shivdas class 10

books
das
Since 1948 2024-25

H E M A
MATS T A N D A R DT I C S
70% MCQs INSIDE

STUDY TIME
2024 Board NCERT Exercises Subjective + Objective
X
Competency
Qs Included + Exemplars (Solved) Qs (ChapterWise) Based Qs

= +
EXAM TIME
Assessment Tests 5 CBSE Past Years SPQs Solutions Board Answer
(ChapterWise) SQPs Through QR Code Book

(i)

Strictly Based on the Latest Pattern & Syllabus issued on 22nd March 2024, Circular No. Acad-29/2024.
CONTENTS
Latest Syllabus (2025 EXAMINATION) ... (v)

Latest CBSE Question Paper Design (Issued by CBSE for 2025) ... (vii)

INCLUDES 2024 BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS

STUDY TIME
Chapter 1 : Real Numbers ... 1
Chapter 2 : Polynomials ... 20
Chapter 3 : Pair of Linear Equations In Two Variables ... 39
Chapter 4 : Quadratic Equations ... 69
Chapter 5 : Arithmetic Progressions ... 100
Chapter 6 : Triangles ... 148
Chapter 7 : Coordinate Geometry ... 177
Chapter 8 : Introduction to Trigonometry ... 206
Chapter 9 : Some Applications of Trigonometry ... 236
Chapter 10 : Circles ... 273
Chapter 11 : Areas Related to Circles ... 307
Chapter 12 : Surface Areas and Volumes ... 327
Chapter 13 : Statistics ... 355
Chapter 14 : Probability ... 392

EXAM TIME
1. CBSE Sample Question Paper-01 ... P-1
2. CBSE Sample Question Paper-02 ... P-9
3. CBSE Sample Question Paper-03 ... P-16
4. CBSE Sample Question Paper-04 ... P-29
5. CBSE Sample Question Paper-05 ... P-36

BOARD ANSWER BOOK (For Students’ Practice Only)

❑❑❑

(iii)
 TM

S
T
“WE HAVE DESIGNED THIS BOOK ON A COOL AND UNIQUE
TRADEMARKED CONCEPT TO EASILY SCORE MAXIMUM
MARKS IN YOUR BOARD EXAMS”

STUDY TIME EXAM TIME

“Reading the first part of this book “The second part contains CBSE
(Study Time) will help you cover the Sample Question Papers which will
entire syllabus in detail by solving give you necessary practice and
Textbook exercises and other confidence to be fully prepared to
important exam-oriented questions perform well in your Board exams.”
from all the chapters.”

NCERT Exercises
+ Exemplar Problems Assessment Tests
(Solved) (ChapterWise)

Subjective + Objective 5 CBSE Past Years

Qs (ChapterWise) Sample Question Papers

Competency Board Answer

Based Questions Book
(iv)
LATEST SYLLABUS
MATHEMATICS (041)

COURSE STRUCTURE (2024-25) — CLASS X

Units Unit Name Marks
I. Number Systems 06
II. Algebra 20
III. Coordinate Geometry 06
IV. Geometry 15
V. Trigonometry 12
VI. Mensuration 10
VII. Statistics & Probability 11
Total 80

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. Real Numbers (15 Periods)
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic—statements after reviewing work done earlier and after illustrating and
motivating through examples, Proofs of irrationality of 2 , 3 , 5.

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

1. Polynomials (8 Periods)
Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic polynomials.
2. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables (15 Periods)
Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their solution, consistency/inconsistency.
Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically
—by substitution, by elimination. Simple situational problems.
3. Quadratic Equations (15 Periods)
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0). Solutions of quadratic equations (only real roots)
by factorization, and by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots.
Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day-to-day activities to be incorporated.
4. Arithmetic Progressions (10 Periods)
Motivation for studying Arithmetic Progression Derivation of the nth term and Sum of the first n terms of A.P.
and their application in solving daily life problems.

UNIT III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. Coordinate Geometry (15 Periods)
Review: Concepts of Coordinate geometry, Graphs of linear equations. Distance formula. Section formula
(internal division).
(v)
UNIT IV: GEOMETRY
1. Triangles (15 Periods)
Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.
1. (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
2. (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.
3. (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their corresponding sides are proportional
and the triangles are similar.
4. (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, their corresponding angles are
equal and the two triangles are similar.
5. (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these
angles are proportional, the two triangles are similar.
2. Circles (10 Periods)
Tangent to a Circle at, point of contact.
1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

UNIT V: TRIGONOMETRY
1. Introduction to Trigonometry (10 Periods)
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their existence (well defined);
Motivate the ratios whichever are defined at 0° and 90°. Values of the trigonometric ratios of 30º, 45º and 60º.
Relationships between the ratios.
2. Trigonometric Identities (15 Periods)
Proof and applications of the identity sin2A + cos2A = 1. Only simple identities to be given.
3. Heights and Distances: Angle of elevation, Angle of Depression. (10 Periods)
Simple problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two right triangles. Angles
of elevation/depression should be only 30°, 45°, and 60°.

