ARASH aes a Subject important Instructions to gxaminers: 1) Thelanswers should be examined by key 2) The model answer and the answer wi Understanding level ofthe candate 3) The language errors such as grammatical, SSIATE BOARD OF TECHNION. EDUCATION (Nvtnwemons) 2a: 2013 Cereal) sone Nam words and not as word-to-word 38 given in the model answer scheme. iten by candidate may vary but the examiner may try. to assess the Spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for Subject English and Communication Skils) 4) While assessing figures, examiner may ‘drawn by candidate and model answet m: Credits may be given step wise for num 8, candidate's understanding. For programming lanai As per the policy Marathi) medium is introcuced al first the students in first year (first and ercal there may Be some difference inthe candidat In case af some questions credit may be Gven by judgement on part of examine: of relevant answer based on ecision of Maharashtra Second semesters) wite answers ir give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures ay Vary: The examiner may give crest for any equvalent figure drawn. problems In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and 18's answers and mode! answer wage Papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept State Government, teaching in EngistvMarathy and Bilingual (Engin + ‘eat of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if Marathi or bilingual language (English based on matching of concepts with model +Marathi). the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer answer. ] Marking Scheme 10 Marks Answer Attempt any FIVE of the followings ‘State any four abnormal conditions in pawer System. Ans Abpormuil Condition in Power System: Voltage and current unbalance Over voltages, Reversal of power. Power swings. Under frequency ‘Temperature rise. | listability of system L-G fautt. LAL fauk, . L-L-G fiat. Openi circuit phase fault. . Short circuit phase fault. . Three phase faults. ‘Stute the need of back-up protection where it is used. Aux: Need of Back-up Protection: ‘The backup protection provides the back up to the main’ protection Whenever it fails in ‘operation or itis cut out tor repairs. The backup protection is essential for the proper working ‘of the electrical system. The backup protection is the second line of defense which isolates the faulty section of the system in case the main protection fails to function properly. ‘Where the Back-up Protection is used? Generally, the backup: protection is located in ‘economy point of view the backup protection will be implemented to protect the system. against short circuit, OR Equivalent Answer, Ys Mark for each ofany four ] MarkMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (ISO/IEC - 27001-2013 Certified) WINTER — 2022 EXAMINA TIO} Subject Name: Switchgear and Protection «) | State the terms i) Recovery Voltage ii), Rate of Rise of Recovery voltage (RRRV) in circuit breaker. Ans: Recoyery Voltage: The normal power frequency rm\s voltage that appears across the contacts after the final are extinction is called recovery voltage. | | Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV): ‘The RRRV (Rate of Rise of the Restriking Voltage) is defined as the slope of the steepest tangent to the restriking voltage curve. Itis expressed in volts per micro-second. the terms. i) Phig setting multiplier and | il) Time Setting mukiplier, in relay system. Ans: el Anewer Ener eal os 22524: SAP | 1 Mark 1 Mark | 8._Inter-tuen faut i) Plug Setting Multiptier (PSM): Pa Itis the ratio of fault current in relay coil to pick-up current. OR PSM = (Fault current in relay coil) / (Pickup current) ii) Time Set jjustment arrangement provided for setting the 1 Mark ‘operation time of relay is known as time setting multiplier. # \ OR Equivalent Definitions = @) | List any four lauks occurred in transformer. Z | Ans | Faults Occurred in Transformer: 1 Barth faut % Mark for 2. Through faults (beyond protected zone), each of any | 3. High Voltage surges due to lightning. four faults 4. Overloads! Overheating. =2 Marks 5. Incipient faults: Phase to Phase, Phase to ground, low oil level, decomposition of oil, e@ 6, Saturation of magnetic core. 7. Fauhts intap changer. 