MODULE II

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 KINEMATICS OF FLOW

 Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behavior
of the fluids(Liquid or gases)at rest aswell as in motion.
 The branch of science deals with statics, kinematics and dynamics
aspects of fluids.
 Statics : Study of fluid at rest.
 Kinematics : Study of fluid in motion, where pressure force are not
considered.
 Dynamics : Study of fluid in motion, if the pressure force are also
considered.

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 TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

⚫ The fluid flow is classified as

1) Steady flow and Unsteady flows
2) Uniform flow and Non uniform flows
3) Laminar andTurbulent flows
4) Compressible and Incompressible flows
5) Rotational and Irrotational flows
6) One, two, three dimensional flows

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 1) STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOWS

⚫ Steady flow is defined as that type of fluid flow in which the fluid
characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc at a point do not
change with time.
⚫ Unsteady flow is defined as that type of fluid flow in which the
fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc at a point
changes with time.

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 2) UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM FLOWS

⚫ Uniform flow is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity

at any given time does not change with respect to space (i.e., length
of direction of the flow).
⚫ Non Uniform flow is defined as that type of flow in which the
velocity at any given time changes with respect to space.

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 3) LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS
⚫ LAMINAR FLOW:
⚫ Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid
particles move along well-defined paths or stream line and all the
stream-lines are straight and parallel.
⚫ Thus the particles move in Iaminas or layers gliding smoothly over
the adjacent layer. This type of flow is also called stream-line flow
or viscous flow.
⚫ TURBULENT FLOW:
⚫ Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
in a zigzag way. Due to the movement of fluid particles in a zigzag
way, the eddies formation takes place which are responsible for high
energy loss.
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 ⚫ Reynolds Number:
⚫ The type of flow is determined by a non dimensional number
called Reynolds number.
Re =VD/r
D = Diameter of the pipe
V= Mean velocity of flow in pipe
r = Kinematic viscosity of fluid
If the Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow is called
laminar. If the Reynolds number is more than 4000, it is
called turbulent flow. If the Reynolds number lies between
2000 and 4000, the flow may be laminar or turbulent in the
caseof a pipeflow.

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 4) COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

⚫ COMPRESSIBLE FLOW:
Compressible flow is defined as that type of flow in which the
density of the fluid changes from point to point or in other words
the density (p) is not constant for the fluid.
• INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW:
Incompressible flow is defined as that type of flow in which the
density of the fluid is constant for the fluid flow.

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 5) ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL FLOW
⚫ Rotational flow is defined as that type of flow in which fluid
particles while flowing along stream-lines, also rotate about their
own axis.
⚫ And if the fluid particles while flowing along stream-lines, do not
rotate about their own axis then that type of flow is called
irrotational flow.

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 6) ONE,TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW

⚫ One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow

parameters such as velocity is a function of time and one space
coordinate only.
⚫ Two dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow
parameters such as velocity is a function of time and two rect
angular space coordinate x and y.
⚫ Three dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow
parameters such as velocity is a function of time and three
mutually perpendicular direction.

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 RATE OF FLOW OR DISCHARGE (Q)
⚫ It is defined as the quantity of a fluid flowing per second through a
section of a pipe or a channel.
⚫ For an incompressible fluid (or liquid) the rate of flow or
discharge is expressed as the volume of fluid flowing across the
section per second.
⚫ For compressible fluids, the rate of flow is usually expressed as the
weight of fluid flowing across the section.
⚫ Q=A xV
where,
A= Cross sectional area of pipe
V= Average velocityof fluid acrossthe section
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 CONTINUITY EQUATION

⚫ The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is

called continuity equation.
⚫ Thus for a fluid flowing through the pipe at all the cross-section,
the quantity of fluid per second is constant.

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 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW
⚫ In the previous chapter, we studied the velocity and acceleration
at a point in a fluid flow, without taking into consideration of the
forces causing the flow.
⚫ This chapter includes the study of forces causing fluid flow. Thus
dynamics of fluid flow is the study of fluid motion with the forces
causing flow.
⚫ The dynamic behaviour of the fluid flow is analysed by the
Newton’s second law of motion, which relates the acceleration
with the forces.

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 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
⚫ In the fluid flow the followingforces are present
1) Force due to gravity
2) The pressure force
3) Force due to viscosity
4)Force due to turbulence
5)Force due to compressibility
The net force,
FX = (Fg)X + (FP)X +(FV)X + (Ft)x + (Fc)x
The above equation is known as Reynolds equation of motion.
FX = (Fg)X + (FP)X
The above equation is Euler's equation of motion.

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 EULERS EQUATION OF MOTION

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 BERNOULLIS EQUATION

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 ASSUMPTIONS OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

⚫ The following are the assumptions made in the derivation of

Bernoulli's equation.
1) The fluid is ideal
2) The flow is steady
3) The flow is incompressible
4) The flow is irrotational

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 HOME WORK

⚫ 1) Problem 6.2(Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 261)

⚫ 2) Problem 6.4v(Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 263)

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 BERNOULLIS EQUATION FOR REAL FLUID

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 HOME WORK

⚫ 1) Problem 6.7 (Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 266)

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 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

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 1).VENTURIMETER

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 VALUE OF “h” GIVEN BY DIFFERENTIAL U TUBE MANOMETER

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 HOME WORK

⚫ 1) Problem 6.12 (Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 271)

⚫ 2) Problem 6.13 (Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 272)

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 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

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 DARCY WEISBACH FORMULA

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 CHEZYS FORMULA

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 PROBLEMS

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 HOME WORK

⚫ 1) Problem 11.1(Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 467)

⚫ 2) Problem 11.2(Dr. R K Bansal, Page: 468)

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