UNIT VI: MENSURATION

1. Areas Related to Circles (12 Periods)
Area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and perimeter/ circumference of the above
said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle, problems should be restricted to central angle of
60°, 90° and 120° only.)
2. Surface Areas and Volumes (12 Periods)
Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following:
cubes, cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.

UNIT VII: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. Statistics (18 Periods)
Mean, Median and Mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided).
2. Probability (10 Periods)
Classical definition of Probability. Simple problems on finding the probability of an event.

❑❑❑

(vi)
 LATEST CBSE QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
MATHEMATICS : STANDARD
CLASS X
(2025 EXAMINATION)
Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80

S.No. Typology of Questions Total Marks % Weightage

1. Remembering : Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, 43 54
comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main
ideas.
2. Applying : Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge,
facts, techniques and rules in a different way.
19 24

3. Analysing: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or

causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations.
Evaluating: Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
18 22
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria.
Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining
elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.
Total 80 100
Internal Assessment 20 Marks
• Pen Paper Test and Multiple Assessment (5+5) 10 Marks
• Portfolio 05 Marks
• Lab Practical (Lab activities to be done from the prescribed books) 05 Marks

❑❑❑

(vii)
 APTE
H

1 R
C

Real Numbers

Definitions & Formulae

Real Numbers
Rational Irrational
5 Integers –5 p

–279
6 Whole

2.7
 R = Real Numbers: All rational and irrational {0, 1, 2....} − 14

9.4545......
numbers are called real numbers. Natural
{1, 2, 3...} 5

3.62
4

1.347891....
49 –175 9
5.627 8

 I = Integers: All numbers from All integers can be expressed as rationals,

5
(…–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3…) are called integers. for example, 5 =
1
p
 Q = Rational Numbers: Real numbers of the form , q  0, p, q  I are rational numbers.
q

Fraction vs Rational Number

x 1 2
Fraction = ... Where [x, y should be natural numbers and y ≠ 0; , etc.]
For example =
y 2 3
1 2
Rational number = – ... Where [p, q should be integers and q ≠ 0; For example = − , − etc.]
2 3

 Q = Irrational Numbers: Real numbers which cannot be expressed in the form Roots of prime like
p 2 , 3 , 5 etc. are irrational.
and whose decimal expansions are non-terminating and non-recurring.
q
 Properties of Rational & Irrational Numbers
1. Irrational Number + Irrational Number = Rational/Irrational Number
2. Irrational Number – Irrational Number = Rational/Irrational Number
3. Irrational Number × Irrational Number = Rational/Irrational Number
4. Irrational Number ÷ Irrational Number = Rational/Irrational Number
5. Rational Number + Irrational Number = Irrational Number (always)
6. Rational Number – Irrational Number = Irrational Number (always)
7. Non zero-Rational × Irrational Number = Irrational Number (always)
8. Non zero-Rational ÷ Irrational Number = Irrational Number (always)
 N = Natural Numbers: Counting numbers are called REMEMBER THIS!
natural numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, …}
⇒ All Natural Numbers are whole numbers.
 W = Whole Numbers: Zero along with all natural numbers
⇒ All Whole Numbers are Integers.
are together called whole numbers.
⇒ All Integers are Rational Numbers.
{0, 1, 2, 3, …}
⇒ All Rational Numbers are Real Numbers.
1
 2 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

 Even Numbers: Natural numbers of the form 2n are called even numbers.
Why can’t we write
{2, 4, 6, …} the form as 2n + 1?
 Odd Numbers: Natural numbers of the form 2n – 1 are called odd
numbers. {1, 3, 5, …}
 Prime Numbers: The natural numbers greater than 1 which
1 is not a prime
are only divisible by 1 and the number itself are called prime numbers. number as it has only
Prime numbers have two factors, i.e., 1 and the number itself. one factor.
For example, 2, 3, 5, 7 & 11 etc.
 Composite Numbers: The natural numbers which are divisible by 1, itself and any other number or numbers
are called composite numbers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc. Note: 1 is neither prime nor a composite number.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
I. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this expression is unique, apart from
the order in which they appear.
Applications: 1. To locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers.
2. To prove irrationality of numbers.
1. Algorithm to locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers:
Step I: Factorize each of the given positive integers and express them as a product of powers of primes
in ascending order of magnitude of primes.
Step II: To find HCF, identify common prime factor and find the least powers and multiply them to get
HCF.
Step III: To find LCM, find the greatest exponent and then multiply them to get the LCM.
2. To prove Irrationality of numbers:
• The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is always irrational.
• The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is always irrational.
II. Constructing a Factor Tree
Steps Example:
• Write the number as a product of Factorize 48
prime number and a composite number.

