Contents Chapter 1 “ORIENTATION 1.1 Introduction, 1.2 Analytical Intersection... 13 Analytical Resection... 2 Exam Questions Solution... Chapter 2 CURVES 13-114 2.1 Introduction. 22 Types of Horizontal Curve 23. Elements of Simple Circular Curve 24 Setting Out of the Simple Circular Curve 25 Transition Curve: 26 Vertical Curve., > Exam Questions Solution Chapter 3 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY 115-148 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Purpose of Various Branches of Hydrographic Surveying 33. Definition of Hydrographic Survey Term 3.4 Horizontal and vertical control. 3.5. Equipment and methods of sounding... 3.6 » Measurement of cross-section 3.7 Measurement of Flow Velocity 3.8 Ultrasonic sound method. 3.9 Calculation of Discharge of a Rive 3.10 Section of Discharge Site 2 Exam Questions SolutioChapter PHOTOGRAMMETRIC. ‘SURVEYING 149. tq Cater 7 “UL Inston and Basic Terms of Potogrammet PROJECT SURVEY 189-202 St ct TA Triroduction o Surveying in Civil Engineering Projects nanw189 42. Uses and Importance of Photog 72. Establishment of Horizontal and Vertical Control Using ‘Traditional Methods and Modem Method (GFS) . 180 73. Laying Outof Building... 12 43. Types of Photogrammetry ~~ 44. Thereare Two Types of Aerial Photogran 45. Scale of Vertical Photograph. mmetry . 4 Displacement of Photo Image Due '0 0 Height (Rati 7A Laing Out of Water Supply Line/SewerLines/Canal.ono1%8 Displacemen}). 75. Alignment Survey of High Transmission Line. 195 2196 47 Instruction of Field Work... ‘2 Exam Questions Solution. © Exam Questions Solution Chapter 8 cone COMPUTER SOFTWARE USES IN SURVEYING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS 461-169 eee 51 otmdocton to Rec Seis ~ 82. Advantages nd Disadvantages of Mansa. Ploting and, Computerized Ploting.nn nn ao 52. Uses of Remote Sensing.. 53. Typesof Remote Sensing ‘2 Exam Question Solutions... 4c of staat ey with Earth tie summary Fats Objective Questions 55. Introduction to GI. i References 56 Components of GIS. 57. Uses of GISin Civil Engineering 58 Instruction on Field Wot eon > Exam Questions Solution. Chapter FIELD ASTRONOMY AND GPS 169-186 “G1 Invoduction and Defion of Base Terms in Field Asronony 18 | 62. Daterinson atte Logit Tne and Aint. 172 {63 Introduction to Global Positioning System (GPS) wa 64, Components of GPS.. 7 am 65 Working Principles and Uses of GPS. ven TB 66 Instruction on Field Work..... : 179, > Exam Questions Solution 183Orientation ca Chapter 4 CHAPTER I ORIENTATION 4.4 Introduction Orientation is the placement of an object in a rotational co-ordinate system with respect to a fixed point and a‘reference position. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass direction in reality. A map represents the real world. By orienting a map, one is positioning it can know where is he on the map and he can look in certain direction and see a real landmark and find it on map. Orientation is synonynious with bearing from the surveyor's Bearing point of view, although the term ae azimuth rather than bearing can Observer's be encountered when referring station to true north, In figure 11, the observer terrestrial meridian is indicated as the line connecting the north and south poles and his station O. The true bearing of Fn. Rotation axis, of earth Equator q Observers of line of at Os thius horizontal meridian clockwise angle between the Fe “South pole direction to true north along the Fig: 1, meridian at O and line OY. Uses and importance of orientation a) _Ithelps in finding out the co-ordinate and location of unknown point. b) Wecanrelate unknown points with control points. 2 Ithelps in locating and orienting point from accessible points or to the inaccessible points. d) Very large distance calculation can be avoided, 6) Only by angular measurements, position can be located.eer |A Complete Manual of Sur H Horizontal datuim: Point whose latitude and longitude are reference taken Vertical data: Plane or a surface to “which elevation or depth of thy is referred to calculate elevation points * Poi 4.2 Analytical Intersection ving and co-ordinating a point fom at ay Intersection isthe process of lca tal directions at contol points, {nwo existing stations by observing horizon Uses of intersection Curve ranging, surveying in industrial system, surveying points up it Criteria when intersection to be done a) Coordinates of control points are known. 'b) Target point is inaccessible physically ue to ver, «) Surveying highly elevated points In intersection, sights onthe poiat of unknown position are taker fro mater oe = ving these ines on the map fom the known points toa point where they crose Naturally, the direction of the lines must be accurate establish a true positoa. i Derivation pat For loeating a unkno unkown point, Let P and Panigedmtcutmed River ontnsomintgin | ‘efigure « and B are the observed angles. a LengthofPQ. =y(Eq-F'+(No-NE OR ~ VOR Besrngof PQ. = ad 2PRQ canbe calculated as; , APRQ= 180" (Zu + 28) Ppying sine law in APOR: — SHAR “AMR Wefind length PR and QR. tail in inaccessible positions, point lca buildings. i cliffs drainage, ee LA Pp) Ok 20K “\ Rez COND 1 of length of ine PR and leulated a5, 0° or 540 Ee pipe PR costes) + (Ne#PR* 2 New ‘These are total lalitude and total departure aso called frst principle. * standard formulae Co-ordinates of unknown formulae. cota + EgentB Net Ne a ota co ist ‘cater + cotB point R can be clnlted WS standard Ne anown co-ordinates of Pand Q- Caleulate the co-ordinate of F having Stations P Q sured; ZRPQ = 80°2533" “ZPOR = 45°50'20" clockwise) ‘Angle me: (clockwise) Solution: Givers Co-ordinate of P * Co-ordinate of Q= (2950 Hence, Ero = 2950-3962 = - 962m Neo = 7000-7400 = - 400m / Length of PQ=*f Era)’ + (No)? Fig: 13 982) + ( AO = 106034 (4932; 740) in (E,N) 7000)44 Complete Manual of Surveying =I Reduced bearing of PQ= tare? @) a) (As both latitude and departure of line PQ is quadrant) Spsgetve lesa ‘Whole circle bearing of PQ = 67°50'14" + 180° = 247°50'14" ‘Also, ZPRQ = 180° = (80°25'33" + 45°50'20") = 53°44°7" Now, using sine rule, we have . PR_ ___QR es 675014 W nt Hn GPa sin 15°50201) = 94342 m : lotr) Calculation of bearing Bearing of QP. = 247°S0'14" - 180° = ores ‘and clockwise ZQPR = 360° ~80°25'33" = ee Sum = 347224461" Subtract 180° = -180° x sin (80°2593") =129676m + Beating of PR = 167-2441" so, i ‘Bearing of PQ = 247°5014" clockwise ZPQR = 45°50720" Sum= 29394034" Sbtract Bearing of QR= 11394034" —_— ..:. domeewee ‘orientation oa Chapter |_5 Now, . p+ PR sind) + i a TPE +lEat OR. puns gugazsinger2aat + 2950 + 1296.76 sin (113840349) 2 =4137.62m, And (Net PR costs) + (No OR inf Na= 7 _ rst + 948.2 coe 24AL 17000 +1296.76 cos (113°4034" 2 = 6479.26 m 4,3. Analytical Resection ‘Resection is the method of determining Iheriontal direction from it to points of sethod of placing additional control point Resection is carried out when 2) Coordinate of surveying instrument positon is unknown. 