivity: It connects people from all over the world, facilitating
communication, collaboration, and cultural exchange.
• Information access: It provides access to a vast amount of information and
resources, empowering individuals to learn and grow.
• Economic opportunities: It has created new industries, jobs, and business
models, driving economic growth.
• Entertainment and social connections: It offers a wide range of
entertainment options and facilitates social interactions.
However, the Internet also has its limitations:
• Privacy concerns: Users' personal information may be collected, shared, or
misused without their consent.
• Digital addiction: Excessive use of the Internet can lead to addiction and
negative health consequences.
• Cybercrime: The Internet is vulnerable to cyberattacks, such as hacking,
phishing, and malware.
• Digital divide: Not everyone has access to the Internet, creating a digital
divide between those who have and those who do not.
It is important to be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet
and to use it responsibly and safely.

Q10. Explore common applications of the Internet and their impact on various
aspects of society, including communication, education, business,
entertainment, and research.

Answer:
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of society, with applications in:
• Communication: Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social
media platforms have transformed how people communicate.
• Education: Online courses, educational resources, and distance learning
have made education more accessible and flexible.

Unit 1: Page 18 of 19
 • Business: E-commerce, online marketing, and remote work have reshaped
the business landscape.
• Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and social media
platforms have transformed the way people consume and interact with
entertainment.
• Research: The Internet provides access to vast amounts of research data,
facilitating scientific discovery and collaboration.
The Internet has had a profound impact on society, both positively and negatively. It
is essential to harness its potential while addressing its challenges to ensure a
positive and equitable future.

Unit 1: Page 19 of 19
 Unit 2 Computational Thinking and Algorithm (Topic& Exercise)
Q: What is a computer, and what are its primary functions?
A: A computer is a machine that can process information and perform tasks
according to a set of instructions. Its primary functions include accepting input,
processing data, storing information, and producing output.
Q: Name three problem-solving domains and provide examples of how
computers can be applied to solve problems in each domain.
Answer:
➢ Economics: Computers can be used to analyse market trends, forecast economic
indicators, and optimize resource allocation.
➢ Healthcare: Computers can assist in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient
management.
➢ Education: Computers can be used for personalized learning, online courses, and
educational research.
Q: What is a computing problem, and what are its essential components?
A: A computing problem is a challenge that can be solved using computational
methods. It typically involves a well-defined input, a desired output, and a set of rules
or algorithms to guide the solution process.
Q: What is a computing problem, and what are its essential components?
A: A computing problem is a challenge that can be solved using computational
methods. It typically involves a well-defined input, a desired output, and a set of rules
or algorithms to guide the solution process.
Q: Describe the three main types of computing problems and provide an
example of each.
Answer:
• Decision Problems: These problems require a yes or no answer. Example: Is a
given number prime?
• Search Problems: These problems involve finding a specific solution or value within
a given set. Example: Find the largest number in a list.
• Counting Problems: These problems involve determining the number of solutions
or instances that satisfy a given condition. Example: How many prime numbers are
there between 1 and 100?
Question: What is a search problem, and what are the main components
involved in solving such problems?
Answer:
➢ A search problem is a type of computational problem where we need to find a
specific solution or goal within a given set of options.
➢ The key components of solving a search problem include:
Initial State: The starting point or initial configuration.
Operations: The possible actions or moves that can be taken.
Goal: The desired final state or solution.
Question: How can search problems be represented using graphs? Explain the
terms "nodes" and "links" in this context.
Answer:
Search problems can be visualized using graphs, where nodes represent the
different states or options and links represent the possible transitions between them.
Nodes: These are the individual elements or states within the search space.
Links: These are the connections or relationships between nodes, indicating the
possible moves or transitions from one state to another.
Question: Explain how the route-finding problem and the eight-puzzle problem
can be considered search problems.
Answer: Route Finding Problem: In this problem, the goal is to find a path
between two cities on a map. The cities can be represented as nodes, and the roads

Unit 2: pg. 1 of )12

connecting them can be represented as links. The problem involves searching for a
sequence of links that leads from the starting city to the target city.
Eight Puzzle Problem: This problem involves rearranging tiles on a 3x3 board to
achieve a specific configuration. Each possible arrangement of the tiles can be
considered a node, and the allowed moves (sliding tiles left, right, up, or down) can
be represented as links. The goal is to find a sequence of moves that leads from the
initial configuration to the desired final configuration.

