Foundation and Basements 1.1 Types of Foundation 1.2 Some Common Problem with Existing Foundation... 1.3 Retaining Properties and Water Proofing of Basement 1.4 Earthquake Effect on Foundation 1.5 Damp Proof Courses. ADDITIONAL... Past Year Exam Questions with Solution Additional Numerical Questions with Solution F 1 Masonry 2.1 Brick and Block Masonry. 2.2. Bonds in Brick Work. 2.3. Types of Brick Walls. 2.4 Stone Masonry... 2.5. Classification of Stone Masonry 2,6 Composite Masonry... ADDITIONAL Past Year Exam Questions wi ) Floor, Vertical Transportation and Roof 3.1 Floor and its Types .. 3.2, Different Mean of Vertical Transportatioy 3.3 Elements of Staircase... 3.4. Types of Staircases . 3.5. Relationship between Rise and Tread in Stairs 3.6. Types of Roofs 3.7 Single and Double Timber Roof. 3.8 Roof Trusses3,9. Roof Covering. si Soin Yor Exon ves wit Pa se ues wit Slton Openings 1149 4 42 ‘Types and Details. 43. Ventilators: Types and Details 44. Hardware of Doors, Window and Venilators 45. Arch and Lintels... Past Year Exam Questions with Solution 152 154 155 156 139 Joints 5.1 Types of Joints. 169 5.2. Treatment and Detailing of Joints athe Roof Level. 1m wl 53. Treatment and Detailing of Joints at Floor Level 54. Treatment and Joints in External Walls. 5.5. Treatment dnd Joints in Shear Walls. Past Year Exam Questions with Solution . Temporary Construction 6.1. Scaffolding: Single and Double Scaffolds... 181 62 Formwork for Excavations and Trenches. 183 63 Formworks for Reinforced Concrete Construction. 186 64° Shoring. - : 186 ‘Past Year Exam Questions with Solution a Cladding and Extemal Finishing 7.1 Cladding for Loed Beating and Framed Structure. 7.2. Brick and Stone Facing. 7.3. Cladding in Concrete Panels and their Construction Details... 199 74 Plastering, Punning and Pointing : 75. Properties and Application of Points ADDITIONAL. Past Year Exam Questions with Solution. Internal Finishing 8.1 Partitions: Types, Function & Method of Constructo 8.2. Mobile Partitions. 83. Suspended and False Celina. Past Year Exam Questions with Solution ~ Water Supply and Drainage 9.1 Mains of Water supply: Storage & Distribution System. 9.2. Hot Water Supply. 9.3. Drainage of Sewage and Waste 9.4. Rainwater Pipes and Gutters 9.5. Septic Tank... 9.6 Rainwater Harvesting, Past Year Exam Questions with Solutio hapter10 Electrical Services 10.1 Residential and Commercial Requirements 10.2 General Principles... 10.3 Wiring System. 104 Trunking, Busbrs and Ducts for Elect Distribution 10.5 Safety Precautions... 10.6 Intake Structures and Provisions ADDITIONA: ‘Past Year Exam Questions with Solution.eT Change Portion of New syllabus it I: Introduction, — ean Building Types by Structure 12 Building of Main Architect ‘Service Components. Building Technology's Engineering ‘and the Construx Role of Civil Engineers ia Process. Unit Il: Foundation an and Uses: ural, Structural and Importance in Civil Industry. \d Basements Solution x 2023 Intake Questions with ‘REFERENCE. FOUNDATION AND BASEMENTS —_| Foundation Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below ground level, which transmits the loads of the super structure to the supporting soil. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which load is transmitted, Basements It is a floor structure constructed to provide one or more floors in a building that are either completely or partially below the ground level. Building ed aS a permanent or semi-permanent structure used by human beings to protect themselves from natural disasters like heat of sun, rain, snowfall, storm and wild animals as well as from thieves et. Building technology is the application of scientific knowledge including the use of machineries and equipments for practical purposes of constructing a building. ‘Types of building Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, buildings can be classified into different categories as follows: 1. Residential buildings 2, Educational buildings * 3, Institutional buildings ‘Assembly buildings 5. Business buildings Mercantile buildings Industrial buildings Storage buildings . Hazardous buildings yew ane Foundation and Basements [1]Ei | Functional requirement of building 1, Heat insulation Lighting requirement Ventilation requirement plumbing requirement Sound insulation Proper orientation Damp proof : Proper building services 1. Structurally stable 10, Durability 11, Economy 12, Fire protection, 13, Comfort and convenience Components of a buildings ‘A building has two basic parts: i. Sub-structure (Foundation) ii, Super-structure (Wall, column, sab, f doors, windows, openings, stairs, lifts, joints, lintels ete.) i. Substructure: It is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which transmits the loads to the soil. ii Super-structure: It is that part of the structure which is above ground level, and which serves the purpose of its intended use. beam, slab, floor, roof, Function of foundation 1. Reduction of load intensity: Foundation distributes the loads of the super-structure, 1o a larger area so that the intensity of the, load at its base (i. total load divided by total area) does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the subsoil, Ta] AReference Book of Bling Technology Pag 4. 