Remember this
• Repeat the process till all the primes are obtained relationship
 Prime factorization of 48 = 24 × 3 a × b = HCF × LCM
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 3

NCERT Exercises and Solutions

(ii) 2 156 (iii) 3 3825
EXERCISE 1.1 2 78 3 1275
1. Express each number as a product of its prime 3 39 5 425
factors: 13 13 5 85
1 17 17
(i) 140 (ii) 156 (iii) 3825 (iv) 5005
1
(v) 7429
2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following \ 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 \ 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17
pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = 22 × 3 × 13 = 32 × 52 × 17
= Product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91 (ii) 510 and 92 (iv) 5 5005 (v) 17 7429
(iii) 336 and 54 7 1001 19 437
3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs 11 143 23 23
of integers by applying the prime factorisation 13 13 1
method: 1
(i) 12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 \ 5005 \ 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23
(iii) 8, 9 and 25. = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM
4.
(306, 657).
5. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for The Prime factorisation of any number will only contain Prime
any natural number n. numbers in its factorisation.
6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4
× 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers. 2. (i) Let a = 26 and b = 91
7. There is a circular path around a sports field. \ a = 21 × 131; b = 71 × 131

Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of \ LCM = 2 × 13 × 71 = 182
1 1

the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the and HCF = 131 = 13
same. Suppose they both start at the same LCM × HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366
point and at the same time, and go in the same Product of the two nos. = a × b = 26 × 91
direction. After how many minutes will they = 2366
meet again at the starting point? \ LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers
 (Hence verified)
EXERCISE 1.2 (ii) Let a = 510 and b = 92
2 510 2 92
1. Prove that 5 is irrational.
3 255 2 46
2. Prove that 3 + 2 5 is irrational. 5 85 23
3. Prove that the following are irrationals: 17
1

(i) (ii) 7 5 (iii) 6 + 2 \ The prime factors are
2
a = 510 = 21 × 31 × 51 × 171
SOLUTIONS 1.1 b = 92 = 22 × 231
\ HCF = 21 = 2
1. (i) We use the division method and LCM = 22×31×51×171×231 = 23,460
2 140
LCM × HCF = 2 × 23,460 = 46,920
702 Product of two nos. = a × b = 510 × 92
355 = 46,920
7 7 \ LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers
1  (Hence verified)
\ 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7

 4 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

(iii) 2 336 2 54 7. We will have to find the LCM.

2 168 3 27 18 = 2 × 32 2 18 2 12

2 84 3 9 12 = 22 × 3 3 9 2 6
2 42 3 3 \ LCM = 22 × 32 3 3
3 21 1 = 4 × 9 = 36 minutes
7 7
1
Let a = 336 and b = 54 Whenever there is a Question like n numbers of
336 = 24 × 31 × 71 ; 54 = 21 × 33 things are starting at the same time and we need to
\ LCM = 24 × 33 × 71 find when will they meet together again. In a such a
question we need to find the LCM of such number of
= 16 × 27 × 7 = 3024
things.
and HCF = 21 × 31 = 6
LCM × HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18144
Product of two numbers = a × b = 336 × 54
= 18144 SOLUTIONS 1.2
\ LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers
 (Hence verified) 1. We use the division method
3. (i) 12 = 22 × 31; 15 = 3 × 5; 21 = 3 × 7 Let us assume, to the contrary, that 5 is rational.
\ LCM = 22 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420; So, we can find integers p and q (q ≠ 0),
p
HCF = 3 such that 5 = , where p and q are coprime.
q
(ii) 17 = 1 × 17; 23 = 1 × 23; 29 = 1 ×29 Squaring both sides, we get
\ LCM = 17 × 23 × 29 = 11339; p2
5= ⇒ 5q2 = p2  …(i)
HCF = 1 q2
(iii) 8 = 23; 9 = 32; 25 = 52 \ 5 divides p2 ⇒ 5 divides p
3 2 2 So, let p = 5r
\ LCM = 2 × 3 × 5 = 1800;
HCF = 1 Putting the value of p in (i), we get
4. HCF (306, 657) = 9  …[Given 5q2 = (5r)2 ⇒ 5q2 = 25r2 ⇒ q2 = 5r2
2
LCM × HCF = 1st Number × 2nd Number \ 5 divides q ⇒ 5 divides q
306 × 657 \ p and q have atleast 5 as a common factor.
\ LCM (306, 657) =
HCF (306,657)  But this contradicts the fact that p and q
306 × 657 have no common factor. So, our assumption
= = 22,338
9 is wrong.
Any +ve integer ending with the digit zero is
5. \ 5 is irrational.
divisible by 5 and so its prime factorization
2. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 + 2 5 is
must contain the prime number 5.
rational.
6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n
So that we can find integers a and b(b  0), such
\ Prime factorisation of 6n does not contain
that
5 as a factor. Hence, 6n can never end with a
digit 0 for any natural number. 3 + 2 5 = , where a and b are coprime.
b
6. (a) Given: (7 × 11 × 13) + (13) …(i) Rearranging this equation, we get
= [(7 × 11) + 1] × 13 = [77 + 1] × 13 = 78 × 13 a − 3b a 3b
Number (i) is divisible by 78 and 13. 5 = ⇒ 5 = −
2b 2b 2b
Hence, [(7 × 11 × 13) + 13] is a composite a 3