Question: If you have 3 different colored shirts and 4 different colored pants,
how many different outfits can you create?
Answer: 3 shirts x 4 pants = 12 outfits

Question: A restaurant offers 5 main courses and 3 side dishes. How many
different meal combinations can a customer choose from?
Answer: 5 main courses x 3 side dishes = 15 meal combinations

Question3: A code consists of 2 letters followed by 3 digits. If there are 26

letters and 10 digits, how many different codes are possible?
Answer: 26 letters x 26 letters x 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits = 6,760,000 codes

Question: A restaurant offers 3 appetizers, 5 main courses, and 2 desserts.

How many different meal combinations can a customer choose from?
Answer: 3 appetizers x 5 main courses x 2 desserts = 30 meal combinations

Question: A lock has a 4-digit code. Each digit can be any number from 0 to 9.
How many different codes are possible?
Answer: 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits = 10,000 codes

Question: A clothing store sells shirts in 5 different colors and pants in 4

different styles. How many different outfits can be created by combining a
shirt and a pair of pants?
Answer: 5 shirts x 4 pants = 20 outfits

Question: Describe the 4-step problem-solving process and provide an

example of a problem that could be solved using this process.
Answer: The 4-step problem-solving process involves: defining and analyzing the
problem, designing a plan, implementing the plan, and evaluating the solution. An
example could be planning a trip, where you would define the destination and
budget, design a route and itinerary, book flights and accommodations, and evaluate
the trip after it's over.

Question: Explain why the 6-step problem-solving process might be necessary

for more complex problems.
Answer: The 6-step process is useful for complex problems because it allows for
breaking down the problem into smaller, more manageable parts. This can help
identify potential solutions and select the best approach. Additionally, the process
emphasizes evaluation, ensuring that the solution is effective and meets the
problem's objectives.

Question What are the three components of the IPO model?

Answer: Input, Process, and Output.

Unit #2 pg. 12 )
of 12
Question What is the purpose of an IPO chart?
Answer: To visually represent the input, process, and output steps of a problem-
solving solution.

Question: Create an IPO chart for calculating the average of three numbers.

Input Process Output

Number 1 Average = (Number 1 + Number 2 + Number 3) / 3 Average

Number 2

Number 3

Question: Explain the relationship between input, process, and output in the
IPO model.
Answer: Input is the data that is provided to the system, process is the operations
performed on the input, and output is the result of the process.

Question: How can the IPO model be used to help solve problems?
Answer: The IPO model can help break down problems into smaller, more
manageable steps. It can also help visualize the problem-solving process and
identify potential solutions.

Question: What is computational thinking?

Answer: Computational thinking is a way of thinking that involves using computation
to solve problems.

Question:Why is computational thinking important?

Answer: Computational thinking encourages reflective thinking and defining
repeatable solutions, which can be helpful for solving complex problems.

Question: How does computational thinking differ from logical thinking?

Answer: Computational thinking is an extension of logical thinking. It involves using
computation to solve problems, while logical thinking focuses on reasoning and
deduction.

Question: Provide an example of a problem that could be solved using

computational thinking.
Answer: Many real-world problems can be solved using computational thinking,
such as analyzing large datasets, developing algorithms for optimization, or creating
artificial intelligence systems.

Unit #2 pg. 3 )
of 12
Question: How can computational thinking be applied to everyday life?
Answer: Computational thinking can help us solve problems more effectively, think
critically, and develop problem-solving skills that are valuable in various fields,
including education, business, and technology.

Question: What is decomposition in computational thinking?

Answer: Decomposition is the process of breaking down a large problem into
smaller, more manageable sub-problems.

Question: Why is abstraction important in problem-solving?

Answer: Abstraction helps to simplify complex problems by removing unnecessary
details and focusing on the essential information.

Question: How can pattern recognition be used to solve problems?

Answer: By recognizing patterns or similarities between the current problem and
previously solved problems, we can apply existing solutions or adapt them to the
new situation.

Question: What is an algorithm, and why is it important in computational

thinking?
Answer: An algorithm is a step-by-step plan for solving a problem. It provides a
clear and structured approach to solving problems and ensures that the solution is
correct and efficient.

