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Lecture 1 1

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mohamedahmed982005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alexandria National University

Engineering Programs

Engineering Chemistry

Fall 2023
Course objectives

 To introduce students to the basic concepts of chemistry as they


relate to engineering and to provide them with a wide experience
in practical work related to the theory course.

Textbooks
• Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Langford, Sadatys, and Duffy, “Chemistry The
Central Science”, Pearson Education.
Grading Policy

Mid-term (1) 20
Mid-term (2) 15
Lab 15
Quizzes 10
Final Exam 40
Total 100
1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND REACTION STOICHIOMETRY

Lecture 1
2
Lecture content
1. Stoichiometry

2. Chemical equations

2.1. Balancing equations

2.2. Indicating the states of reactants and products

3. Simple patterns of chemical reactivity

4. Formulas mass/mole conversion


3
1. Stoichiometry
▪ Stoichiometry is the area of study that examines the
quantities of substances consumed and/or produced in
chemical reactions.

▪ Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative aspects of


chemical reactions.

▪ Stoichiometry deals with the numerical relationships of


elements and compounds and the mathematical
proportions of reactants and products in chemical
transformations.
4
2.Chemical Equations
▪ Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. For example,
when the gas hydrogen 𝑯𝟐 burns , for example, it reacts with oxygen (𝑶𝟐 ) in
the air to form water (𝑯𝟐 𝑶). We write the chemical equation for this reaction
as:
𝟐𝑯𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶

Reactants Products
▪ + sign means react with
▪ → arrow means produces
▪ The numbers in front of the formulas, called coefficients, they indicate the
relative numbers of molecules of each kind involved in the reaction.
▪ The number one (1) is usually not written
▪ Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any reaction, a balanced
chemical equation must have an equal number of atoms of each element on
each side of the arrow.
5 ▪ What is the difference between coefficient and subscript?

▪ As shown in Figure , changing a subscript in a formula from 𝑯𝟐 𝑶


to 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 , for example changes the identity of the substance. The
substance 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 , hydrogen peroxide, is quite different from the
substance 𝑯𝟐 𝑶, water.
2.1. Balancing Equations
6 ▪ Chemists write unbalanced equations all the time in order to
identify the reactants and products in a reaction.

▪ To determine the amount of product that can be made, or the


amount of a reactant that is required, the chemical equation
needs to be balanced.
❑To construct a balanced chemical equation
a. Start by writing the formulas for the reactants on the left-hand
side of the arrow and the products on the right-hand side.
b. Balance the equation by determining the coefficients that
provide equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
▪ For most purposes, a balanced equation should contain the
smallest possible whole-number coefficients.
❑ A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation
▪ Consider the reaction that occurs when methane (𝑪𝑯𝟒 ), burns in air to produce
7
carbon dioxide gas (𝑪𝑶𝟐 ) and water vapor (𝑯𝟐 𝑶) as shown in Fig.

▪ 𝑪𝑯𝟒 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 (unbalanced)


▪ It is usually best to balance first those elements that occur in the fewest
chemical formulas in the equation.
▪ C present in 2 formulas
▪ H present in 2 formulas
▪ O present in 3 formulas
1. 𝐂𝐇𝟒 + 𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 , C is balanced in equation , but the whole equation is
unbalanced
8 2. 𝐂𝐇𝟒 + 𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 , H is balanced in equation , but the whole equation is
unbalanced
3. 𝐂𝐇𝟒 + 𝟐𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 , the equation is balanced

▪ Consider the reaction that occurs between oxygen (𝑶𝟐 ) and nitrogen oxide (𝑵𝑶)
▪ 𝐎𝟐 + 𝐍𝐎 → 𝑵𝑶𝟐 (unbalanced)
▪ O present in 3 formulas
▪ N present in 2 formulas
1. 𝐎𝟐 + 𝐍𝐎 → 𝐍𝐎𝟐 , N is balanced, but the whole equation is unbalanced
2. 𝐎𝟐 + 𝟐𝐍𝐎 → 𝟐𝐍𝐎𝟐 the equation is balanced
1. H2 + O2 → H2O
9 Balance the
2. H2 + N2 → NH3
following
3. Al2O3 → Al + O2
reactions
4. KClO3 → KCl + O2

5. S8 + O2 → SO2

6. C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

7. Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 → Al(OH)3 + CaSO4

8. P4 + O2 → P2O5

9. Ag + S8 → Ag2S

10.Al + Br2 → AlBr3


11.Cr + O2 → Cr2O3
10 Balance the
12.NaClO3 → NaCl + O2
following
13.AlBr3 + Cl2 → AlCl3 + Br2
reactions
14.Na + H2O → NaOH + H2