1) _Knowecoordinates are inaccessible fom the instrument station ie tape or chan measurement cant be done sible but new points are accessible. the position ofa point by observing nown position. This & an ideal )_Exstng points inacees Uses of resection 2) Suitable for detailing oF sting vt 2 1) Used joining the map with national ri system. 6) Used tomap merge with respect + 4) To determine the observer's position inv 6). Toprovie onto points in instrument Sat. Methods of resection : a) There point resection ')) Two point resection 4.3.4 Three pointresection aero visible from urkrown point, the thee poi resection can be used. Let ‘coordinate have to be raarsur if the co-ordinate have tobe tasfere another point Dis taken. find ot Tare known points with central anges B and y respectively.—Emey——— aa ete A Case I: Ifsum of two lesser angle > 180” is inside AABC (Case Ik: IFsum of two less angle <180°, Pisoutside AABC Ft “Methods of three pont resection a) Collin’é method ° ¥) g-45 method ©) Cassini method 4) Tienstra method 48.4.4 Coll "method case: When peston of instrument station Cases Ais ence of intranet ttn is inuide fa ela of Let e the poston of istrumt inrunent ston whose’ Polls AW0C.CWOB BtDandDioAwapetney laZieenmdaeeey vientation ca Chapter | 7 From quadrilateral APBC ax Ly + £04 Lp + £= 36" on Zx= (360? (0+ P+ 2-211 : +. ofl) where = 360" = (a+ B+) constant sum Fromeg? (1) and @) sing-Y)._y sin Jn$ cos y ~c0s Sin oy, msesiaes siny oy sin$ coty -cosS=K K+ootS on coty= ain c+ cot yoo! sins re alterms on R11Sareknown, Hence yc befoundauts rang ,xcan be ound fom equation ) fal ihe NET Now nonfarm and the coordinates of Pan bees case nen poston ofaninsrument son ouside the tran tion whose co-ordinates are Let P be the postion of instrument sta veto sopra Ds the nest station and A, B,Care the know Pa a ti rete hizo angles taken y heat sgng Me ‘AtoC,CtoB,BtoDand DtoA Let ZPAC=xand ZPBC=¥ From figure, quadrilateral APBC Latlpr Ly Let a3? x=" -(La+ +20) 4) a or x78-y From AACP and ABCP‘5 jACompete Manual of Surveying sin ~~ @) : sind cosycos Ssiny siny on, sindcoty-cos6=k k+cos or, coty=“Se5 +008 yocort= (“2 Here all terms in RHS are known. SO, y can be found out. Similarly x can be ound from eq"(I). Now, the situation danges to intersection form and co-ordinate ‘unknown point can be found. mainte of ‘Check on field: Theoretical sum at horizon close = 360° (Observed sum by field measurement = (a+ +y+ 6) Enor (@)= observed sum theoretic sum Permissible error = LGYN=30'N for LCN = 30" 1.3.1.2 Kaestner-Burkhardth method (4. -45°method) inte aes spout coordinates of points 4, Band in figure) are known and the angles a and § measured Fob nversing beeen he onto points we an Sapee hie oc using following relationships. : Orientation ca Chapter 1]_$ Ken Anse tn FEY and a= Ke Xa (ve Vat ne GER b= VRe=KIF VEIOF Compute y Ate Atae = Ae~ Azse i i ize that sum of Computer the auxiliary angles @ and 0, First, recognize Srterior angles is equal to 360° [sum of interior angles of polygon must Be equal (0-2) 180 gt a+ B+0+y=360" Rearrange, Hgoy= 100° F(a Bepb From sine rule, computer the distance CP asing og “sina _bsind “sind ‘Combining these two relationship yields, sing _bsin o sin@” asin = SBb BST root oe. oP. sing=sin@ _coth=1 oF sin + sin @ tht T scsi 2nd ing enone en Weean wit ekg saindi-9 = at» Dain (6+ 0) 0830-9) _ cot a5? coty=1 "cot y+ cot ssn_asonpte Manual ofS ing ‘at secogaizing that cot f5*= Land 1 sank) =p (-0) 0105 #2) = tanby cot (45° +2) ‘Therefore 4 -oy=tan tnd ot 45 +2) = 6 Then, os6ith oh Real that; hasan uncertainty of # 180° due to uncertainty in A, sing ier, compute thedstance’ Cy and C Ney asin(a-+6) ane cae ssa check, recall that a+ B+ y+ 646 = “ee step isto compute the azimuths t a Kaw Act ae eee” ey Pg orientation Cha} ay 14 Exam Questions Eerie ction? Describe ( - 45°) method of ‘What is analytical inter 3~ point problem? 01 Fall] peter 1.2 first paragraph, ond 13,12 ‘esribeColln’s method of analytical resection. [2014 Spring] pefer to theory 13.14 Why map orientation are essential? Describe 1 son for fixing te position of an wnknin™™ ready defined tree known co-ordinated points. about three point point with respect [2015 Fall] Refer to 111 for first part pefer to 1.31 (any one method) and resection Explain Collin’s method for Define Intersection [2015 Spring] analytical resection. Refer to1.2 ond 13 first poregreph Refer to L311 {plain intersection and resection. Explain wl enection are done in field with clear examples. Refer to12 ond 13 Refer to uses and criteria of intersection ‘and resection what do you.mean by resection? Explain analytical intersection ynen intersection and [2016 Fall] ‘with examples. [2016 Spring] Refer to 13 first paragraph Refer to12 Write short notes on: Orientation and its importance. [2016 Spring] Refer to 111 ond 112 Wht is analy intesestion? Mow unknown station toate in il Elan eon Fal Refer to12 definition and derivation port Wt eden? Explain the importance of analytical jection and resection on field basis. [2017 Spring] Refer to 11 first paragraph Refer to 12 ond 1.3 importance partrT mL “ B u important for engineering? Describe () wi is exenttion impor degree method f three point problem. (2018 Fay pefer to 1. importance port ! © pefer to1332 ny sania testo mora cm Held Save? Ex all eseion by Collin’ pint method. [2018 Spring pefer 1012 importnce part pefer to 1311 derivation ‘What is analytical intersection? How unknown station pot roi ma fer to 12 first paragraph 7 Different between the analytical i tic mt tacit uy Refer to theory part. ! oa ; me en pt © mt es ri ‘See the ans of question nubmer 1 ine 2.4 Introduction 2.4.4 General definition ‘a regular curved path followed by A ed a curve. A.curve may be ether circular, spiral and i always tangential tothe straight direction at its! ‘ovo types 2.4.2 ‘Types of curves (@) Horizontal curve (&) Vertical curve When the curve is provided in horizontal plane; ‘a railway or highway alignment is parabolic, cubie parabola OF nds. It has itis known as horizontal een ed when i is provided in vertical plane, itis known as vertical curve (es) vale [ aan | | (Gone) Tee) Ccmvena) (SH) (Gevcig] [SET] femnanee Manual of Su! ot pentose carves or chapter |_15 ofcurve . 