Scribd
Upload
20 views104 pages

Electromagnetic Wave Lect-01

Uploaded by

princetiwarimaadharchod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views104 pages

Electromagnetic Wave Lect-01

Uploaded by

princetiwarimaadharchod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 104

ElectroMagnetic Wave

Lect-01
Displacement Current

Maxwell’s Equation

Equation Of EMW
Maxwell’s displacement current

Consider a Parallel Plate


Capacitor being Charged by
a battery
Idea of Displacement Current
➢Maxwell said that not only current produces
magnetic field but a changing Electric Field in
vacuum/free space also produces magnetic field.
Displacement Current : A current due to
changing Electric Field (or electric flux)
Modification of Ampere’s Circuital Law
Q) The voltage between the plates of a parallel-plate
capacitor of capacitance 1.0μF is changing at the rate of 5 V/s.
What is the displacement current in the capacitor?
a) 5μA
b) 10μA
c) 15μA
d) ZERO
Important Note:

Electric Field induced


due to changing
Magnetic Field is
Perpendicular to the
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field induced
due to changing
Electric Field is
Perpendicular to the
Electric Field
Maxwell’s equation
Maxwell’s Equation
➢All the basic principles of ElectroMagnetism can be
explained in terms of FOUR fundamental equations
called Maxwell’s Equation.

➢ Maxwell did not discovered FOUR equations, but he


worked on them & stated that these FOUR
fundamental equations define complete
ElectroMagnetism
1. Gauss Law of Electrostatics
𝟏
Electric Flux through a closed surface is times
𝜺𝟎
the total charge ‘q’ enclosed by surface
2. Gauss Law of Magnetism
Magnetic Flux through any closed surface is
always ZERO
3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
Change in Magnetic Flux induces an emf
OR
Changing Magnetic Field induces an Electric
Field
4. Ampere-Maxwell Law

Changing Electric Field induces a Magnetic Field


Equation of ElectroMagnetic Wave
Electric & Magnetic Field
Case I: Charge at Rest

Case II: Charge in Motion with Uniform Velocity


Case III : accelerated charged particle
Electromagnetic Wave
1. Electromagnetic Wave is radiated(produced) by an
accelerated (or oscillating) charge particle.

2. Electromagnetic Wave propagates in space through


Oscillations of Electric and Magnetic Field ,
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
wave propagation.

3. Since the oscillation of Electric Field and Magnetic


Field occur perpendicular to direction of wave
propagation, EMW is a Transverse Wave
Recalling Travelling Wave
Equation of Electromagnetic Waves
1. Electric Field 𝑬
2. Magnetic Field 𝑩
Q) The electric field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given
3 11 𝑵
by Ey=2sin(0.5x 10 𝒙+1.5x10 t)
𝑪
a) What is the direction of propagation
b) Speed of wave
Peak Value of 𝑬 (𝑬𝒐) and 𝑩 (𝑩𝒐)
Permeability & Permittivity of Medium
1. In air/vacuum/free space

2. In any other medium


Q) If c is the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum ,its
speed in a medium of dielectric constant K and relative
permeability μr is

𝟏
a) 𝒗 =
𝝁𝒓𝑲
b) 𝒗 = 𝒄 𝝁𝒓𝑲
𝒄
c) 𝒗 =
𝝁𝒓𝑲
𝑲
d) 𝒗 =
𝝁𝒓𝑪
ElectroMagnetic Wave

Lec-02
Energy Density, Momentum

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy Density of ElectroMagnetic Waves

1. Electromagnetic Waves carry energy as they travel


through space. Thus Energy is contained in
oscillating Electric and Magnetic Field.

2. Equal amount of Energy is contributed by Electric


and Magnetic Field.
Total Energy density in Electromagnetic Wave
Q) During the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a
medium:

a) Electric energy density is equal to the magnetic


energy density
b) Both electric and magnetic energy densities are
zero.
c) Electric energy density is double of the magnetic
energy density
d) Electric energy density is half of the magnetic
energy density
Q) The magnetic field in a plane e.m.wave is given by 𝑩 =
−𝟓 −𝟏 𝒙
(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝁𝑻)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟒. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒔 )(𝒕 − ) Find the average energy
𝒄
density corresponding to the electric field.