1) | List protection and schemes for transmission line. | Ams: Protection and Schemes for Transmission Line: 1. Time graded overcurrent protection. a. Radial feeders b. Parallel feeders c, Ring: main system 2. Differential / Pilot wire protection, 8. Merz-Price voltage balance system. '. Translay seheme 3._ Distance protection. 2) | State any four faults occurred in 3- phase induction motor. Ans: a duction 1 Mark for each of any schemes = 2 Marks Page 2of 18| Squirrel Cage Taduction Motors: _— A). Electrical / magnetic sections: reversal of phases, 2) Short circuit fouls between tums ofa stator coil due to failure oF insulation, 3) Short circuit faults between stator coils due 1 failare of insulation insulation 5) Open circuit in stator windingicoils or their terminal connections. 6) Loose or broken rotor bars 7) Damaged cote stampings'tecth B)_ Mechanical section: 1) Unbalanced rotor. 2) Damages bearings, 3) End play in shaft, bent shatt 4) Cooling/vertilation system failures, damaged fan, 5) Failare/disturbances of alignment 6) Foundation arrangement disturbed. Slip Ring Induction Motors: A) Electrical / magnetic sections reversal of phases. insulation, 3) Short cireuit faults between coils duc to faihure of insulation. Bi 4) Short circuit faults between coil/s and body of motor due to failure of insulation. 5) Open cireuit in stator or rotor winding/coils or their terminal connect ons, 6) Damaged core stampings/teeth of stator or rotor. B) Mechanical section: 1) Unbalanced rotor. 2) Daceeel nore sii a ena tion leading to abnormal operation with sparking ets in shaft, bent shaft 3 Coolheventatn system failures, damaged fan 7) Failure/disturbances of alignment. 8) Foundation arrangement disturbed 22524: SAP 1) Electrical supply failure due w single phasing, under voltage, tinbalanced vokages and 1 Shor circuit faults between stator coils and body of moter due to failure of 1) Electrical supply failure due to single phasing, undet voltage, unbalanced volkages and 2) Short circuit faults between turns of a coil on stator or rotor duc to failure of | %4 Mark for each of any four faults = 2 Marks a) A of the fol z ; With the help of suitable diagram explain the concept of protection zones. Ans: Concept of Protection Zones: zone covers the entite power system, and no part of the equipment is left opened. Thus, only faulty element will be isolated without disturbing the rest of the system. Protection 2one is defined as the part of the power system which is protected by-a certain bse ci eablidhr argu each power system equipment. When the fault ‘occlrs on ariy of the ptotection zones then only the circuit breakers within that zone will be 12 Marks 2 Marks for explanation Page 3 of 18 ee lllTECHNICAL BOUEATION MANARASHPTRA STATE RONRDS ‘rtiied} : Switchgear and I'rotection fF the power syster ] of the machine, its Joeation, the] Trunprotected i usually consis one oF moe clement | zone of the power system mainly depends upon the ra probability of faults and abriormal condition af the equipment. In orderto provide selectivity to the system, it is a usual practice 10 divide the entire system into several parts called as protection zones. When a fault occurs in a given zone, then only the circuit breakers within that zone will bs opened. This will isolate only, the faulky ciretit or apparatus, leaving the healthy circuits intact, For esample, consider the following figure here | | the system can be divided into various protection zones as | 1 Generators Pea etait snncieer Jc. ‘Transformers d. High-tension switchgear €. Transmission lines “x ip * OR Equivalent Answer 1b) | With the telp ofinest diagram explain are extinction phenomenon for high resistance current interruption. Ans: | High Resistance Are Extinetion Method: In this method, the are is so controlled that is effective resistance increases:with time so that the current reduces to a value insufficient to maintain the are. The currents tend to be in phase’ With the voltage so that at zero current instant, the restriking voltage appearing across the contacts is relatively low and arc cannot strike again. Arc path resistance és increased to reduce the current to low vahies, while interrupting the arc, Asithe are resistance = Vy. / igg the are resistance mainly increased by: i) Lengthening ofthe are: IC done by arc runners. \i) Splitting the are-by-are