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Chapter 6-1

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ሚልክያስ መና
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Principles of Remote sensing

Chapter 6

Elements of visual image interpretation

By: Kinfe W.
Outlines
• Introduction
 Data acquisition
image interpretation
 Color perception
 Image display and color composites
 Image display and color composites
Spatial data acquisition
Geospatial data acquisition: is instrument

 for making sufficient progress on social well-being, sustainable economic development, and
environmental protection

 to have the right information available at the right time and place to take better decisions.

 The awareness increases worldwide of the importance of having access to

reliable, detailed, timely and affordable geospatial data.

Equally important, the technology of acquiring and providing geospatial data quickly develops
stimulated by the rapid advances of information and communication technology.

3
Spatial data acquisition
• Remote sensing is about basic principles of geospatial data acquisition.

• Geospatial data acquisition is central to earth observation.

• Earth observation is gathering of information about physical, chemical, biological,


geometrical properties of our planet.

• The Geospatial data helps us to assess the status and monitor changes of the natural and
cultural environment.

• Thus, mapping, monitoring, and also forecasting are the uses of earth observation.

4
Spatial data acquisition
• Ground-based methods: such as making field observations, taking in-situ measurements
and performing land surveying.

Ground-based approach

5
Spatial ...
• Remote sensing methods: which are based on the use of image data
acquired by a sensor such as aerial cameras, scanners or a radar.

RS-based approach

6
Spatial ...
• Integrated data acquisition

Combination of ground-based and RS techniques 7


Basic elements of image interpretation
X, Y location

size

shape

shadow

Tone
Basic elements of
image interpretation
colour

Texture

Pattern

Height & Depth

Site, Situation & Association


Image interpretation
• Tone refers to the relative brightness or color of elements on a photograph.

• size of objects must be considered in the context of the scale of a photograph.

• Shape refers to the general outline of objects.

• Regular geometric shapes are usually indicators of human presence and use.

• Agricultural areas tend to have geometric shapes like rectangles and squares.

• Streams are linear (line) features that can have many bends and curves.

• Roads frequently have fewer curves than streams. Some objects can be identified
almost solely on the basis of their shapes.
Cont`d
• Texture the impression of "smoothness" or "roughness" of image features is
caused by the amount of change of tone in photographs.

• Pattern (spatial arrangement).

• Shadows aid interpreters in determining the height of objects in aerial


photographs. However, they also obscure objects lying within them.

• Site refers to topographic or geographic location.

• Association - Some objects are always found in association with other objects.
Color perception
• Basic requirements to see color
• A light (EM Energy) source

• An object

An observer Either natural or artificial remote sensing


What is color?
‣ Interaction of light and eye-brain system

‣ Light: electromagnetic phenomenon


• Discerned by different wavelength
Visible Light
• It is Composed of colors (different wavelengths)

• These familiar colors range from;

Violet (shortest wavelength),

Indigo,

Blue,

Green, ROYGBIV
Yellow,

Orange and

Red.
Color
• The visible spectrum is also viewed as being composed of three equal-
wavelength segments that represent the additive primary colors;

• Blue (0.4 to 0.5 micrometers)

• Green (0.5 to 0.6 micrometers)

• Red ( 0.6 to 0.7 micrometers)


Primary Colors
• A primary color is one that cannot be made from any other color.
• All colors perceived by the human optical system can be produced by combining the
proper proportions of light representing the three primaries.
• Red, green and blue are “primary” colors, because you cannot make them by mixing
other colors, but you can create other colors by mixing them.
• False-color – Any representation that does not show the true colors of the subject as
they would appear to the eye. Usually false-color images are used to represent colors
not see by human eye .
• Composite – An image that combines several different wavelengths of light that
humans cannot see into one picture
A few examples

Color Red Green Blue


Red 255 0 0

Green 0 255 0

Blue 0 0 255

Yellow 255 255 0

Cyan 0 255 255

Magenta 255 0 255

White 255 255 255

Black 0 0 0
Color
• The chlorophyll of healthy vegetation selectively absorbs more of the blue and
red wavelengths of radiation from the sun and reflects relatively more of the
green wavelengths to our eyes.

• Remote sensing systems detect and record parts of the electromagnetic


spectrum that cannot be detected by the naked eye, for example, the infrared
band.
Color visualization
• Remote sensing systems detect and record parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
that cannot be detected by the naked eye, for example, the infrared band.
• In remote sensing color composites that are sometimes called ‘false color images’
is created to visualize the objects.
• False color infrared composites are particularly effective for rendering remote
sensing data.

natural colors -TM 321 infrared false colors -TM 432 color composite -TM 354
Secondary Colors
• Colors that are created by mixing top neighboring primary colors together.

• The secondary colors also create a Triadic color grouping.

Intermediate (Tertiary colors)

• Created by mixing a secondary with a neighboring primary

Complementary Colors

• Colors that appear directly across from one another on the color wheel. Orange and
Blue. Green and Red. Yellow and Violet.

• Even Intermediate have complement colors. Such as Red-orange and Blue-green


Visual observation situation

Rods and cones (GRB)


Visual observation situation
• Visual observation model shows the three items that are necessary to perceive
color.
• Light source normally emits light that appears to be white.
• When light is dispersed by a prism it is seen to be made up of all visible
wavelengths.
Objected
• The amount of reflected or transmitted light at each wavelength can be
quantified.
• It depends on the spectral characteristics of the object.
Color Images

R M B

W
Y C

Mixtures of Light: Additive Primaries


B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B

B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B

B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B
RGB Color Space
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
Vegetation:

Pigment in Plant Leaves (Chlorophyll) strongly


absorbs visible light (0.4 to 0.7 μm)

Cell Structure however strongly reflects Near-IR


(0.7 – 1.1 μm)
NDVI: NearIR – Red / NearIR + Red

NDVI

Band 4 - Band 3
Band 4 + Band 3

(courtesy http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov)
THE END

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