Question: How can these four properties of computational thinking be applied

to real-world problem-solving?
Answer: These properties can be applied to various real-world problems, such as
designing software, solving mathematical equations, or planning a project. For
example, decomposition can help break down a complex project into smaller tasks,
abstraction can help focus on the key requirements, pattern recognition can help
identify efficient solutions, and algorithm design can create a clear plan for
implementing the solution.

Question: How does decomposition apply to the design of a computer game?

Answer: Decomposition involves breaking down the game into smaller, manageable
components, such as levels, characters, and gameplay mechanics.

Question: What is the importance of abstraction in game design?

Answer: Abstraction helps to simplify the game by focusing on the essential
elements and removing unnecessary details, such as the weather or specific enemy
attributes.

Unit #2 pg. 4 )
of 12
Question: How can pattern recognition be used in game development?
Answer: Pattern recognition can be used to identify recurring elements in the game,
such as enemy behaviours or level structures, and develop efficient ways to handle
them.

Question: What is an algorithm in the context of game design?

Answer: An algorithm is a set of rules or instructions that the game follows to
achieve a specific goal, such as controlling the player's movement or determining
enemy behaviour.

Question: How can these properties of computational thinking be used to

create a more engaging and challenging computer game?
Answer: By effectively applying decomposition, abstraction, pattern recognition, and
algorithm design, game developers can create more complex and interesting games
with well-defined structures, engaging gameplay, and challenging puzzles or
obstacles.

Question: What is logical thinking?

Answer: Logical thinking is the ability to analyze a situation or problem using reason
and evidence to reach sensible conclusions.

Question: How is logical thinking related to computational thinking?

Answer: Logical thinking is a fundamental part of computational thinking. Computers
use logic in their computations, but they can only perform logical thinking if they are
programmed to do so.

Question: Provide an example of logical reasoning.

Answer: If you know that all dogs have tails and you see an animal with a tail, you
can logically infer that the animal is a dog.

Question: Why is it important to develop logical thinking skills?

Answer: Logical thinking skills are essential for problem-solving, decision-making,
and critical thinking. They are also important for understanding and using technology
effectively.

Question: How can logical thinking be applied to computational thinking?

Answer: By developing logical thinking skills, you can better understand the
underlying principles of computer programming and problem-solving. You can also
use logical reasoning to analyze problems, develop algorithms, and evaluate the
effectiveness of solutions.

Unit #2 pg. 5 )
of 12
Question: What is algorithmic thinking?
Answer: Algorithmic thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking
down problems into smaller parts and solving them sequentially.

Question: Why is algorithmic thinking important?

Answer: Algorithmic thinking helps us solve problems more efficiently and effectively
by providing a structured approach to problem-solving.

Question: What are the steps involved in algorithmic thinking?

Answer: The steps involved in algorithmic thinking include identifying the problem,
breaking it down into smaller parts, solving each part, and combining the solutions to
solve the original problem.

Question: Create an algorithm to find the smallest of three numbers.

Answer:
➢ Step 1: Let three numbers be A, B, and C
➢ Step 2: Check if A is the smallest
➢ Step 3: If A is smallest, stop the process, otherwise proceed to the next
step
➢ Step 4: Check if B is the smallest
➢ Step 5: If B is smallest, stop the process, otherwise proceed to the next
step
➢ Step 6: C is the smallest

Question: What are some methods for designing a solution to a problem?

Answer: Two common methods for designing a solution are flowcharts and
concept maps. Flowcharts visually represent the sequence of steps in a solution,
while concept maps show the relationships between different components of a
solution.

Question: What is a flowchart?

Answer: A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm that shows
the sequence of operations required to solve a problem.

Question: Why are flowcharts important in problem-solving?

Answer: Flowcharts provide a clear and visual representation of the problem-
solving process, making it easier to understand, analyze, and communicate.

Question: What are the basic components of a flowchart?

Answer: The basic components of a flowchart include the start, input, process,
decision, output, and end symbols.

Unit #2 pg. 6 )
of 12
 Question: How do you represent the start and end of a flowchart?
Answer: The start of a flowchart is represented by an oval shape, and the end is
represented by a double oval shape.