24,3. Designation (b)_ Radius of curve: In this convention, a curve is designated by is ‘Acurve! nay be designated YY . radius. The sharpness of curve depends on its radius. " i, Asharp curve -+ Smaller will be radius a) iter adios Pane . i 5 orbs jee tthecnte 72008 particular length, A flat curve ~» Larger will be radius wordy: 1 degree of curve the angle subtended at yy 17189 (a) Degree of aaa onto dele of specified length. From eq" DY = ~~ it can be found that degree of curve is or cee mee: cane mb find inversely proportional to radius of curve. Fixed leng i ral angle ofthe curve that iS subtended by an arc of 30 met, 2.4.4 Uses and importance of horizontal curve cent ore ions generally adopted in ralWAY surveys, ‘ (or 1004). This definition i 6 as (@) | Toprovide the change in direction Derivation: Lat D be the degre of ec (b) To meet the standard norms of conditions of design based on care ic, angle subtended at centre existing topography. byarcoF 0 mas shown in figure (© Toprovide access to particular location. Let Re the radius . (@ Toavoid the monotony ofthe driver. Romig * (@) Tomake the usage of existing ight of way. a {@) ° To justify obligatory points and condition (points through which De ‘Menmen is to pass ale postive obligatory point and vie versa n"B oan \ js called negative obligatory point. ifangles and arc of a ci a ee 2.2 Types of Horizontal Curve Deep degrees Fe? 2.24 Circular curve Fixed length of a chord: The degree of a curve may be defined as Itconsist of cicular curve only. fied central angle of curve that is subtended by a chord of 30 (a) Simple circular: The curve which is 2 single circle with a constant retres (or 100) length. This is mostly used in road surveys. Todius connecting the to tangents, itis said to be circular curve, ‘Ifthe unit chord Subtends an angle of 1°, itis called one-degree ‘They are provided in general if the conditions are suitable. ‘curve and if unit choral subtends an angle of 2°, it is called two- ya degree curve Derivation: Let D be the'degree of, carve ie, angle subtended at its centre © by chord C; Cy of 30 m length as shown in figure. sn Where R = radius of cireler curve 6 Fig: 2.3 Simple creular curse4g__jAComplete Manual of Sur J two oF More arcs ¥ consis 0! F (b) Compound curve: Acurve ae es adem’ diferent radius having theit co ant in succession, €2¢! ie nd curve rection is know me director Masa js knownasa compou wy Figs 24 Compound curce which consists of two opposite circular ares {is known as reverse curve. In such curves, posite sides ofthe curve. The two ith a common tangent at the (9 - Reverse curve: A curve ‘of ame or diferent radi, the centres of the ares are on the of ‘arcs tum in opposite directions wit junction ofthe two arcs. o Fig:25 Revise curve 2.2.2. Transition curve A carve of varying radius introduced between a straight and a cure s Sue tarsiion curve. In always, such a curve i provided on ether curve to minimize super elevation. Excessive super clevation may cause we ee vear and tear of rail section and discomfort to the Curves ca Chapter 2) _47 Cubic spiral ° Fig: 2.6 Composite curve (c) Composite curve ‘Accurve which is combination of two or more curves is called composite curve 2.3. Elements of Simple Circular Curve 2.3.4. Definitions and notations a » 9 4) a Point of curvature (PC) > Itisthe beginning point ofthe curve > Alignment changes from tangent toa curve > Itis sometimes called point of curve ‘Back tangent: The tangent at the point of commencement is called back tangent. In fig, TT is back tangent. Forward tangent: The tangent at the point of tangency or end of curve i called forward tangent. It figure TsT is forward tangent, Point of intersection (POD): The point where back tangent and forward tangent produced meet, is called point of intersection. In figure, Tis the point of intersection. ‘Angle of intersection: The angle between back tangent and forward tangent is called angle of intersection. In figure, isthe angle of intersection. ‘Angle of deflection: The angle through which forward tangent deflects is called angle of deflection of curve. It may be either to the Fight or to the eft of the back tangent. In figure Ais the angle of deflection.Ga 5 soonest the forward tangeny back tangent onthe curve is called defection 2r 3) Tangent distances: The distance between the point of intersection and point of commencement of the curve is called distances. 19_ figure, TH and Tl length are tangent distances 5) Length: of carve: The total length of the curve from the point commencement t0 the point of tangeney is called lengthof the curve. 