⇒ 5 = −
number. 2b 2
a 3
(b) Given: 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5  …(i) Since a and b are integers, we get that −
2b 2
= [7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1] × 5
is rational and so 5 is rational.
= (1008 + 1) × 5 = 1009 × 5
\ [(7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1) + 5] But this contradicts the fact that 5 is
 is divisible by 5 and 1009. irrational.
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 5

So, we conclude that 3 + 2 5 is irrational. a

1 Since 7, a and b are integers, is
3. (i) Let us assume to the contrary, that is 7b
2
rational and so 5 is rational.
rational.
But this contradicts the fact that 5 is
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b  0),

irrational.
1 a
such that = So, we conclude that 7 5 is irrational.
2 b
b (iii) Let us assume to the contrary,
Rearranging, we get = 2
a that 6 + 2 is rational.
b That is, we can find coprime a & b (b ≠ 0)
Since a and b are integers, is rational and
a a
so 2 is rational. But this contradicts the such that 6 + 2 = .
b
fact that
2 is irrational.
Rearranging, we get
1 a a − 6b
So we conclude that is irrational.
−6 = 2 ⇒ = 2
b b
2
a − 6b
(ii) Let us assume to the contrary, that 7 5 Since a and b are integers so is
b
is rational. rational.
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b  0), \  2 is rational. But this contradicts the
a
such that 7 5 = . fact that 2 is irrational
b
a Hence our assumption is wrong.
Rearranging, we get 5 =
7b \ 6 + 2 is irrational.

SUBJECTIVE TOPICWISE QUESTION BANK

TOPIC-1. HCF and LCM SA II (3 Marks)
6. Three bells toll at intervals of 12 minutes,
15 minutes and 18 minutes respectively. If they
start tolling together, after what time will they
SA I (1-2 Marks) next toll together? (CBSE 2015)
7. An army contingent of 1000 members is to march
1. Two positive integers a and b can be written as
behind an army band of 56 members in a parade.
a = x3y2 and b = xy3. x, y are prime numbers,
The two groups are to march in the same number
then LCM (a, b).  (CBSE 2019)
of columns. What is the maximum number of
2. Two positive integers a and b can be written as columns in which they can march? (CBSE 2011)
a = x3y2 and b = xy3. x, y are prime numbers, 8. In a school there are two Sections A and B of
then HCF (a, b).  (CBSE 2019) class X. There are 48 students in Section A and
3. What is the HCF of smallest prime number 60 students in Section B. Determine the least
and the smallest composite number?  number of books required for the library of
(CBSE 2018) the school so that the books can be distributed
4. Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680 litres equally among all students of each Section.
of petrol respectively. Find the maximum (2017 OD)
capacity of a container which can measure TOPIC-2. Fundamental Theorem
the petrol of either tanker in exact number of of Arithmetic
times.(CBSE 2016)
5. If HCF of 144 and 180 is expressed in the form SA I (2 Marks)
13m – 3, find the value of m.(CBSE 2014)
9. The HCF of 45 and 105 is 15. Write their LCM.
 (CBSE 2010)
 6 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