15.Al I3 + HgCl2 → AlCl3 + HgI2

16.Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O

17.AgNO3 + K3PO4 → Ag3PO4 + KNO3

18.C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

19.C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

20.C6H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O


2.2. Indicating the States of Reactants and Products
11 ▪ Additional information is often added to the formulas in balanced equation to
indicate the physical state of each reactant and product

▪ Symbol State

(g) gas

(l) liquid

(s) solid

(aq) aqueous (water) solution

▪ 𝐂𝐇𝟒 (𝒈) + 𝟐𝐎𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠)

▪ Sometimes, the conditions (such as temperature ,pressure, etc.) under which


the reaction proceeds appear above or below the reaction arrow
∆
▪ 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 𝐬 →𝐂𝐚𝐎 𝐬 + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
3. Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
12
▪ There are three Types of Reactions, namely:
❑ Combination reactions
❑ Decomposition reactions
❑ Combustion reactions

A. Combination Reactions
▪ In combination reactions, two or more substances react to form
one product.
❑ Examples:
▪ 𝐂𝐚𝐎 𝐬 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥) → 𝐂𝐚(𝐎𝐇)𝟐 (𝐬)
▪ 𝐍𝟐 𝐠 + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 𝐠
▪ 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟔 𝐠 + 𝐁𝐫𝟐 (𝐥) → 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟔 𝐁𝐫𝟐 (𝐥)
▪ 𝐂 𝐬 + 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
▪ 𝟐𝐌𝐠 𝐬 + 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝟐𝐌𝐠𝐎(𝐬)
13
B. Decomposition Reactions
14 ▪ In a decomposition reaction, one substance breaks down into
two or more substances.
❑ Examples:
▪ 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 𝐬 → 𝐂𝐚𝐎 𝐬 + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
▪ 𝟐𝐊𝐂𝐥𝐎𝟑 𝐬 → 𝟐𝐊𝐂𝐥 𝐬 + 𝐎𝟐 𝐠
▪ 𝟐𝐍𝐚𝐍𝟑 𝐬 → 𝟐𝐍𝐚 𝐬 + 𝟑𝐍𝟐 (𝐠)
C. Combustion Reactions
▪ Combustion reactions are generally
rapid reactions that produce a flame.
▪ Combustion reactions most often involve
oxygen in the air as a reactant.
❑ Examples:
▪ 𝐂𝐇𝟒(𝐠) + 𝟐 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐠) + 𝟐 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠)
▪ 𝐂𝟑𝐇𝟖(𝐠) + 𝟓 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝟒 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠)
15
4. Formulas mass/mole conversion
16 a. Formula Weight (FW)
▪ A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in an
empirical chemical formula.
▪ This is the quantitative significance of a formula.
▪ The formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2, would be
𝐂𝐚: 𝟏(𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
+ 𝐂𝐥: 𝟐(𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝐚𝐦𝐮
▪ Atomic mass unit ( 𝒂𝒎𝒖 ), it is a unit for expressing masses of atoms,
molecules, or subatomic particles.
𝟏
▪ 𝟏𝒂𝒎𝒖 = of the mass of a carbon-12 atom (the nucleus of the C-12atom
𝟏𝟐
includes 6 protons and 6 neutrons).
▪ 1amu = 1.67377 × 10 −24 gram
▪ 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒖 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎
b. Molecular Weight (MW)
17 ▪ A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a
molecular chemical formula.
▪ For the molecule ethane, 𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟔, the molecular weight would be
𝐂: 𝟐(𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
+𝐇 𝟔 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎 𝐚𝐦𝐮
c. Percent Composition
▪ It is the percentage by mass contributed by each element in the substance.

▪ Example: What is the percentage of carbon in ethane?


(𝟐)(𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
▪ %𝐂= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟕 %
(𝟑𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟎 𝐚𝐦𝐮)
18
d. Avogadro’s Number
19 ▪ In a lab, we cannot work with individual
molecules.
▪ They are too small.
▪ 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 atoms or molecules is an
amount that brings us to lab size.
▪ It is ONE MOLE.
▪ One mole of 12C has a mass of 12.000 g
e. Molar Mass (M)
20 ▪ Molar mass of the substance is the mass in grams per mole
21
22
f. Interconverting masses and moles
23 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔
▪ 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬(𝐧) =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑴) 𝒊𝒏 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

❑ Example: Calculate the number of moles in 5.380 g of glucose (𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 )


𝒎 𝒈
𝒏= , 𝑴 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟏 + 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑴 𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝟓.𝟑𝟖𝟎
𝒎 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟎, 𝒏= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏𝟖𝟎

❑ Example: How many moles of sodium bicarbonate (𝑵𝒂𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 ) are


there in 508 g ?

𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟖
𝒏= = = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑴 (𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟔)

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