1) Long chord The chord ining the point af commencement and end pout of tangency calle lang chord Ty Tz the Tong, chord in figure 1) -Midordnate: The ordinate joining the mid-point of the curve and eng chord scaled mik-ondinat. In igure BCs the mid-ordinate 1m)’ Normal chord: A chord between two successive regular pegs on the curve i called nofmal chord 1h) Subschord: When a chord i shorter than normal chord itis called ‘sub-chord. These chords generally occur at the beginning or end of oO Fig: 2:7 Elements of circular curve 2.3.2. Derivation of elements of simple circular curve ‘Let us consider a simple circular curve using notations as indicated in figure, 8) Length of curve () From figure 2aR lengthofcuve 1 Sablended center angle" °) 4) Curves ca Chapter 2] _19 \ Ae ZY 1 a ‘Tangent length (1) = TP and 13? From PTC; ‘o) PDT. haa @ on-R or, T=Rtan 8 Chord length (L)=T1CT: rom right ATi CO, % 0 Fig: 2.8 Sinple circular curve so(Q-BSAYL tecepemidponanarc-L2 veman() ‘Apex distance (External distance of chord) (E) From rt. ATO =@) or, OB+BI=Ree($) [01-08 + BI} or, ReE=Ree($) or, E=Rsec() -R rn Mid-ordinate (M) [:OB=R]SS Ly at of surveying ao yacomlet (a) oc=Reos (2 wrcrrccrre inate] «. weafi-eoQ)) 6 ne pits point (1) is known ment = CHof POPBack tangent Tength ‘iif point of commencement *etrye tangeney = Tength 25644 m and ange of intersection ri jrcular curve tobe intoduced i 609 ct atc “wo straight intersect at ch ao Ifthe radius ofthe sim find the following 2) Tangent distance 1) Chainageatthe point )_Chainage athe pont of angency ) Length of long chor. Solution: Deflection angle (A) =180°- 120" = 6, R=e0m 8) Tangent distances =R tan (4/2) = a0 an (60/2) =34641m of commencement. metered 600 60 10 = 62832m ©) Chainage atthe point of commencement T, Figi29 = Chainage tthe point of intersection intersection - tangent length =205644 34641 =171003m Curves ca Chapter 2|_21 44) _Chainage atthe point of tangency, = Chainage at the point of commencement + length ofthe curve = 1710.03 + 628.32 = 2338.35 m e)_ Length of long chord = 2 sin (8°/2) = 2% 600 sin (60/2) = 0m 2.4 — Setting Out of the Simple Circular Curve Depending upon instrument used, method of setting out of curves can ‘mainly be divided into two methods. a) Linear method b) Angular method 2.4.1, Linear method Itis suitable for short curve and low accuracy works. ‘Types of linear methods a) Offsets from tangents 1b) _ Offsets from long chord. «) Offsets from chord produced. & Successive bisection of chords. “2.4.4.1 Offsets from the tangents ‘The offsets from the tangents may be either perpendicular of radial. 4) Perpendicular offsets: In figure AB and BC are two tangents meeting at point B, The tangent length is calculated and tangent point Ty ands arc marked on the ground, {A point D is taken along the fear tangent AB at a distance x from Ty [Let O, be the perpendicular offset at D. The line EP, is drawn parallel ton. Here, OB = R= 0, OP = Rand X EP=x From AOEP, OP? = EP, + OF on Reaxet (Re! oO 7 Reaxtt R03? e230 epee fet» oils perpendicular . sem all the distances Xi ™2 % ‘i els pee ihe of 9 Reames eT Oe NO offsets ae a oe ee aw eT of a tt distances *" xe « cose ied for s scond spalf of the curve, se enn ul specfed) ‘i No mest tri eld proce (ote No “ sasaoese Doe _ trigure ets ake see AB wc a re at, be Be mse @ f Dis a eet at D. THe pat BB ee wt toner OS 92 JS . Opis the radia ine a Now, from AT k F one Here OT)" ROD=R+O+ > Mee ig 211 Rifts ro tangents 2 Reext=(R HOP ¢ or, RHO RIS = v Remaining 2 half of curve is set out in similar way. raw : Curves ca Chapter 2] _23 yo roads meet at an ange of 12720 Calculate the necessary data for Tov ota curve of 15 cin radius fo connect the straight portions of set if itis intended fo stout the curve by chain and offset only- plain carefully HOw would you set out the curve in field. assume cai eng = 20 ™m solution: Length of radius = 15 «20 =300m , “Angle of deflection, A= 180- 127°90'= §2°30 ‘Tangent length (THB) = R tan (4/2) = 00 en 22) -79m cots oie veka From tangent, Hence, : Ox =-\3008 + 20? - 300 = 0.67 ma. Oyo = 00" + AGE ~ 300 = 2.66 m 9 =-V300 + 6 ~ 300 = 5.94 m Oso = N30? BH - 300 = 10.48:m_ Oy = (300+ TOG - 300 = 16.23 m. Ota = S00 + 120% ~ 300 = 25.11 m Ovo = 9/3008 + 140" - 300 = 31.06 m. Ove: = (90+ 147 SE ~ 300 = 34.49 m b) Perpendicular offset We have, Perpendicular offset from tangent 0,=R-VR=824_JAComplete Manual of Su = Hence, = 300 - (500-20 = 067 m n= 300 fam A = 268m a= 30 -(5KF- OF = 606m y=300 (SF =1086m mn =300- (500-1008 = 17.16 = 30 - fT = 25.05 Oyo = 30 =U TA = 34.67 m Ove =300—-YS00 “79H =3901m ‘The distance x from the point from T; locating the apex Point, x= Rsin (0/2) = 300 sin 26°15) =132.69m_ Ove" 900-0 TOE =s094m ‘The other half of the curve; may be set out from the second tangent 2441.2 Offsets from chords produced (Deflection distance methog) This method is commonly employed when a theodolite is not available and it is necessary to set out a curve only with a chain or tape. It ig suitable in plain area for long curves. The curve is divided into a number of chords and offsets for each chords are calculated. Two subchords ‘generally occur(ane at beginning and other at the end of curve). Derivation ofthe formulae: Let AI be the back tangent Ty a be the 1* subchord angle between tangent Tyl and subchord Ty a be 5 Robe the radius of curve having its centre at 0. £Ost= OT =90-5 20a = 180°-2 20T,a = 180"-2,60-6) =25 iin) Curves ca Chapter 2) 25 Fig 212 Defect dsc eid Since, chord Ts being neary equal to area Ta oa ~ (0) Similarly chord aa'is very neatly equal to aaa! as'= Tax 6 of, aa! = Tax Fe [from eq?) 2R + oberg ‘With a as centre, raw are of radius ab = C; to cut the line Ta produced at by, draw tangent mn at a, cutting Tl at m and bb’ an Now i= bth sing agente Janta = an Tenge @ and Wan ate oth nny asl angles nd nee sla vn Ts Substituting the value of ©; from eq" @) ove get Go? GO “a ba-e ORGa=C] chord are equal, since al chords except SUP ‘normal chords. outo ur whereCis eng of and offset forlastsub-chord oct On oR Field procedure Pr etfs and et MEY Ts 8) lalate the cainoge of by subtracting the back tangent length from the chainage of point of intersection I 6) Calculate the length of first sub-chord, 4) Calelat the length of the curve and ind the length of last sub chord, «) Caleulate the lengths of the offsets for the sub-chords and normal chords {Markie point’ along the tangent Ti such that Tyais equal to frst subchord 8) With the zero end of the chain at Ty and radius equal to Tya! draw an are a'a, Cut offal = O,, The ist point aon the curve is thus fixed. 1h) Pullthe cain forward in the direction of Ta produced. Measure ab equal; to the second chord C2 (normal chord). 4) Hold the zero end ofthe chain at a, swing swing an are of a radius equal to the length of chord Cy, Cut off bhequal to second offset O2, Point b fs thus fixed on curve. 