10. Show that 9n cannot end with digit 0 for any 27. Prove that 5 is an irrational number.
natural number n.(CBSE 2014)  NCERT, (2023)
11. Show that 6n cannot end with digit 0 for any
2 + 3
natural number ‘n’.  NCERT, (CBSE 2023) 28. Prove that is an irrational number,
5
12. Determine the values of p and q so that the given that 3 is an irrational number. (2019)
prime factorization of 2520 is expressible as 29. Prove that 2 + 5 3 is an irrational number,
23 × 3p × q × 7. (CBSE 2014) given that 3 is an irrational number.
13. Find the LCM and HCF of 120 and 144 using
 (CBSE 2019)
fundamental theorem of arithmetic. (2011) 30. Show that reciprocal of 3 + 2 2 is an irrational
14. Find the HCF and LCM of 72 and 120. (2023) number. (CBSE 2014)
15. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3 and their
2 3
LCM is 180. What is the HCF of these numbers? 31. Prove that is irrational.  (CBSE 2011)
5
 (CBSE 2023) 32. Prove that 2 − 3 5 is an irrational number.
SA II (3 Marks) (CBSE 2010)
33. Prove that 2 3 − 1 is an irrational number.
16. Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify  (CBSE 2010)
that HCF × LCM = product of the two given 34. Prove that 7 − 2 3 is an irrational number.
numbers.(CBSE 2018) (CBSE 2010)
17. Explain whether the number (3 × 5 × 13 × 35. Show that 5 3 2 is an irrational number.
46 + 23) is a prime number or a composite  (CBSE 2010)
number.(CBSE 2016)
18. The LCM of two numbers is 14 times their
HCF. The sum of LCM and HCF is 600. If one
number is 280, then find the other number.
HOTs
(CBSE 2012) (Higher Order Thinking Skills)
19. Find the HCF and LCM of 26, 65 and 117, using
prime factorisation.(CBSE 2012) SA I (1-2 Marks)
LA (5 Marks) 36. Find a rational number between 2 and 3 .
(CBSE 2019)
20. Find HCF of 378, 180 and 420 by prime 2 45 + 3 20
37. Write whether on simplification
factorization method. Is HCF × LCM of three 2 5
numbers equal to the the three numbers?(2014) gives a rational or an irrational number.
(CBSE 2010)
TOPIC-3. Irrational Numbers 38. Find the value of: (–1)n + (–1)2n + (–1)2n+1
+ (–1)4n+2, where n is any positive odd integer.
(CBSE 2016)
SA I (2 Marks)
SA II (3 Marks)
21. Given that 2 is irrational, prove that
(5 + 3 2 ) is an irrational number.(CBSE 2017) 39. Express the number 0.3178 in the form of
22. Show that ( 3 + 5 ) is an irrational number.
2 rational number a/b.(CBSE 2012)
(CBSE 2015) 40. There are 104 students in class X and
23. Show that 2 2 is an irrational number.(2014) 96 students in class IX in a school. In a house
examination the students are to be evenly seated
24. Prove that 15 + 17 3 is an irrational number.
in parallel rows such that no two adjacent rows
(CBSE 2011)
are of the same class. (CBSE 2013)
SA II (3 Marks) (a) Find the maximum number of parallel rows
of each class for the seating arrangement.
25. Prove that 2 is an irrational number.(2019) (b) Also find the number of students of class
26. Prove that 3 is an irrational number. (2023) IX and also of class X in a row.
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 7

SOLUTIONS

3 2 3
1. We have, a = x y and b = xy 2 1000 2 56

7. 1000 = 53 × 23
\ LCM (a, b) = x3y3 2 500 2 28
56 = 7 × 23

\ HCF = 23 = 8 2 250 2 14
Therefore, max. no of 5 125 7 7
LCM of any two or more numbers is the product of columns in which 5 25 1
these factors with the highest power. 5 5
they can march = 8
(LCM ke liye highest Power value ko lete hai) 1

2. We have, a = x3y2 and b = xy3 Whenever we need to find the greatest value/

\ HCF (a, b) = xy2 Maximum capacity, In such questions we will always
find HCF of the given numbers.