6. Functional Even distribution of load: + Foundation distributes the non-uniform load of the supper structure evenly to the subsoil. «Due to which differential settlements are minimized. Provision of level surface: Foundation provide leveled and hard surface over which the super structure can be built. Lateral stability: + It anchors the super structure to the ground thus imparting lateral stability to the superstructure. « + The stability of the building, against sliding and overtuming due to horizontal force (such as wind, earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations. Safety against undermining: It provides the structural safety against undermining or scouring due to burrowing animals and flood water. Protection against soil movements: Special foundation measure prevents or minimizes the distress (or cracks) in the super structure, due to expansion or contraction of the subsoil because of moisture in some problematic soils. requirement | of _foundation/Essential requirement of a good foundation 1 Foundation should be strong enough to carry’super imposed load (dead load, live load) and transfer is to the sub- soil below. Foundation should be rigid so that differential settlements are minimized. Foundation should be deep enough so that distress due to shrinking and swelling of sub-soil are minimized. Foundation should be located such that its performance may not be affected due to any unexpected future influence. Found_ a aah ar es erometon Foundation ons shallow foundation (4.<6) Deep foundation (dy F MavRaft d Combined Strap }- Footin a footing ‘footing foundation eens single Rectangle combined Section G3 in focting Stepped ‘Trapezoidal combined Sloped foating Wall footing ‘Combined columnwall without step footing Wall foting 4 ln ieee Pile Pier Well Figs Single footing Grilage foundation fyyndation foundation foundation iL Stenped footing: This type of footing is provided for ‘End bearing pile jeavily loaded column which required Friction pile with dept, of foundation. 1, Spread footing/pad footing: : ia «Also known as isolated footing. Met kt Rein forcement + Spread footings are those which spread the super Section ‘ imposed load of wall or column over large area. . + Spread footing suppor either column or wall WA ‘Types of spread footing: i. Single footing for column: In this footing, the loaded Plan area of column has been spread to the large size Pay 2 Stepped footing through single spread. Sloped footing: In this type of footing, concrete base does not have uniform thickness but is made sloped. TA] AReference Book of Bl ilding Technology Foundation and Basements [5]P (load) v. Grillage foundation: + Grillage foundation consists of one or more tiers of { . [column ‘beam (steel or timber) superimposed at right angle to each other on a concrete layer to disperse load over an extensive area: + This type of foundation is generally used for heavy structural columns, piers and scaffolds where the Rein forcement foundation is expected to disperse heavy load over her large areas. + With the use of a grllage foundation deep Section excavation can be avoided and the depth of the | foundation can be limited form 1 m to 1.5 m. GF Types of grillage foundation: 1. Steel grillage foundation, 2. imber grillage foundation. Plan ge Soe ting P(load) jv. Wall footing without step: It consists gt conerey base without any step including masonry wall column Angle cleat Base plate 2nd layer of joints Figs Simple wal foting without step , iv. Wall footing with step: It consists of masonry wal re having stepped footing with concrete base. Fig: Grillage foundation 2. Combined footing: ‘+ Whenever two or more column in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing it is called a combined footing. ‘+ Isolated footing for each: column is generally the economical. Fig: Wall ooting with step IG] A Reference Book of Building Technology Foundation and Basements [7]‘only when d Combine foosing ae PON as. ‘When two é + W adjacent isolated FOUTS | ea te capacity is low, causing overlap of] + Where soil ; owt OHNE ‘mity of building Tine’ 0 . Progen toa bing coum Following are the tyPes of combined footing: footing: tangular ‘combined a eretudnally, the footing ais 48 OP UPWaR * Tate. beam spaning between COMMS and ing building ing beyond. ji een “eebecked under the heavier column, P Py t { Colum Secon Wa Zi The Fig: Combined footing , Traperoidal combined footing: «Ibis provided when the load of one column is higher than other column loads, + Ifthe projection of both footing beyond the face « the column is restricted. Section Plan . Figs Tropezoidal footing 3. Strap footing: + If the independent footing of two columns is connected by a beam, itis called a strap footing. + Itprevents the column from tilting + Ithelps distribute load uniformly and transfer moment to the adjacent footing, ‘+ Itis used where the gap between columns is long. ‘Strap beam Footing ‘Seaton Vj Plan Fig Strap footing 18] AReference Book of Building Technology Foundation and Basements [9]110] ARReference tion: ; \ 4. atte ie jg a thick reinforced concrete gj ; ing arangerent of column or wall ina row ; i ds to the 80 mittng the loads (0 row rset storage tank, industrial equipmeyy + Tei mepimneys and various Wer structures. soils, raft foundation: / orc ofraft foundation areas follows: Tea foundations are constructed for shallow depy, a it vation. hence it requires less excavation. Well suitable in sil of low bearing capacity "Toads coming from