1.6 READING Understand discourse construction in an article about happiness.

Happiness 3 EXAM Read the strategy and then the article again.
There are six missing sentences which are either topic or
1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Which of these things do supporting sentences. In your notebook, match sentences
you think will have a long-lasting effect on your happiness? Why? A–H to gaps 1–6. There are two extra sentences.
A We want to get to know them and find out what it is
a close family an expensive phone a good social life that is making them feel so good.
a satisfying job ​clear objectives ​fame ​good exam results ​
B Of course, how often we smile is also regulated by
lots of followers online ​money ​new clothes ​
the cultural norms of where we live.
regular exercise ​satisfying interests / hobbies
C What’s more, our bodies produce the same chemical
responses that these emotions cause, even when we
2 1.08 Read the article. What does the article suggest is the
copy them.
motivation for studies into happiness? Do you think it’s a good
reason? Why? / Why not? D They also promote a realistic but positive outlook on
life and a growth mindset.
STRATEGY Understanding discourse construction E Investigations into smiling are just part of a growing
To understand a paragraph, you need to know how the interest into how to improve people’s mental health,
sentences relate to each other. The topic sentence, which is particularly when they are at school.
F You can try it now if you like.

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usually the first sentence in the paragraph, presents the main

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idea, and supporting sentences provide examples and details of G There is also evidence that education systems that

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the main details. A concluding sentence sometimes summarises focus on high-pressure exams do not help.

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the paragraph H Not surprisingly, given the benefits, health

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experts recommend that we smile more.

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Better than
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A A lot of people eat chocolate when

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they want to cheer themselves up. Chocolate helps

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produce serotonin, a hormone that makes people feel 3 ) However, although we smile up to 400 times
C (...
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better. But did you know that there is something you can a day as children, as we get older, we come up
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do that has the same positive effects as 2000 bars of against difficulties and problems and sometimes
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1)
chocolate, but without the potential health problems? (... feel overwhelmed and vulnerable. As a result,
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Just push up the corners of your mouth, squint your eyes adults smile a lot less: only around 20 times a
and … smile! day! Moreover, sadness forms part of the human
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B Smiling not only produces serotonin, but it also makes us experience and some of us naturally have a pessimistic
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more resilient to anxiety by reducing the levels of stress outlook on life. What are the possible scenarios that life
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hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline in our bodies. presents us with that make smiling difficult? The answer,
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Furthermore, the act of smiling has social advantages. There according to researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden,
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is an attraction factor, and we are drawn to people who is simple: fake it to make it.
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2 ) Researchers at Penn State University in the USA

smile. (... D The investigators at Uppsala University studied participants
found that when you smile, not only do you appear more watching brief video clips of people frowning, smiling,
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polite and likeable, but you also appear more competent. expressing anger, etc. They noticed that when exposed to
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happy faces, the participants unconsciously moved the facial

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muscles used for smiling, and when they saw sad faces, they

© Oxford University Press

14 Unit 1 Complete all activities in your notebook.
 1.6 READING

4 Work in pairs. Read sentences 1–3 and 6 VOCABULARY Work in pairs. Copy and complete the
discuss which paragraphs A–C they relate to. Then mindfulness activities with the correct form of the highlighted
decide which would be the best position for them words from the article. Then put the activities in order according
in the paragraph. to how useful you think they are. Discuss the similarities and
1 Therefore, aren’t fewer smiles inevitable? differences in your lists.
2 This is not just because the pleasant taste helps
them forget their worries; there is also a scientific

EASY MINDFULNESS TECHNIQUES

reason.
3 Smiling can also actually improve the image that
people have of you.
5 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. How TECH DETOX
useful do you think the happiness curriculums 1 ) at your screens at all hours and try a technology detox.
Stop (...
would be for improving our levels of happiness? Whether it’s for a whole day or just thirty minutes, a break from
Have you followed / would you like to follow a technology, especially from (... 2 ) social media, which is becoming so
happiness curriculum? Why? / Why not? pervasive, will help reduce your stress levels.

DEAR DIARY

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3 ) and also

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Keep a diary. Writing down your thoughts can be (...

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quite satisfying, especially as there will be nobody around to make

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judgements or (...4 ) with displeasure at what you say.

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MOVE TO THE BEAT

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Dancing gives you a good workout and makes your body produce

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5 ). Furthermore, whether you dance at home alone or
happiness (...

or
6 ) feel better about yourself.
with friends, you’ll (...
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MEDITATION
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Meditation is a great way of disconnecting. It doesn’t take long to

unconsciously activated the muscles for frowning. 7 ) practitioner: To begin with just close your eyes and
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The researchers concluded that emotions are become a (...

concentrate on your breathing for a few minutes. However, you’ll
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contagious and that we mimic them without

4 ) Further studies by Michigan State need to practise regularly and there are some good free apps, such
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realising it. (...