4) Continue the process unt the point of P stosltagre ith te onan nay mena neat to forward tangent length, ‘ay mecsuring sequal __ ves ca Chapter 2] 27 2.4.4.3 Offsets from long chords Let Tr and Ts be the points of commencement and tangency of the curve. Radius of the curveis R having its centre at O. Draw Tilt and divide 7h, Tz and divide T, Tz at D.B i the midpoint on ‘curve and Op be the mid ordinate of the curvé. Let O, be the ordinate from long chord from any point 'N' on the curve. Draw EL perpendicular toBD. Fig. 2.13: Ofets from long chord Now, Draw Ti: and divide T;Tz at D. Bis the mid-point on curve and O. be the ‘mid-ordinate from the long chord from any point 'N' on the curve. Draw EI perpendicular to BD. Now, From AT;DO, ‘Ot= TD#+ OD sor, R= (L/2)'+ (OB- BD? where L= Length of long chord or, RP=(L/2P+(R-O.P or, R-Oo= R= O/F or, O.=RYR*-(L/2P26 _jAComplete Manual of surveying From AELO, 10=\OB- EE -\e-# Hence, O.= VRP ; Which isthe ordinate of chord from long chord. Procedure Dand Ta ‘Tuin equal parts of suitable length, ponding t0 distance fo, 4) Erect ranging odsat Ty nd, Ts b) Divide the long chord, ate the lengths of the ofsets Cores <1 ie ee 4 eee the help ofan optical square and measyy, the calculated offset length. 2.4.1.4 Successive bisection of chords Let Tj be the long chord of curve whose ange of deflection is 4 Construction: Divide Tis at D. Join OD and produce it to intersect he curveat B. Fig, 2.14: Sucesive bisection of chords Now, BD = 0B-OD : = R=Reos (4/2) =R(1~cos 4/2) To obtain the posi Bain the position of point Beret a perpendicular offset equal to R(l-o (1 cos 4/2) at D. Now, consider TB and Ts0 independent portion of curve having T,B and T:B as long chords, Dis ame having 2B as long chords, Divide T)B and T; B at D, and —_—{_$—§—hutves Chapter 2) - 29 It can be proved that offsets B:D, and Bib, 1 and BDz are each equal to R {1 ~ cos (a/4)| where angles 7: ODi and T; ODsareeachequal aye ‘To locate Bs and Bz erect perpendicular offs : Tob Perpendicular offsets equal to R (1 - cos 4/4) at By further successive bisection ofthe chords Ty shan the location f tether pins essary Field procedure : 1a) _ Locate the positions of T; and, b) Measure TiTz and find its mid-point D. ©) Set out perpendicular offset DB with an optical square equal to R(1-cos/2}. ae @) Measure chords Ty B and T:B and find their mid-points D; and Dz respectively. e) Set out the perpendicular offsets DyB, and D:B, each equal to R (1-cos A/4) with an optical square. The process may be continued till sufficient number of points on the ‘curve are fixed. fexample 2.3] ‘Tabulate the necessary data for setting out circular curve with the following data. Angle of intersection = 144° Chainge of point of intersection = 1390 m Radius of curve = 300 m ‘The curve is to be set out by offsets form chords produced with pegs at every 20m of through chainage. Solution: Angle of deflection Length of tangents = 180° - 144" = Rian (4/2) = 300 tan (36/2) =97.48m Length of the curve = 18850m~ CChainge at the point of commencement = 1390.00 - 97.48 = 129252mrte anual of SuCveyin H ‘0_Jacompl Chainageat pint oftangenY ee cigitem Curves ca Cha 3 angie * 1300 1292.52 = 7.48 m Ene) re pafauetord = 146102- 146000 ‘Two tangents AB and BC intersect sth pe Cleult al th necessary data for sting ont accarcrseg e100 7 ee efetion sale a engin cular curve a ads 10 nes! aon fst from the long chord. ‘Total number of chords =2+9= 11 Rew ce __74e fie for * sub-chord = GG+a) _2020+748) COfse for 2 chord = 3 =x 300 5 fp foe =092m \ A fet fo 9810 10chords P= 135 m tT ee a ee " fangent length = R tan (4/2) = 100 tan (30/2) = 2679 m Offset fr ast sub-chords =p x 399 = 0.040m. ae eevee vc a0 ©) Covelengh = 284 _ #210090 Necessary datas tabulated. 4 ee 4) Chainageof T; =12371+5236= 5 = 17607 m cs 6) Length of long chord (L) = 2R sin (4/2) bi = 2.100 x sin (0/2)=51.76m we Tab 1) Thelong chord is divided into two equal halves. 1 a naa Each half =5 51.76 = 25.88 m 1340 20 : = = 18 8) Mid-ordinate, O,= R—-VRE=(77F es Ec is = 100-100 25.88" = 3.41 m r hh) The ordinate are calculated at 5 m i i = lated at 5 m intervals starting from aa = 33 centre towards T; for the left half. ate 1.33 1 a 2 Os = R=38 -(R-O) oa > 13 = \10F-5 - (100-341) “a ss =328m a = a Op = VI0P=1F - (100-34 Ke 7 = Os =-V100=1F - (100 -3.41) ( 7 = Om =V100°= 2 - (100-341) =1.38m aera Os = 100-2 - (100 -3.41) =023m Onsgi= 100-20 - (100-341) =0fe rom point of commencement and norma} me les from the point of commencement and Poin, theodolite method). P rankines method (Horizontal curve: setting by deflection angie) The angle between the back tangent and the chord joining pony yf earve and the next point on the Curve is know, o 8 commencemet ain angle chord tis themost commonly used method Derivation of formula “Awumpton: Wen te radius ofthe curve i very large, the are Ty very nearly equal to chord Tia, is Let the deflection angle forthe chord T; a be 5. Lona= 9 -81= LOT ‘Angle subtended by the are ya at the centre 101= 180° -2 (90-6) = 261 1 _ Deletion ang! ‘ tangency (Two oO x Fig. 2.16: Renkine's method aw a tangent cb at aand let angle b’ ab be 6 Now, angle atib= bab = 6; + Total defection angle Tb angle Ib for chord Tib = ) ATb= 5,46, chord Tib= Tia + Zab Similarly, values of 2 Silay, ves of defection angles for remaining chords nay be — aaron chapter a] 38 In general practice, the first and last sub-chord: last sub-chords are not equal. These are Gesignated a8 Cand Ce whereas normal chords ae designated by C _2aR x26, Length of are Cs = “arm 360" 9G or, 517 Fa CH gy degrees or, Si 1718.9 minutes ‘And for normal chords, 8= 17189 minutes os ieee caariaa® stand 1B bo 2 By ae the angles for te fst sub chord, normal chords and last sub chord with their tangents, then total deflection angles for Jarious chords with the back tangent are. Ao n= i+ 82 y= 61+ 248s Bn= bit 2+ 5+ wot y= 8/2 For check on calculation d= A/2 Field procedure Set up the theodolite at the point of ‘commencement of the curve, a) Sy fae by cau he gh tck tangent om the poi of cecton by° unthe canage of he pon of conmerenent Rally ass tM cinand ats 6) caret nth fit sober ohare connus singe. atmos fiche. [eurageet ies length of sub chord=| er pointot "|| PMOL aay some 