8. Since the books are to be distributed equally

HCF of any two or more numbers is the among the students of Section A and Section
product of these factors with the least power.
B. therefore, the number of books must be a
(HCF ke liye lowest Power value ko lete hain.) multiple of 48 as well as 60. Hence, required
number of books is the LCM of 48 and 60.
3. Smallest prime number = 2 48 = 24 × 3 2 48 2 60
Smallest composite number = 4 or 22 60 = 22 × 3 × 5 2 24 2 30
\ HCF (a, b) = 2
\ LCM = 24 × 3 × 5 2 12 3 15
4. To find maximum capacity of a container which can = 16 × 15 = 240 2 6 5
measure the petrol of each tanker in exact number
3
of times, we find the HCF of 2 850 2 680
850 and 680. 5 425 2 340 Wherever we need to find the least quantity we will find
850 = 2 × 52 × 17 5 85 2 170 LCM in that Question.
680 = 23 × 5 × 17 17 5 85
17 9. As we know
\ HCF = 2 × 5 × 17 = 170
Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
\ Max. capacity of the container = 170 litres
⇒ 45 × 105 = 15 × LCM
45 × 105
\ LCM = = 315
Whenever we need to find the Greatest Value/ 15
Maximum capacity, In such questions we will always 10. 9n = (32)n = 32n
find HCF of the given numbers. The only prime in the factorization of 9n is 3.
There is no other prime in the factorization of
5. 144 = 24 × 32  and 180 = 22 × 32 × 5 9n = 32n (By uniqueness of the fundamental
\ HCF = 22 × 32 = 36
Theorem of Arithmetic).
Given. 36 = 13m – 3
39 2 and 5 does not occur in the prime factorization

⇒ 13m = 39 \ m= =3 of 9n for any n.
13
6. Here, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3 Therefore, 9n does not end with the digit zero
15 = 3 × 5 ; 18 = 3 × 2 × 3 = 32 × 2 for any natural number n.
LCM of 12, 15 and 18 is 22 × 32 × 5 = 180 minutes. 11. If the number 6n, for any n, were to end with the
\ Three balls will ring together again after 180 digit zero, then it would be divisible by 5. That is,
minute or 3 hours. the prime factorisation of 6n will contain the prime
number 5. This is not possible because Prime
factorisation of 6n does not contain 5 as a factor.
Wherever there is a question like n numbers of things 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n
starting at the same time and we need to find when
they will meet together again. In such a question we
So, there is no natural number (n) for which 6n
need to find the LCM of such numbers of things. ends with the digit zero.
 8 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

12. Prime factor of 2520 5 2520 ⇒ LCM = 600 – HCF

= 23 × 32 × 7 × 5 2 504 600 – HCF = 14(HCF)
Given. 23 × 3p × q × 7 2 252 ⇒ 600 = 15(HCF) ...[From (i)
= 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 2 126 600

\ HCF = = 40
15
Comparing the above 3 63
3 21 From (i), LCM = 14(HCF) = 40(14) = 560
with each other, we get As we know,
7 7
\ p = 2 and q = 5 Product of two numbers = L.C.M × H.C.F
1
280 × Other Number = 40 × 560
40 × 560

\ Other Number = = 80
13. 120 = 23 × 3 × 5 2 120 2 144 280
144 = 24 × 32 2 60 2 72 19. Prime factorisation of 26 = 2 × 13
\ LCM = 24 × 32 × 5 2 30 2 36 65 = 5 × 13
= 16 × 9 × 5 3 15 2 18 117 = 32 × 13
= 720 5 5 3 9 \ HCF = 13
\ HCF = 23 × 3 = 24 1 3 3 LCM = 2 × 5 × 32 × 13 = 1170
1 20. 378 = 33 × 7 × 2
180 = 22 × 32 × 5
14. 72 = 23 × 32 2 72 2 120
420 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 5