University in the USA, suggested that the health as Smiling Mind, available to help you.
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benefits of fake smiles were even greater if we

POSITIVE NOT NEGATIVE
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accompanied them with thoughts about the good 8 ) popular people, but we shouldn’t choose friends just
things in our lives. We’re all (...
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5 ) But why are people becoming so engaged because they’re cool. Try to hang out with people because they
E (...
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9 ),
produce positive, not negative, feelings. These feelings can be (...
with this issue? Well, research into the use of 10
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and we don’t want to (... ) the bad ones!

social media and digital technology by a British
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parliamentary committee in 2019 showed that it

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increases stress, anxiety and loneliness, hardly 7 Work in pairs. Read the technique. Then discuss three
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good news for a world in which technology is good things that happened to you yesterday.
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becoming pervasive. Alongside this research,

some schools in Britain have introduced happiness
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curriculums, joining countries such as India that

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had already decided to introduce mindfulness into

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the school classroom.

The Three Good Things

F These curriculums include happiness courses that
focus on the importance of family, friendship and Technique
community, the need to find satisfaction in your This is a simple but effective technique for appreciating
studies and to have achievable goals that are the good things in your life. At the beginning or the
6 ) Other institutions are also developing
fulfilling. (... end of the day, you write down three good things that
programmes; the Happiness Institute in Sydney, happened to you during the day or the day before,
Australia offers courses in positive psychology and no matter how small these might appear to be. Then
nine European universities have joined together reflect on each for 10 to 15 seconds. You can adapt this
to form the European University of Well-Being. by writing down three things about a particular topic
The courses taught at these institutions offer a
e.g., your friends, your school, your home town, etc.
variety of techniques and solutions, but they all
Many people say that doing this every day helps them
have one goal in common: to help young people
appreciate the good things in their lives.
develop skills that will enable them to deal
with mental health issues throughout
their lives. Isn’t that a better answer 8 MEDIATION In groups of three, write an email to your
to such problems than eating
friend who is feeling negative about life. Give advice, using ideas
chocolate?
from the three texts.

© Oxford University Press

Unit 1 15
2.6 READING Understand the structure of a text about money scams.

Money scams STRATEGY Understanding text structure

1 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Discuss the Writers use ellipsis to avoid repeating words and structures
questions. that they have already used. If you don’t understand part
of a text, it could be because the writer has used ellipsis.
• How are people sometimes cheated out of money? Make
Reading the preceding phrase, sentence or sentences
a list of how this is done, including online methods.
should help you understand what the writer means.
• How easy is it for the police to catch criminals that use
these methods? Why?
4 Read the strategy. Find the underlined sentences in the
2 2.05 Read the article. Which activities are illegal, article. Decide which words were left out using ellipsis.
and which are legal but dishonest?
3 THINK & SHARE Work in pairs. Why do you think
some people fall for scams like these?

TOO GOOD
When you go online to look for a job, you usually
have a job or career in mind. You choose the
recruitment sites and search engines that you think

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will most help you. However, whilst most online

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jobseekers only have to deal with the difficulties

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of the job application process, a few also become

TO BE TRUE
targets for con artists. Some use totally illegal

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methods to steal jobseekers’ money or make them

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unknowing participants in crimes. Others stay

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within the law, but 1(…) only just. Here, we look at
or four of the most common scams.
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A SCAM JOB WEBSITES

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Online recruitment is the most effective way for companies to advertise

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their jobs and 2(…) to attract candidates. However, amongst the genuine
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job sites found on the internet, there are also fraudulent ones. These post
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false advertisements for attractive jobs and the people that apply are
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quickly told they are suitable candidates. Before the recruitment process
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can continue, however, the candidates have to pay a registration fee

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to the site or a fee for improving their CVs. This improvement, the site
promises, will help the candidate stand out from the crowd and keep a
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high profile. Although most candidates see through the scam immediately,
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some people who are desperate for a job pay up. In an experiment in the
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UK, involving the Metropolitan Police of London and the Information

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Assurance Advisory Council, over 100 people applied for a job that
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didn’t exist, even though there were obvious clues that it was a fraud.
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Organisations such as Action Fraud, the national agency in the UK for

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reporting scams, warn people that no matter how desperate they are, they

SCAM
should check job offers very carefully before continuing with the process.

B MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING
Do you want to push your career boundaries, be your own boss and earn thousands of
pounds? This is what many multi-level marketing companies selling beauty or health
products promise their target demographics, often young women struggling with financial
problems. These companies have an attractive online presence and 3(…) frequently
recruit through social media. To start their careers, new employees have to buy a range
of products from the company, which, in theory, they then have to sell. The companies,
however, want their employees to prioritise recruiting new members. Why? Because these
new members must then buy products from the company to sell. The companies put a
lot of pressure on employees to recruit friends and even family members. They tell them
that if they won’t recruit their family and friends, other employees will 4(…). A very few
people who try out working for multi-level marketing companies make a living. However,
according to a report by the Federal Trade Commission in the USA, 99% lose their money
and sometimes their friends and family.

© Oxford University Press

28 Unit 2 Complete all activities in your notebook.
 2.6 READING

5 Work in pairs. Read the situations 1–4 below. Then read the 7 VOCABULARY Copy and complete the sentences
article again. In your notebook, match these people to the scams with the correct form of the highlighted words and
they suffered. Say which information in the texts helped you match phrases in the article in Ex 2.
the scams to the victims. 1 The elderly couple lost all their money when they
1 Catalina Rodrigo had recently lost her job at a leisure centre were taken in by a (... ).
when she received a phone call from a company called Iona. 2 Her claim to have found a way to diagnose
They offered her a job that she could do from home that involved diseases using new technology was (... ) and her
receiving goods that she was then instructed to send on to other business collapsed.
people. She became suspicious and contacted the authorities. 3 Of course the scheme was a (... ). It was too good
2 Ajay Sharma was finding it difficult to find a job when he saw a to be true.
marketing job on an online job site that was perfect. He applied 4 The criminal organisation used (... ) to move large
and was told he was an ideal candidate, but first he had to pay sums of money around.
£99 so his application could progress. He refused. 5 The company sells (... ) gym equipment, but the
3 Emma Davies’s business was going through a difficult period, prices are astronomical.
so she decided to get some advice on how to be more effective. 6 It is against the law not to pay tax, but some
Unfortunately, although the course she signed up for offered businesses find ways to (... ) doing so.
regular phone consultations, she received very few.

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7 He was such a convincing liar that people didn’t
4 Maya Weber was contacted on social media by a company

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(... ) him.

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that said she would be an ideal candidate for a new business
8 The criminals (... ) their illegal profits by investing

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opportunity that involved working from home. All she had to do
in businesses like restaurants and night clubs.

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was buy some products and sell them to her family and friends.
8

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Maya soon got into debt. MEDIATION Your teacher has asked you

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to prepare a list of Dos and Don’ts for students who
6 EXAM Read about the people in Ex 5 again. are leaving school soon and looking for jobs online.
Who was taken in by a scam that …
or
You have been asked to focus specifically on scams.
g
1 did not provide the help that had been promised? Working in groups of four, plan the Dos and Don’ts
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2 offered them a chance to make a profit by buying goods and then based on the ideas in the texts. Then write them
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selling them on? down in a style that will look good as a web page as
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3 offered them advice on how to improve their business? they will be posted on the school website.
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4 promised to further their chances of getting a job on receipt of

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a sum of money?
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5 required them to accept deliveries and pass them on to others?

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C MONEY MULES
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Laundering has become increasingly difficult for international

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criminals, but they are good at thinking outside the box. Some
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online jobseekers have received phone calls offering work as ‘local

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inspectors’. The job involves receiving parcels that contain expensive

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items such as top of the range electronic equipment, opening and

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repackaging them and then sending them abroad. Although the ‘local
inspectors’ don’t realise it, the items they are sending have been
bought with stolen money. Once at their destination, they are sold for
cash, allowing the criminals to get around international controls and

SCAM
successfully launder the money.

D ONLINE JOB COACHES

It’s hard to establish a reputation and a good online presence. Not
surprisingly, some job candidates turn to online job coaches to do so and
also for help in gaining a competitive edge and making a successful pitch
for a job. However, once the fee has been paid, the service that was offered
often fails to live up to expectations. Online tutorials turn out to be badly
made, the frequent online support sessions turn into short text messages,
and the promised phone calls never happen. Unfortunately, almost anyone
can set themselves up to offer online tutorials, and governments do
little to take action against unscrupulous coaches. Not surprisingly, many
unsatisfied clients would like them to 5(…), and the International Coaching
Federation would like them to 6(…) as well. They are worried that the sector’s
image will be damaged and its annual profits of $11.6 billion reduced.
© Oxford University Press
Unit 2 29