4) Caeltethe deeton anlsfor tft ub = A2p% 50 = 130.89 m 1,250.0 - 67.0= 1,183.0 m —____ Surv ct Chaptor 235 2 d » m) Length of inital sub chord = 1399 1193 No of full chords (20 m) = 6 — Chainage covered = 1190.0 +620 Length final subchord a 1310.00 m = 1313.89 1310.00 =3.89 my) Deflection angle for inital sub-chord, 1718.97 1=FEy— mins = 04913" Deflection angle for full hora 17189 x20 6-359 mins = 21731" Deflectioi angle for final sub-chord 5-128 9389 a) Arithmetic check ‘Total deflection angle (8, mins = 0°2645" “6x 2°17°31" + 0726145" 59'59 =u = 15°0000"= 4/2 Data fof field check: i) Apex distance = R [sec(4/2) - 1] = 250 [sec (30/2) - 1] 82m [1-sin (4/2) 250 [1 - sin (30/2)] =851m ii) Mid-ordinate Setting out table Point Total deflection = angle Deflection angle for chord Angle to beset on Remarks. Chainage | froth Starting = | point of ty | 1as30 | - orasio0" | LCof P| 11900 | 70 | o7se' | ovasas" P: | 12100. | 200 | 29731" | 3530" | 32540" | Vern P| 12300 | 200 | 21731" | sr2su0" | 5°2520"is nwa of Surveying = 36_JA Complete. erst Curves ca Chapter 2 Tama | 200 | zien" | som" | M040" Ps ; > a} namo | 0 | errar | ose | osseam Calculation of deflection angles pe | tenn | 200 | zizart | 121543" | reise Sitoby = 1718935 = 171.89 minutes py | asioo | 200 | za7ai | 1se14 | 1ssaa9 Th | aata89 | 389 | 0°2045" | 15°0000" = 251534" bon 17189 «8S = orsss94" Gore a eal Two straights meet at an apex angle 126%8' and are tobe joined y beim craked =eS as_jacom te Manual of Surveying om Forx= OMY "GRE ap : gerne y "ADK “OOP ™ _#_. gorx=40my = Gracoxo0 “Hm ae porx=Omy=Gugooxsy = 150m —_ Forx= 60m. "5x 500° Cheeks Shift of circular carve, perdi eft pit sit 2 Cubic spiral ‘The co-ordinates may bs calculated from formula; 2.56 Super elevation {or cant or banking aking of road) The proce of i Sing the outer edge of roadway nay on curve with respect tots inner edge i inorder to centifagl for Provide counter agar onthe vee ane eve the est 25 supe elevation ‘Centrifugal ratio =-S20tfupal force Weight of vehi ipa: er Curves ca Chapter 2) _ 47 weight of vehicle ntrifugal of force BC outer edge of road consider W = P ce= super elevation rate Fig223 ontrifugal force Ps given by PR Hence Censifugal ratio BC [slnis ABC, tan 8= 4G] [In AABC, BC =h, AC=AB=G] oh aR Where G = guage of track 2.8.7. Length of transition curve ‘The transition curve is introduced between a straight and a circular curve in onder to introduce super elevation gradualy from zero atthe point of commencement ofthe transition curve and full amount a the junction of transition curve and circular curve. The length of transition curve may be found by any ofthe following method and maximum value is choosen.veto be introduced between eset and 8 ston orlevatin maybe inode eee clr cure ch hat peat of superteation 38 1n 50, soliton: Welzow neh Let GGvenn'=Si0andh= 15 abetting values we get aia nage casper elven nome Lo ie ninay dandy sung = Tete ein Sy aoe Tee Seca ume 8h ae ernie ath hexet a th of a transition curve to be inserted between 4 £15 em over a Jevation a8 25 rat ave ayweatened. war the rate of supere cic Sid adaverage speed oF jcle as 60 kny/he. ore h = 15em, x= 25 m/sec 1000 Vex OO 100 =p m/s saibtituting ther values in above equation we BF 15 x 100 1-ex6 7 100m 2.6.7.3 Definite rate of change of radial acceleration ‘atv be the average speed of vehicles in m/sec ‘be the radius of the circular curve in metres #/gh be the radial acceleration . LLibe the length ofthe transition curve in metres the the rate of developmeitof radial acceleration L ‘Time taken to travel distance 'L! =v 9€ “Time taken to attain the maximum radial acceleration =RC Comparing these values of time taken, we get iv v"RC » L=RC50_JAcom Manual of Surveyin rum allowable speed on 2 curve iS 80 kaye and the ry fal acceleration is 30 caysec’, Calculate the lengiy vane radius ofthe circular curves 200 metres, hy! The mas change of 124 transition curve Soltion: : Wehave she gh ofthe tension curve obtained. OM Constant re change of radial acceleration is se Lac 1000 Given, =80km/he="3p09 D2m/s R =200metres C= 03m/see ‘Substituting these values in above eq we get 258 Equation ofa ideal transition curve [As the super elevation is required to be introduced uniformly, the centrifugal free must be increased at a constant rate and hence vary with time, On the other hand, the speed ofthe vehide is also kept constant. The distance along the transition curve must also, therefore vary with time Centrifugal force is proportional tothe length ofthe transition curve. we ore ‘Where W, Vand gare constant 1 or, tr=aconstant Atjunction, r= Rand = L Hence, = LR = Constant ‘Where L= total length ofthe transition, " curve ads of curva of curvature atts unetion withthe circular iy a | Curves ca Chay 54 sights of a proposed road intersect spo straights of i ect ata chainage 18+ 3) chains Tos units with deflection angle 430 gh) is proposed ny in rufa carve at 10 chain radius with tanition curve 15 chains ong at each ent cetate the chainages of both tangent pints and both junction points Caio tangential oft for setingout the fist junction point. solution: Given data; R= 10 chains = 200m 5 chains = 30m 9 =40°30" Cchainage atthe point of commencement = (78 +34) Chains : = 78x 2043402 = 156680 a Sem 701675 m ip) Total tangent lengtt (R +S) tan (4/2) + (L/2) 101016). +2 = 8885 m L 300 ) Spiral angle (#) =e ins = Fx 205 2 18 =Feam * mS i 1750 4a) The length of the circular curve = 1» 200 (60 n 137m 2 0 «) Tangential offset forthe first junction pont transition ‘Total length of the combined curve =~ ig : curve length 3605 (40°26 = EOD 2100 = 641.06m Chainage a the end point = 753.40+ 64.06 394.46 m «) Tangential offeet forthe frst junction point 2 ,__ 100 Y "BRL “6% 625% 100 Check: Tangential offset =4 « shit = 4* 0.0667 = 2.667 m {) Total deflection angle of frst jnction point SBP yg -SBx10% a=" minutes “625 «100 = 2.667 m minutes = 91.66 minutes = 1°31’ spiral ang cumteateciinangle 2g = 19040"a.com rte Manual of Su jing =I a transition curve of 901 length between as, ose nse ip rads Calculate the deflection matt : son cure ifthe peg interval onthe transition, fog seting out the tras nt of commencement is 