Question: Create a flowchart to calculate the average of three numbers.

Answer: Do it yourself. Steps are given below Design symbols
o Start
o Input: Number 1, Number 2, Number 3
o Process: Average = (Number 1 + Number 2 + Number 3) / 3
o Output: Average
o End

Question: What are the three main control structures used in flowcharts?
Answer: Sequence, repetition, and selection.

Question: When is a selection structure used in a flowchart?

Answer: A selection structure is used when a decision needs to be made based on
certain conditions.

Question: How is a decision represented in a flowchart?

Answer: A decision is represented by a diamond shape.

Question: What is the purpose of the output symbol in a flowchart?

Answer: The output symbol is used to display the results of the calculations or
processes performed in the flowchart.

Question: Create a flowchart to determine if a number is even or odd.

Answer: Do it yourself below is the hint
o Start
o Input Number
o If Number % 2 == 0, then Output "Even"
o Else, Output "Odd"
o End

Question: What is Microsoft Visio used for?

Answer: Microsoft Visio is a diagramming software used to create various types of
diagrams, including flowcharts.

Question: What are the steps involved in creating a flowchart in Microsoft

Visio?

Unit #2 pg. 7 )
of 12
Answer: The steps include starting Visio, selecting the Flowchart category, choosing
the Basic Flowchart template, dragging and placing flowchart symbols, connecting
the symbols, and adding text to the shapes.

Question: What are some common flowchart symbols used in Microsoft Visio?
Answer: Common flowchart symbols include start/end, process, decision,
input/output, and flow lines.

Question: How do you connect flowchart shapes in Visio?

Answer: To connect flowchart shapes, hold the mouse pointer over the first symbol,
drag it to the other symbol, and release it.

Question: What is the purpose of using flowcharts?

Answer: Flowcharts provide a visual representation of a process, making it easier to
understand, analyze, and communicate. They are often used in problem-solving,
process analysis, and software development.

Question :What is a concept map?

Answer: A concept map is a graphical tool that visually represents concepts and the
relationships between them.

Question :How are concept maps similar to flowcharts?

Answer: Both concept maps and flowcharts are used to represent knowledge and
processes in a visual format.

Question :What are the main components of a concept map?

Answer: The main components of a concept map are concepts (represented by
nodes) and relationships (represented by lines connecting the nodes).

Question: How can concept maps be used in problem-solving?

Answer: Concept maps can help to visualize complex problems, identify key
concepts, and understand the relationships between different elements.

Question: Create a simple concept map to represent the relationship between

the following concepts: computer, software, hardware, and operating system.
Answer:
o Computer (central node)
▪ Includes Hardware
▪ Includes Software
o Software
▪ Includes Operating System

Unit #2 pg. 8 )
of 12
 Question: What is a concept map?
Answer: A concept map is a visual tool used to represent concepts and the
relationships between them.

Question: What are the main components of a concept map?

Answer: The main components of a concept map are concepts (represented by
boxes or circles) and relationships (represented by lines or arrows).

Question: How are concepts connected in a concept map?

Answer: Concepts are connected by lines or arrows, which are labelled with linking
words or phrases to represent the relationship between them.

Question: What are some software tools for creating concept maps?
Answer: Some popular software tools for creating concept maps include CmapTools
and Mind Manager.

Question: Create a concept map to represent the different types of energy

sources.
Answer:
o Energy (central concept)
▪ Renewable Energy
▪ Solar
▪ Wind
▪ Hydropower
▪ Non-Renewable Energy
▪ Fossil Fuels
▪ Nuclear Energy
Note: From the above questions draw flowcharts and diagrams also
(Reference: Your course book)
END of Topics

Exercise Q/A Unit -2 Computational Thinking and Algorithm

MCQs and Answers

1. For a problem, we face in real-world situations. In what sequence we follow

the steps?
Answer: d) II, III, I (First understand the problem, then instruct the computer, and
finally make a solution.)
2. Following are types of computing problems
Answer: d) I and II and III (All three types - Counting Problems, Search Problems,
and Decision Problems - are common in computing.)
3. Computational thinking is
Answer: d) Logically solving problems (Computational thinking involves solving
problems in a logical and systematic manner.)
4. To solve Search problems, we need to