120 = 23 × 3 × 5 2 36 2 60
2 18 2 30 \ HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
\ HCF = 23 × 31 = 24
3 9 3 15 and LCM = 33 × 22 × 7 × 5 = 3780
\ LCM = 23 × 32 × 5
3 5 Now, Product of three numbers = LCM × HCF
= 360
⇒ 378 × 180 × 420 = 3780 × 6
15. Let numbers be 2x and 3x.
⇒ 28576800 ≠ 22680
Given. LCM (2x, 3x) is 180
No, product of three numbers is not equal
⇒ 6x = 180
to the product of LCM and HCF of three
⇒ x = 30
numbers.
∴ HCF (2x, 3x) is x = 30
21. Let us assume to the contrary, that 5 + 3 2 is
16. 404 = 22 × 101 2 96
rational.
96 = 25 × 3 2 48
2 24 That is, we can find co-prime a and b (b ≠ 0)
HCF = 22 = 4 2 404 a
LCM = 25 × 101 × 3 2 12 such that 5 + 3 2 =
2 202 b
= 32 × 303 2 6 a a 5 a − 5b
101 101 ⇒ 3 2 = – 5 ⇒ 2= − =
= 9696 3 3 b 3b 3 3b
1
1 a 5
Since a and b are integers, we get − is
3b 3
LHS: HCF × LCM RHS: Product of two rational, and so 2 is rational.
= 4 × 9696 given numbers
But this contradicts the fact that 2 is irrational.
= 38,784 ...(i) = 404 × 96
This contradiction has arisen because of our
= 38,784 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), LHS = RHS (Hence proved) incorrect assumption that 5 + 3 2 is rational.
17. Given. (3 × 5 × 13 × 46) + 23
So, we conclude that 5 + 3 2 is irrational.
22. Let us assume, to the contrary, that ( 3 + 5 )
2
⇒ 23[(3 × 5 × 13 × 2) + 1]
⇒ 23(390 + 1) is rational.
⇒ 23 × 391 So that we can find integers a and b (b  0).
According to fundamentals theorem of a
arithmatic composite number is expressed by
Such that ( 3 + 5) =
2
, where a and b are
b
the product of prime numbers. coprime. Rearranging the above equation, we get
\ (3 × 5 × 13 × 46 + 23) is a composite number. ( 3) + 2
( 5 )2 a
+ 2 3 5=
18. Given. LCM = 14(HCF) ...(i) b
a a
and LCM + HCF = 600
⇒ 3 + 5 + 2 15 = ⇒ 2 15 = – 8
b b
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 9

a − 8b Suppose a and b have a common factor other

⇒ 2 15 = ⇒ 2 15 b = a – 8b
b than 1, then we can divide by the common
a 8b a factor and assume that a and b are coprime
⇒ 15 = − = –4
2b 2b 2b
integrs. So, b 2 = a
a
Since a and b are integers, we get – 4 is Squaring on both sides, and rearranging, we
2b
rational, and so 15 is rational. get, 2b2 = a2. Therefore, a2 is divisible by 2 and
But this contradicts the fact that 15 is a is also divisible by 2.
irrational. So, we can write a = 2c for some integer c.
So, we conclude that ( 3 + 5 ) is irrational.
2
Substituting for a, we get 2b2 = 4c2, that is b2 = 2c2.
23. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 2 is This means that b2 is divisible by 2 and so b is
rational. So, we can find integers p and q (q  0) also divisible by 2.
p
such that 2 2 = , where p and q are coprime. Therefore, a and b have at least 2 as a common
q
Squarrying both sides, we get factor. But this contradicts the fact that a and b
2  p
2
p2 are coprime integers.
( 2 2 ) =  
⇒8= 2 This contradiction has arisen because of our
 q q
⇒ 8 q2 = p2 ...(i) incorrect assumption that 2 is rational.
⇒ 8 divides p2. \ 8 divides p. So, we conclude that 2 is irrational.
So, let p = 8r 26. Let us assume to the contrary, that 3 is
Putting the value of p in (i), we get rational.
⇒ 8q2 = (8r)2 ⇒ 8q2 = 64r2 ⇒ q2 = 8r2 So, we can find integers p and q (q ≠ 0), such
2
⇒ 8 divides q .
\ 8 divides q. p
that 3 = , where p and q are co-prime.
q
So p and q have atleast 8 as a common factor.
Squaring both sides, we get
But this contradicts the fact that p and q have
p2
no common factor. 3= ⇒ 3q2 = p2  ...(i)
q2
So, our assumption is wrong. 2
∴ 3 divides p ⇒ 3 divides p
\ So we conclude that 2 2 is irrational.
So, let p =3r
24. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 15 + 17 3
Putting the value of p in (i), we get
is rational.
So that we can find integers a and b (b  0). 3q2 = (3r)2
a 3q2 = 9r2 ⇒ q2 = 3r2
Such that 15 + 17 3 = ,
b
where a and b are coprime. ∴ 3 divides q2 ⇒ 3 divides q
Rearranging the above equation, we get ∴ p and q have atleast 3 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that p and q have
a