splitters: An appreciable voluge is absorbed at the contact surface 90 that if the arc can be split into a number of small arcs in series, the vokage available for the actual are column is reduced, li) Are cooling: The voltage required to maintain jonization increases with decrease of {temperature of arc, so that cooling effectively’ increases the resistance. fv) Comstraining the are: If the arc can be constrined into a very narrow channel the Voltage nevessary to maintain t is increased, >! (2 Marks for Page 4 of 18ih MAMARASIITIN STATE KOAMD OF THEHNICAL EDLCATION sone 3913 Cece) 2022 EXAMINATION Model Answer aes Sobjct Name: Seitehgearand Prvection | 225242 SAP | 2 Marks for | Diagram Are Extinction Method by Lengthening: Splitting and Cooling the Are at = OR Equivalent Diagram and Answer_ ©) | Wath the belp of suitable diagram explain the working of Thermal relay Ans. | Working of Thermal Relay: | ‘maolated Comact Arm ‘Schematic Arrangement of Thermal Relay 1) When the system is in normal operating condition, the heating element carries normal current from CT, this current produces heat = FRt This heat is mot sufficient to bent bimetallic strip hence relay contact remain open 2) The insulated liver arm is connécted to the trip soit along with the spring and the bimetallic strips, The tension of the spring ts varied by the help of the sector-shaped plate, 3) When the fauk ogcurs on the system, the heating element carries abnormal current supplied by the CT, hence developing more heat which Bents bimetallic strip, the tension of the spring releases which operates relay contacts resulting into providing trip signal t0 i tip circuit OR Equivalent Diagram and Answer Page Sof 18JCAL EDUCATION TTT MAMARASHTRA STATE BOSRDOF TH s (nsoiie “25001-2013 CerAed WINTHR — 3023 FXAMINATION Model Answer Subject Name: Switchgear and Protection Short Circuit KVA =2: | = 46728.97 kVA, = 46.728 MVA 100 Shon Circuit MVA -2sx 222 sa8 i. 46728 MVA { })) With the help of cat diagram explain the working of HRC. ise. State their any two! demerits. Ans: Working of HRC. fuse: x Sofa ves + 2 2 Marks for s j Dingram Eons es Cin Pig RO Pose Uinler normal conditions, the fise client is at a temperature below as melting: point, ‘Therefore, it carries the normal current without overheating. When a fault occurs, the current 1 Matk for. increases andthe feat produced is suicen o mel this elements, Fuse element mets before | the fault current reaches its frst peak value, Vaporized metal ‘fuse clement chemically reacts | WOTkINE with filling powder and results in the formation of high resistance substance that helps in ‘quenching the are Demerits of HLR-C. fuse: sinearae 1. HLR.C, fuse have to he replaced after each operation. eur 2, Heat produced by the arc may affect the associated switches, ea 3. Interlocking with other devices is not possible —_ | [e) | With the help of neat sketch explain time/current characteristke of over current Fehy” e Ans: Time-current characteristics of Over current relay:~ 2 Marks for Characteristic curves | Definite time over current : Operating time is constant, the relays opecmes after | be cterase\ oie Sinica coved ote ae a s mt 2. coreg cette 2 The relay operates instantly when curremt exceeds | explanation 3 ‘over curren{ relay: The operating time depends on magnitude of operating | : 2" ae Page 8 of 18 >»MAIIAHASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECUMICAE EDUCATION [Aatonemens) (ISOMEC -27001 2019 Certified) Subject Name: Switehgear and Protection 22524: SAP [|e] AS-phase Tav 7 aD RW delta-star connecied power transformer is protected by differential | CTS. on HV side anit how should they be connected | Ans: transformer windings are in Delta on that side, protection. CTS on LV side have:current ratio af SO0/S. What must he the current ratio of Flor dela-star connected power transformer, the CTs om HV (132 kV) side’ are connected in cha as transformer windings are in stir. Whereas those on LV (11kV) side are in star asthe Suppose that line curtent on 11kV side is SOOA, hence cuiteat in each secondary of star! 1’ Mark Conmected C-T- on primary side is the phase current line current = IP, SA Now this same $A. jis the line current for the CTs connected in delta on secondary of transformer Hence phase current in each secondary of deta connested ©. is IPy=$/VTA 1 Mark Primary Apparent Power = Secondary Apparent Power i) VExW 2h, = VEX, xy V3 x11 © 1000% 500 = V3x 132 1000 x t+ a SP a7 A 1 Mark Hence the CT ratio on HV side is 41.67(5)A ie 1448/1 OR 7245/54 Mark 3.