Unit #2 pg. 9 )
of 12
Answer: d) a, b and c (To solve search problems, you need to provide the moves,
the start state, and the end state.)
5. The eight queens puzzle is the problem of
Answer: b) Searching (The eight queens puzzle is a classic search problem where
you need to find a configuration of eight queens on a chessboard without any queen
attacking another.)
6. Finding the location of the element with a given value is
Answer: a) Search (This is a classic search problem where you need to find a
specific element within a dataset.)
7. In IPO Charts, we have
Answer: c) Input, Process, Output (IPO stands for Input, Process, Output, which
are the three key components of a problem-solving process.)
SHORT Q/A

Short Response Questions (SRQs)

1. What is the major difference in solving simple problems and complex

problems?

Simple problems can be solved directly, while complex problems require breaking
down into smaller, more manageable parts.
2. Why software designers prefer to use IPO charts?
IPO charts provide a clear visual representation of the input, process, and output of a
program, making it easier to understand and design.
3. Differentiate between Computational thinking and Logical thinking.
Computational thinking involves problem-solving using a step-by-step approach,
often using computers.
Logical thinking is the ability to reason and draw conclusions based on evidence.
4. Write four properties of Computational thinking.
1. Decomposition: Breaking down a problem into smaller parts.
2. Pattern recognition: Identifying patterns or similarities in data.
3. Abstraction: Focusing on the essential features of a problem while ignoring
irrelevant details.
4. Algorithm design: Creating a step-by-step plan to solve a problem.
5. What are the methods used to design a solution?
• Methods include:
o Problem analysis
o Algorithm development
o Coding
o Testing
o Debugging

6. Which Computational thinking technique breaks down the problem into

smaller parts?

• Decomposition.

• 7. Identify 3 computing problems from other subjects that you are

studying in your class.

Unit #2 pg. 10 )
of 12
 • Example:
o Math: Calculating the area of a circle
o Science: Simulating the movement of planets
o History: Analyzing historical data to identify trends

8. Why do we need to think computationally?

• Computational thinking helps us solve problems more efficiently and

effectively, especially in today's technology-driven world.

9. How many different telephone numbers are possible with a given area code?

• There are 8 million possible telephone numbers with a given area code.
(Explanation: 8 digits remaining after the area code, and the first digit cannot
be 0, so 8 choices for the first digit and 10 choices for each of the remaining 7
digits: 8 * 10^7 = 8,000,000)

10. How many possible routes are there from city A to city C passing through
city B?

• There are 8 possible routes. (Explanation: 4 ways to go from A to B and 2

ways to go from B to C: 4 * 2 = 8)

Extended Response Questions (ERQs)

Q1. Identify whether the given problems are Decision Problem, Counting
Problem or Search Problem.

• a. Decision Problem
• b. Counting Problem
• c. Decision Problem
• d. Counting Problem
• e. Search Problem

Q2. In how many ways can the student select the 3 courses he has to take?

• The student can select the 3 courses in 12 different ways. (Explanation: 3

choices for physics, 2 choices for science, and 2 choices for mathematics: 3 *
2 * 2 = 12)

Q3. Create an IPO chart for calculating the total and average age of four boys.

Input Process Output

Age of boy 1 Add all ages Total age

Unit #2 pg. 11 )
of 12
 Age of boy 2 Divide total age by 4 Average age
Age of boy 3 Display total and average age Total and average age
Age of boy 4

Question 4: Create an IPO chart for a calculator program

IPO Chart:
Input Process Output
First number Get user input for the first number Store the first
number
Second number Get user input for the second number Store the second
number
Operation Get user input for the operation (addition, subtraction, Store the operation
multiplication, or division)
Perform Based on the operation, perform the calculation (e.g., Store the result
calculation addition: num1 + num2)
Display result Display the calculated result to the user

Question 5: Planning a birthday party for a friend

a) IPO Chart:
Input Process Output
Number of Determine the number of guests Store the number of
guests guests
Budget Set a budget for the party Store the budget
Venue Choose a suitable venue (e.g., home, park, Store the venue
restaurant)
Food Plan the menu and catering Create a food plan
Decorations Decide on decorations and theme Create a decoration plan
Activities Plan activities and games Create an activity list
Invitations Send invitations to guests
b) Properties of Computational Thinking:
1. Decomposition: Breaking down the problem into smaller tasks (e.g.,
planning the venue, food, decorations, and activities separately).
2. Pattern recognition: Identifying patterns in similar party planning tasks (e.g.,
using past experiences or templates).
3. Abstraction: Focusing on the essential elements of the party (e.g., guest list,
budget, and venue) while ignoring irrelevant details.
4. Algorithm design: Creating a step-by-step plan for organizing the party (e.g.,
booking the venue, ordering food, sending invitations).