18104 m. curves Solution: Lt ABCD, +, and L be the pol transition curve with Cainage at T= 18104 m A=18150m Ean be the points on the transition curve wher tof commencement and junction point of yy. the circular curve. Chainage at sae Deflection angle (=) =" minutes where length ofthe curve from the point of commencement = ay #002122 minates ‘The aleulation is shown in table below: Length to point | Deflecti ,) Points| Chainage| from point of | (0212) | Remarks commencement | angle minutes my | 10a - - Point of commencement n | 18150 a6 coax |. - oar ® | 1sW0 196 (02122 «19.6 - = 0°08 09" a 46 002122 x 34.6 e = 07524" D | 18600 4196 002122 « 49.62 = = 05213" tii) as 0.02122 « 64.6" 7 F | 000 i a 76 OID TE = [0 [sea m0 a a 102122 x 90 | Junction point 25150 een Curves ce Chapter 2] _55 : qc: To deletion anglé= 3 * pial angle ab 8 spiral angle 28 "7" 300 “20 * x oe eros Ss ‘curve is to be set out with the following data: Deflection posite “ A ey ims pecf vil = kf ceo eer ne of chan. Sf radial acceleration = 03 mys', chainage of intersection jint = 1,150 m. Calculate: fo). Radius of the curve fy tenth of the rans curve {q,_Chainages of tangent pints and junctions of transition curve with tireular curve. solution: ‘Gove sped = 8D km/hr = 22.22 0/5 ot BE os Radius of circular curve = 402.63 m_ » 03 «M0263 =9082m L Spiral angle (6) =2R 9082 « 180. : -aeamere “8 28-29 = 60? -2* 646" 24708" radius Central angle x 402,63°% 47.08 Length of circular curve an =33084mee compas mousing s 8 Le 08a st ofthe curve ©) *24R “24 402.68 sm ength (1). = (R +S) tan (A/2) + (L/2) = e263 +085) an() Q = 77835 Tangent 4) Chainage of tangent point = 1150-27835 = 871.65m CCainage of junction point © = 871.65 + 90.82 = 96247 m CChainage of 2©junction point = 962.47 + 390.84 = 129831 m CChainage of tangent point = 1293.31 + 90.82 = 1384.13 m Gn) ‘Tabulate the data necessary for setting out a curve by the deflectiy angle method considering the following information: 3) Angle us" 1) Chainage of point of intersection = 1580 m 6) Degree of curve =5° 4 L.Coftheodotite=20" ©) Peginterval= 30m Solution: Deflection angle= 190° 145° = 35° erect 3 atin se6q 9) Tengo gh Rtn (8/2) «34 tana 5+ “12m 9 conwtngheB - 9 a 202m ingen 0s “761m eee Curves ca Chaptor 2) 57 4) e 8) » i) ® ) ii) a) CChainage of * tangent point = 1471.61 +2100 =1681.61 m ‘Length of intial sub-chord = 1480 - 1471.61 =8.39 m Number of fll chords of length 30 m = 6 Cchainage covered = 1480 +180 = 1660 m ‘Length of final sub-chord = 1681.61 ~ 1660.0 = 21.61'm 17189 «839 3858 1718930 3438 3718.9« 21.61 3438 Deflection angle for inital sub-chotd = = 08157" Deflection angle for fll chord = 27959" Deflection angle for final sub-chord ‘Arithmetical check: 35 ‘Total deflection angle = A/2="y =17°30" PAST + 6% 272959" +1483" = 1730 (say 6, the calculation of deflection anges i correct. Daia fr field check: “Apex distance =R (sec 4/2-1) 3438 [ee (1790) “1] =1669m Versed sine of curve =R [1 ~cos(4/2)] = 343.8 1-c0s(1730)] =1592m * Setting out table Point|Chainage | net Total chord Detection. fecon| 8! | Remarks th for chord | “ansle Starting une | - | - 5 of curve Pt Tas | a39 | waver | wavs7’ | at | PB aso | 30 | zavsm | sense | oi? |= Be saz | .- page" | Sear55" 110 [30Field work for settin deflection angles 269 Procedure : 1. Locate the point tof commencement and tangency. Fig: 2.24 Sting out transition curve with delection angles 2 Centre the theodlite over the point of commencement T,and sight the point of intersection accurately, keeping the verniers to read zero. 3. Unclamp the upper plate and set the frst value of deflectic he frst v leflection angle forthe peg interval (i). mie 4. Measure the distance (i) in the line of sight Mewar he das) sight and locate the first point 5. Nextset the second value of deflect Nea cere angle (a) in the line of sight 6 ina z ; Proceed in a similar manner to locate the remais bisrrne remaining points of the 7. For setting out out the second transit transition curve from the point of tangy, defection anges valerate selon he thea ted fom 360” before these Calculation part Knowing the peg interval, the to various pegs, ma i the Pe leva, the total deflection angle for vari ‘wcaelated from the formula, «= 23 tn = ee RL 1g out the transition curves Curves ca hapter2]_£9 gata may be tabulated as under. ane pete Deflection ii tance along curve | angles in fo te ng carve | Deflection anglesin. | Remarks 73 be h = | a 573 ht RL, S73 he [: “ LS 5 Vertical Curve Introduction verial curves are the cirves Meptiat a change in gradient smoothly and to visi Peenough ahead for safe driving. iidferent gradients meet ata point along a road surface, they form, ‘Unless this apex point is rounded off to form a smooth curve, move along, that portion ofthe road. So, for the smooth and s, the meeting point of the gradients is rounded off to ‘vertical plane known as vertical curve either parabolic or circular. A cry Marve is preferred to a circular one due to its simplicity of Parting offsets for setting out vertical curves. A parabolic art also se pest riding qualities as the rate of change of grade is unO7™ Freughout along a parabolic having its axis vertical {ey the rate of change of slope of a parabola is constant roof of rate of change of slope of parabola is constant have, the general equation of parabola havingts vertical xs = ~() 2.6 264 eC provided on a vertical plane in order to jon over the crest hill a sharp-apex fo vehicle can move ‘pte running of vehicle forma smooth curve in Generally vertically curves provided are yeax' + bx ‘The slope of the curve is 4 B =raxtb = Q ‘The rate of change of grade or slope is @ Which does not contain any variable term. This shows that the rate of change of grade along always constant. a vertical parabola isae se Manual of SUN jing ~ at Curves ca Chapter 2] _ 61 jertical curve of gioniGrade ; oaks canta apes 262 ae aera care mayb defied 8 pro de (~ 81%) following by up-grade (+ g%) - ie traight line Iti expreser’ oi 1 etween #w0 oS along a straight line 8 epremedg! ae a upgrade if te elevations along it is fied as uPer : incre ade is casi : A gd ge ocean s 2 adits rigor > ose Candies faing ong meEAHTE 263 pate of change of aradient (7) adients of two tangents meeting the age, ¢ ‘Te algebra difference of §¥ Pe ge by the length of cave = known a 3 ‘of change of gradient = Fig: 226 pmaparade (84%) olowted by another up-grade go%, 82> 8 c te Doapee gradient after intersection parabolic curve Where g = gradient before intersection erate of change of gradient 2.64. Uses and Importance of vertical curve 2) Tegives smoot ing qualities with emoval of peak apex. 4 Anuparade (* 51) followed by 1) Ikprovides adequate sight distance before eaching the summit : 6) Weprovides safe comfort and visibility tothe rider and passenger. 