super structure are distribute over a large area. / Differential settlement of sol c Advantages ‘The advantages an be reduced. Wantage of raft foundation: aa vention on raft foundation is required in cae ‘of concentrated loads. ; «If they are not treated properly there is @ edge erosion. + Skilled workers are require foundation. ‘Types of raft foundation: a. Solid slab rafts It is a solid slab of concret: reinforced in both direction and used for light framed structure or small buildings. Ood Oo chance of xd to construct the raf Plan }-Columa e ZZ Raft sb Seiton XX Deep foundation: A deep foundation is a type of foundation which is placed at a greater depth below the ground surface and transfer structure load to the earth at depth. Depth of foundation > width of foundation ‘Types of deep foundation: 1. Pile foundation « It is defined as a slender column or long cylinder made of material such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure. « And transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction. Pile foundations are deep foundations. Use of the pile foundation (necessity of pile foundation) «Transfer load to strong and or less compressive strata. + Transfer loads in weak soil by friction between the pile and the soil. + Compact loose granular soil. + Provide foundation and inclined forces from bridge abetment and retaining walls. + Carry uplift forces. + When there is high fluctuation in subsoil water level. + Water table is high. + Ensure stability and durability. Classification of pile foundation: ‘Types of piles according to uses: a. Friction piles . End bearing piles ¢. Compaction piles 4. Tension pile or uplift pile. A e sd end bearing and friction pile £ Sheet pile Foundation and Basements |11]$ ©. Compaction piles: petal a. Friction piles? fers the load from the structure jy Ps piles: Compaction piles are used to 7 compact loose granular soils th ir ir . Friction pile sctional force that devel P ils thus increasing their fe sol via the, Serpe pile and the sa | bearing capacity. between ee | aE Soa. surrounding te fo rundation is selected when a harg ballad HE . This op at large depth and construction SE i i ing pile becomes uneconomic See SHE ofend beat P 4 ae + Fig.: Compaction piles 2d L GL. Sheet piles: Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials ene 7 with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground ves t | Ite to provide carth retention and excavation support ea | 13 Sheet piles are most commonly made of steel, but can It t é also be formed of timber or reinforced concrete. t t t tz 2. Pier foundation: A pier foundation consists of cylindrical column of large diameter to support and Fig. Friction piles transfer large superimposed load to the firm strata below. + End-bearing piles at hat rely on the Cay : i re piles th ome —S > atetanoe of soil or rok a the ip of the pile to _ rt the load. je Shaft a usually driven or bored into bol . o until they reach a hard layer such as a a and wate dense sand. L i i t Pier foundation f ao 3. Well foundation/caisson foundation: ~yizzzze ‘ee + It is a type of deep foundation which is generally ree ee Fz provided below the water level for bridges. iE + Caissons or well have been in-use for foundation of Hard bridges and other structures since Roman and Mughal sta periods. End bearing piles 112[ A Reference Book of Bulding Technology —_ Foundation and Basements [13]Fee 34 or caisson is a box like struct © Well fount which are sunk water to the «They are much I caissons. ‘desired depth. large than pis ier foundation OF drillg Cutting ede Bottom plug Figs Well foundation he components ofa good Foundation Following are tl of well: 1, Well curb and cutting edge 2, Staining 3, Bottom plug 4, Well cap 5. Top plug 6, Sand filling ‘Types of caisson: i, Box caisson ‘Open caisson iii, Pneumatic caisson ee EEA Some Common Problem with Existing Foundation . Failure due to soil movement © Use of inferior material or poor quality control . Uneven load [14] A Reference Book of Bullding Technology yy” N from the surface of either Tand g EE Negligence insite investigation and determination of bearing capacity of si Presence of moisture in sub-soil/rise & fall of water table Nearby construction/under mining Growth of roots of trees Faulty design ‘Water leakage from water supply line or sewage pipeline Sliding cause by earthquake Remedial measures Retaining structure/sheet pile for resistance against soil movement. Compaction of soi to improve load bearing capacity of soil. Use of superior material in construction, its monitoring and quality control. Properly investigation the site and determine bearing capacity of sol. Proper layout of building so that load is evenly distributed. OH T ‘A foundation should be depth 1 m to 1.5 m below level of moisture movement. ‘Types of foundation in black cotton soil While designing footing in black cotton, following points must be considered. 1 ‘The safe bearing capacity of soil should be determined properly. ‘The foundation should be taken at least 50 cm lower than depth of moisture movement. If black cotton ‘soil is only in top layer (I-1.5 m) then it should be completely temoved. When depth of clay layer is large, the footing should be prevented from coming in contact with soil by excavating ‘wider and deeper foundation trench and by filling sand. Foundation and Basements [15]