END OF LESSON-2

Note: MID TERM October 2024- SYLLABUS

(From Page # 39 Unit-1 Topic Data Communication till Page # 86 End of Unit-2)

Unit #2 pg. 12)

of 12
 Unit -3 Programming Fundamentals (Exercise Q/A)
Note: Below are the only exercise question answers. For SLO
based and Open Q/A ? Reading, understanding and
implementation of each topic of the lesson required. For any
confusion consult the subject teacher also take help using class
and computer lab sessions.
Exercise
Mcqs
Q# Question Answer Explanation
1 Everything in HTML is c) Tags Tags are the building blocks of HTML.
identified on the basis They define the structure and content of
of a webpage.
2 The output of HTML c) Browser HTML code is interpreted and displayed
code is visible in by a web browser.
3 Name of a web page b) Title The <title> tag defines the title of the
can be given using webpage, which is displayed in the
tag. browser's title bar.
4 Main parts of a c) Body The <body> tag contains the visible
document are content of the webpage, such as
arranged in tag. headings, paragraphs, images, etc.
5 The heading tag-pair d) The <h5> tag defines a level 5 heading,
for 5th level heading <h5>..</h5> which is smaller than higher-level
is headings.
6 Span is used to a) Style The <span> tag is used to apply inline
provide to a line. styles to specific parts of text within a
paragraph or other block-level element.
7 First row of table in a) Header The first row of a table is typically used
HTML is called row to define the column headers, which
describe the data in the table.
8 <p> tag-pair is used d) The <p> tag defines a paragraph.
for Paragraph
9 A variable cannot c) Variables typically start with a letter or
start with a Character an underscore.
10 The first value c) Initialization assigns an initial value to a
assigned to a variable Initialization variable.
after declaration is
called

Unit 3: page1 of6

 Short Response Questions (SRQs)
Question Answer Example
1. Contrast Websites are collections of Website: https://www.google.com<br>Web
between website web pages that provide Application: Google Docs
and web information. Web
application. applications are programs
that run in a web browser.
2. What is 'href' href' refers to the Hypertext <a href="https://www.example.com">Link
refers to and how Reference attribute used in to Example Website</a>
to use it? HTML to specify a link to
another resource. It's used
within the <a> tag.
3. Enlist the Optional parameters <a href="https://www.example.com"
optional include: _blank (opens in a target="_blank">Open in New Tab</a>
parameters to new tab), _self (default,
open a webpage. opens in the same tab),
_parent (opens in the
parent frame), and _top
(opens in the whole
window).
4. List out the - <h1> to <h6>: Headings <h1>Main Heading</h1><p>This is a
frequent tags used of different levels<br>- paragraph.</p><strong>Bold
in text of a <p>: Paragraph<br>- text</strong><em>Italic text</em><br>Line
webpage and what <strong>: Bold text<br>- break
are they used for? <em>: Italic text<br>- <br>:
Line break
5. Explain the role The <body> tag contains <html><head></head><body><h1>Hello,
of <body> tag-pair the visible content of an World!</h1></body></html>
in a document. HTML document, such as
headings, paragraphs,
images, and links.
6. How the event Event-based code in <button onclick="alert('Button
based code is JavaScript responds to clicked!')">Click Me</button>
used in user actions (like clicking a
JavaScript? button) or system events
(like page loading). It uses
event listeners to trigger
functions when specific
events occur.
7. Infer about the External CSS is a separate <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
External CSS? file (.css) linked to an
Where are External HTML document. It's used
CSS generally to style multiple HTML
used? pages consistently and to
keep the HTML and CSS
code separate.