4)” Tthelps the vehicle to reach summit with less effort. Fig: 227 ‘another upgrade gz %, 1 > 82> c 2.6.5 Types of vertical curves Depending upon the different combinations of different: grades, the following six types of vertical curves, are generally met while executi ‘while executing highway project. 8) -Anupgrade (+ a1) allowing ade (+g) following by downgrade (— 385) mgaas I ) Adowngrade (81 4) followed by anather dowmgrade (2%), 2? Bt a Y es CS paraboliceurve ak a | chord Fig 229o pe 62_|AGomplete Manual of Survey ll 4) Adowmgade (-g1 8) followed by another downgrade (- %), % \ %S chord vertical parabola Fig: 230 2.6.6 Lengthof vertical curve “The gat veal cave maybe fines as the eng om the x Fee errant of the curve iz he pint of rising tthe point of jy ccurve ie, the point where curve meets the horizontal straight again, “Let be the Teng ofthe curve fim the pot of commencement f ty summit, g% be the parade ete rate of change of grade then 1 smipcofupamae fate of change of grade" F | sunny, he eng of Be carve fom he suit 1 the pt | ‘tangency ; 1p Puanagetdownarade_ rate of change of grade" ¢ Total length of vertical curve Le BB ‘As upgrades are treated 25 postive and downgrades are negative, above equation may be writen as aes treated bt L | | | | vie eiagh de regard to sign ofeach grade. ge of grade with Calculate the length of a vertical curve if an followed by an upgrade g:= 1.5%. “vende Assume the recommended rate of change of grade 801m per 39 'm chain, > = 2 is eee gestive enginor ove (1) tert : a1 1-201 per 30m chain ="5 anasiting tse valu 215 ay L=ar73y7 267 elements of vertical curves Point know curvature. pf tangents teed pol he vec known 2 oi ofthe vera curve In igre isthe oi of tngec. of curvature: It is the starting pont ofthe vertical curve also vas beginning ofthe vertical curve. In igure, Ais the point of » je igs 2.23 Ver cure ‘Point of intersection: Is the pint where te tangents draw fom aot ends of the vertical curve med. Its also called point of aoe pal eurve intersection. In igure Bis the point of intersection 4) Wetex of curve: Is the point on vert curve comesponig ° Jptersection point. In igure Eis the vertex of curve 6) Length of curve Ts the lng ofthe hizo prjeton of He curve, Iti denoted by L 4) Grade of tangent: Iti the gradient the vertical curves lie with respet 10 are the grade of tangent. a Change in graienvetcal defen: The dfeence im grdtest etch the to tangens sealed vert defetion is decd by N 4 at which the tangent a end of oriental In igure 13nd &| neni G4 JAComplete Manual of Su ji Derivation or caleulation 2) Lengthof vertical curve L=ac fF ‘The curves asumed 10 equally long on either sie of the apy pointie, AD=BC=! : b)Chainage of Chainage of Bt Chainage of C= ais of B a 6g) RLof A= RLofB#! "700 uot = Rot B#1 15 4g) RLofD=$ (LOfA*RLOLO oy sures} D008) 4) Fortangentcoretion method tangent conection Sg a The angen conection s ducted fom RL of oink on the grade to gt the corresponding point ont CUE: 268 Geometrics of vertical uve Assumptions vp the venal curves ae general ft the dstances along the curve are eee horizontally and the offs from the tangents the curve are ‘Ressured vertically witht inrdusing any impreabe or ‘The fal ength of vertical ure is thus horizontal projection oft Consider a vertical parabola having axis pra to y-axis ee reed attr 0) Heuser RORY yy. ae ‘Boundary conditions ny cat ‘arcayeonane-2 ere, on obs we x Fig:232 > oe rr —— er 2 2 ‘The tange ween Po principle xeroing ‘evious Poi Assumptic a) » getting out of vertical curve setting out vertical curve by tangent correction method ent correction or tangent oft is diferene of elevations a the curve and its comesponding point on the tangent. i tangent correction value of constant k the required tangent comections for eon the curve, maybe calculated from equation b= Ke ‘on in tangent correction method point of intersection and grade separation 6.9 6.9.4 ‘The RL and chainage of are known. ongth of vertical, curve i assumed equal to the lenght of two ‘Engen and equally Tong on ether sie of apex point In figure,a | 0 sot sui | complete anual ae s p= RLof points ~ RLofP | SeCheperd|_ 61 | alton of tangent corection pith tangent comston = ' off peel ) ye? x= stan along chord pat (078 a of pont P= Bx? wf _ z Lol auereie~# Bap) vefor summit care 4ve forsale care acwrege ° rusttenca!! ta sng = RLof point on angen comesjondin | correction curve ig tot Tangent point on ining of OE = gxthe se evasion ofthe pots BelWERN Ver : Z hows thatthe ference i" tic) te Tis a eas esa (ine eee eee thei of tng a flere called tangent correction ney ‘atx=0,h=0 ‘ where, K=" Gn oa x (chord length)? axea ne Geel! ‘N= nih chord from beginning of curve Patingihsvaleines? (0) ak, Weget ex = Ap * chord lengthy chord length = peg interval eg) =a0 wh ore eg = Ay chord length inno ofchords = total length of curve grand gare the tangent gradients Inmost cases, chord length is taken equal to chain length. eee Calculate the value of constant K when the upgrade 2.5% is followed by downgrade 1.5%. Assume the rate of change of grade is 0.05% per 20 m ‘Tangent cretion, chain. Tangent coscons ve for summit curves +vefor vale curve ee Procedure a 4) Chainage of pin of commencement B Ce aen eases Length of vertical curve = chainage of point of intersection A - 1/2 3) Chinage of point on tof tangency C= chanage of apex point + L/2 o | els ametinghtegnt ©) RLof point of comr tB: om imencement B= RL of A ~ gy (L/2) o cS 4) RLofpoint of angency C= RLof A g(L/2) - ©) Inparaboa, AF= ER, where AB isthe ais ofthe parabola, ean = 160m