a) 16m J/m3
b) 8m J/m3
c) 4m J/m3
d) 2m J/m3
Intensity of an Electromagnetic Wave
The energy crossing per unit time in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called
intensity of the wave.
Pointing Vector or Energy Flux (𝑺)
𝑺 represents the direction of energy flow per unit
area per unit time along the direction of wave
propagation
Relation between Power & Intensity
Q) The sum delivers 104 W/m2 of electromagnetic flux to the
earth’s surface. The total power that is incident on a roof of
(10x10)m2 will be

a) 104 W
b) 105 W
c) 106 W
d) 107 W
Q) A red LED emits light at 0.1 watt uniformly around it. The
amplitude of the electric field of the light at a distance of 1 m
from the diode is [JEE MAIN 2015]
a) 1.73 V/m
b) 2.45 V/m
c) 5.48 V/m
d) 7.75 V/m
Momentum of Electromagnetic Wave
De-Broglie hypothesis
Momentum & Energy of Electromagnetic Wave
Change in momentum & Force Exerted
on Reflecting & non – Reflecting Surface
by EMW
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
➢The electromagnetic waves are produced by
accelerated charges and do not require any material
medium for their propagation.
➢The direction of oscillations of 𝑬 and 𝑩 fields are
perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular
to the direction of propagation of waves so the
electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
➢The oscillations of 𝑬 and 𝑩 fields are in same
phase.
➢All Electromagnetic waves travel in free space
with the same speed,
𝟏
c= ≈ 3 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s.
√𝝁∘𝟄∘
In material medium, the electromagnetic waves
travel with a speed,
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄
v= = =
√𝝁𝝐 √𝝁𝒓 𝝐𝒓 𝒏
where n is the refractive index of the
medium.
➢The amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic
field is
𝑬∘ 𝟏
=c= .
𝑩∘ √𝝁∘𝟄∘
➢The electromagnetic waves carry energy as
they travel through space and this energy is
shared equally by electric and magnetic field.
The average energy density of an e.m. wave is
u=
➢Electromagnetic waves transport linear
momentum as they travel through space.
𝑼
p=
𝒄
➢Electromagnetic Waves obey the principle
of superposition. They show the properties
of reflection,refraction, interference,
diffraction and polarisation .
➢The electric field of an electromagnetic
waves is responsible for its optical effects,
because
𝑬𝟎 >> 𝑩𝟎
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The orderly distribution of the electromagnetic
waves in accordance with their wavelength or
frequency into distinct groups having widely
differing properties is called
ELECTROMAGETIC SPECTRUM.
EMW Wavelength
Energy Of EMW
1. Gamma Waves:
Wavelength Range: less than 10-3 nm
Production/Service: Radioactive decay of nucleus

Main Uses: Due to their high energy, they


1. Have strong penetrating power & hence are used to
kill Cancerous cells.
2. To preserve food stuffs for a long time because soft
Gamma rays can kill micro organism.
2. X-Rays:
Wavelength Range: 10-3 to 1nm
Production/Service: X-ray tubes or inner electrons

Main Uses: Medical diagnosis


1. Because X-rays can pass through flesh but not
through bones.
2. In the study of crystal structure.
3. Ultraviolet light (U.V. Waves)
Wavelength Range: 1nm to 400 nm
Production/Service: inner shell e- in atoms moving from one
energy level to a lower energy level.
Main Uses:
1. In food preservation as it has lethal effect on micro-
organism.
2. To detect alteration ghee because of its property of
florescence
4. Visible light
Wavelength Range: 400 nm to 700 nm
Production/Service: e- in an atoms emit light when they
move from one energy level to a lower energy level

Main Use:
Stimulates nerve ending of human eye.
5. Infrared Waves – Heat Waves
Wavelength Range: 700 nm to 1mm
Production/Service: Vibration of atoms & molecules

Main Uses:
1. They are not scattered in fog or smoke, useful for
infra-red photographs or haze photography.
2. Used for therapeutic purposes.
6. Microwaves
Wavelength Range: 1mm to 0.1 m
Production/Service: Magnetron valve

Main Use:
1. Radar Communication.
2. Microwaves
7. Radiowaves
Wavelength Range: > 0.1 m
Production/Service: Rapid acceleration & deaccelerations of
e- in aerials.

Main Use:
1. Radio Communication.

You might also like