Unit 3: page2 of6

Extended Response Questions (ERQs)

Q.1. What is Document Object Model (DOM)? Explain with the help of an
example.

• The DOM is a programming interface for HTML, XML, and other structured
documents.
• It represents the document's structure as a tree-like structure of nodes.
• Each node represents an element, attribute, or text in the document.
• Example:

JavaScript

// Accessing an element by ID:

const heading = document.getElementById("myHeading");
heading.textContent = "New Heading";

// Modifying element style:

const paragraph = document.querySelector("p");
paragraph.style.color = "blue";
paragraph.style.fontSize = "20px";

Q.2. Write code to differentiate between different types of headings in HTML.

• HTML provides six levels of headings: <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and
<h6>.
• Higher-level headings are larger and more important.

Example:

HTML

<h1>Main Heading</h1>
<h2>Subheading 1</h2>
<h3>Subheading 2</h3>
<h4>Subheading 3</h4>
<h5>Subheading 4</h5>
<h6>Subheading 5</h6>

Q.3. Elaborate steps and provide code to load a background image in a

webpage.

1. Choose an image: Select an image you want to use as the background.

2. Set the image path: Specify the path to the image in your CSS code.
3. Apply the CSS rule: Use the background-image property to apply the image
4. to the desired element, usually the <body> tag.

Unit 3: page3 of6

 Example:

CSS
body {
background-image: url('background.jpg');
background-size: cover; /* Cover the entire background */
background-repeat: no-repeat; /* Prevent image repetition */
background-attachment:
fixed; /* Keep the image fixed while scrolling */
}

Q.4. Highlight different methods to incorporate CSS code in a HTML webpage.

• Inline CSS:
o Apply styles directly to individual HTML elements using the style
attribute.
o Example: <p style="color: blue;">Blue text</p>
• Internal CSS:
o Define styles within the <head> section of the HTML document using
the <style> tag.

Example:

HTML

<head>
<style>
p{
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>

• External CSS:
o Create a separate CSS file and link it to the HTML document using the
<link> tag.

Example:

HTML

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>

styles.css:

CSS

p{
color: green;
}

Unit 3: page4 of6

Q.5. Sketch steps and provide code to apply border and color to a table in a
webpage.

1. Create an HTML table: Define the table structure using <table>, <tr>, and
<td> tags.
2. Apply CSS styles: Use CSS to style the table's borders and cell colors.
Example:

HTML
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bob</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</table>

Q.6. Discuss the functionality JavaScript can provide in a webpage with the
help of a suitable example code.

• Dynamic content: Create and manipulate HTML elements on the fly.

• Event handling: Respond to user interactions like clicks, hovers, and
keypresses.
• Form validation: Validate user input to ensure it meets specific criteria.
• Animations: Create smooth and engaging animations using CSS or
JavaScript.
• AJAX: Fetch data from servers without reloading the entire page. Example:

JavaScript

// Click counter
const counterButton = document.getElementById("counterButton");
const countElement = document.getElementById("count");

let count = 0;
counterButton.addEventListener("click", () => {
count++;
countElement.textContent = count;
});

Q.7. Articulate steps and write code to create a scrolling text on a webpage.

CSS Method:

1. Use the <marquee> tag to create a scrolling text element.

Unit 3: page5 of6

 2. Add the direction attribute to specify the scrolling direction.
3. Set the behavior attribute to control the scrolling behavior. Example:

HTML
<marquee direction="left" behavior="scroll">This is a scrolling text.</marquee>

JavaScript Method:

1. Create a container element to hold the text.

2. Use JavaScript to animate the text by changing its position over time.
3. Use setInterval() or requestAnimationFrame() to create a smooth scrolling
effect.

Q.8. Enlist steps to add a video clip in a website which starts playing as the
web page loads.

1. Prepare the video: Encode the video in a suitable format (e.g., MP4, WebM).
2. Add the <video> tag: Insert the <video> tag into your HTML code.
3. Set the src attribute: Specify the source of the video file.
4. Add the autoplay and muted attributes: The autoplay attribute starts the
video automatically, and the muted attribute silences the audio.

Example:

HTML
<video autoplay muted loop>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>

Q.9.&Q.10 (Practical work)

End Of Exercise Unit#3

************************************************************************************************

Unit 3: page6 of6