| | Avtempiany THREE of the Fatlowing: = 12 Marks 9) | Caleulate fad MVA at point F as shown in Figure No. 1. Use following data: so Me Is fa 4 ‘Assume Base kVA =25000kVA_ ot” Base MVA=25 MVA ae ‘Step2: reactances to. Converting ail reactunce’s to the base values ca ‘base 4X a bse kVA = 2 Percentage reactance at rated kVA. OR75000 x 20000 15% OR % X Reactance of an Alternator at base MVA is ii) % X Reactanee of Transformer T, at base KVA is 25000 %Xz 25000 2 xI2 OR “eX Reactance of Transformer T, at base MVA is 28 “X_=— Xn = x12 =12% iii) %X Reactance of Transformer T; at base kVA is X73 %X iy) % X Reactanee of Motor at base kVA is mn see on” ta000 % X Reactance of Motor at base MVA is Step 4: Total % Reactance at fault point F AX ena = MX + VXry + X11 (Pransmission Line) + %X ry 154 124144125 = 53.5% Step 5: 100 Shon Circuit kVA = Base KA 8 Pt 100. Short Cireuit MVA = Base MYA x oy ne «2 Noy = x08 Digs tush = IE % Step 3: Construct Reactance Diagram Fig: Reactance Diagram i 22524: SAP | Mark for Total % Reactance 1 Mask for Short Cireuit “es ‘page 7 of 8MATARASIINON STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCKTYON ’ a) (ISOC 27001-2015 Certs WINTER - 2022 EXAMINATION Subjcet Name: Switchgear and Protection. SAP ‘GuiTent as shown in the figure Higher the magnaude of coment Tower is the ‘operating | ime. The characteristic can be very inverse or extremely: inverse as shown in the figure 4 Inverse definite minimum time overcurrent (LD.M.E) relay: Inverse time characteristics at lower value of fault current and definite time characteristics at higher _¥ilues of fault curren a, d) A 3-phase 20MVA, 11 KV alternators neutral point i earthed through a sistance of SER The relay’ is set to operate when there is an out of balance curtent of LSA. The CTs have a ratio of 1000/5. What is the percentage of windinig protected? Ans: The minimum current whiich will operate the relay during fautt conditions = 15 [2] =300. a 16. Mark, Let us consider X% of the winding be unprotected ‘The emf induced in this part of winding tito? PX _ ft - lisa = [ae = SM Earth fui current which X% winding will cause Emf induced in the unprotected partion of winding a f Earth Resistance i; 1Mark = le Kenp 2) Equating equation (1) and (2), we get a x = 100 __ s00v3 Se Mark x =236% Percentage of winding protected = 100 - 23.6 Z | Mark ——ws 12 Marks Attemp! any THREE of the following: 7 Tay | Compare SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker on the basis of arcing time, Teaovery voltage, Fault caring time and RRRV Ans: Breaker: Com between SHO and vacuum Circuit 1 Mark for SN, Point of SV Circait Breaker | Vacaum Circuit Breaker || | Verh (or ‘Comparison points 1_| Arcing time More ee =4 Marks Tf Recavery vo T-2k¥ itt 3_| Fault clearing time — - RRRV Lower than vacuum creat | Higher than Sh, circu breaker alee bw Thelp of heat dagram explain working principle of distance rely iiaeess Protection Scheme for Transmission Line: - Page 90/18pated CTRL Ak DAE 6 ION MAIABASHERS SITE Nn S7mn4 - ES Crest tT . Drmuaone prtccten wherat for typical (raeamauen bine Impedance or distance protection shame uses impedance relxy. The relay operation ix based | 2 Macks for: On the impedance (or dintance) terween the teley end point of fuk Figure shows| working arrangement for dastance protection for typical (rensenission line. { e The vuhage clement of impedance relay receives supply from PT secomtary and curreet | clemenm receives wpply from C1 secondary. |t tnessures Impedance at relay location | | (L410) The pecnection zone of line is between A and B. Under normal working conditions, the impedance of line 1 Z.. The impedance relay is so | Genigned the. ¢ operates only when linc impedance become: levs thar 2 Wins faule occurs | | [Petween points Ad B, the impedance of line becomes less than Z;, and impedance: relay opetatics which trips the CB and line i protected. Wet ieee bee etal cdlckc ody aoc oa tev domaia } Ans. | ‘ te £ Theteung of be meron wach came scoped with fw 3. 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