17 3 = – 15 no common factor.
b
a − 15b So, our assumption is wrong.
17 3 =
b ∴ 3 is irrational.
a 15 27. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 5 is
3 = −
17 b 17
rational.
a 15
Since a and b are integers, we get − is So, we can find integers p and q (q ≠ 0)
17 b 17
rational and so 3 is rational. p
such that 5 = , where p and q are coprime
But this contradicts the fact that 3 is irrational. q
Squaring both sides, we get
So, we conclude that 15 + 17 3 is irrational. p2
5 = ⇒ 5q2 = p2 ...(i)
25. Let us assumes, to the contrary, that 2 is q2
rational. \ 5 divides p2.
⇒ 5 divides p.
That is, we can find integers a and b (≠ 0) such So, let p = 5r

a. Putting the value of p in (i), we get

that 2 =
b 5q2 = (5r)2
⇒ 5q2 = 25r2
2 2
⇒ q = 5r

 10 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

\ 5 divides q2. ⇒ 5 divides q. Now, let us assume to the contrary, that

\ p and q have atleast 5 as a common factor. 3 − 2 2 is rational, so that we can find co-
But this contradicts the fact that p and q have prime a and b (b  0).
no common factor. a
Such that, 3 − 2 2 =
So, our assumption is wrong. b
\ 5 is irrational. a 3b − a
⇒ 2 2 = 3 – ⇒ 2 2=
b b
2 + 3
28. Let us assume to the contrary, that is 3b − a 3 a
5
⇒ 2= ⇒ 2= −
2b 2 2b
rational. 3 a
Since a and b are integers, we get − is
That is, we can find co-primes a and b, (b ≠ 0) 2 2b
2 + 3 a rational and So, 2 is rational.
such that = , we get
5 b
But 2 is an irrational number (given) which
5a 5a
⇒ 2+ 3 = ⇒ 3 = − 2 contradicts our statement.
b b
5a − 2b So, we conclude that recipropal of 3 + 2 2
⇒ 3 =
b i.e., 3 − 2 2 is an irrational number.
5a 2 3
Since a and b are integers, we get − 2 is 31. Let us assume to the contrary, that is
b 5
rational.
rational, and so 3 is rational.
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b ≠ 0)
But this contradicts the fact that 3 is
such that
irrational.
2 3 a 5a
This contradiction has arisen because of our
⇒ = ⇒ 3 = 2b
5 b
2 + 3 5a
incorrect assumption that is rational. Since a and b are integers, we get is rational
5 2b
2 + 3 and so 3 is rational.

So, we conclude that is irrational.
5 But this contradicts the fact that 3 is rational
29. Let us assume to the contrary, that 2 + 5 3 is ...[Given
rational. This contradiction has arisen because of our
So that, we can find integers a and b, (b ≠ 0). 2 3
a
incorrect assumption that is rational.
5
Such that 2 + 5 3 = , where a and b are
b 2 3
coprime integers. So, we conclude that is an irrational
5
Rearranging the equation, we get number.
a a − 2b 32. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 – 3 5 is

5 3 = − 2 ⇒ 5 3 = rational so that we can find co-prime of a and
b b
a − 2b a 2 b (b  0), such that,
3= ⇒ 3= −
5b 5b 5 a a
a 2 2 – 3 5 = ⇒ 2– = 3 5
Since a and b are integers, we get − is b b
5b 5
2b − a 2 a
rational and so 3 is rational. ⇒ 5= = −
3b 3 3b
But this contradicts the fact that 3 is irrational. 2 a
Since a and b are integers, we get −
This contradiction has arisen because of our 3 3b
incorrect assumption that 2 + 5 3 is rational. is rational and so 5 is rational.
So, we conclude that 2 + 5 3 is an irrational But 5 is an irrational number (given) which
number. contradicts our statement.
30. First, we rationalise the denominator of the So, we conclude that 2 – 3 5 is irrational.
reciprocal of 3 + 2 2 . 33. Let as assume to the contrary, that 2 3 − 1 is
1 3− 2 2 rational. So that, we can find co-prime integers
⇒ ×
i.e., a and b (b  0)
3+ 2 2 3− 2 2
a a
3− 2 2 3− 2 2
⇒ 2 3 − 1= ⇒ 2 3= +1
b b

⇒ = = 3−2 2
(3)2 − (2 2 )2 9 −8 a+ b a+ b a 1

⇒ 2 3= ⇒ 3= = +
b 2b 2b 2
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 11

a 1 2 45 + 3 20
Since a and b are integers, we get + is 37. Given:
2b 2 2 5
rational and so 3 is also rational.
2 3× 3× 5 + 3 5× 2 × 2
But 3 is an irrational number (given) which =
2 5
contradicts our statement.
6 5 + 6 5 12 5
So, we conclude that 2 3 − 1 is irrational. = = =6
2 5 2 5
34. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 7 − 2 3 Since, 6 is a rational number.
is rational so that we can find co-prime a and 2 45 + 3 20
b (b  0).
Therefore is a rational number.
2 5
a
Such that 7 − 2 3 = 38. Let x = (–1)n + (–1)2n + (–1)2n +1
+ (–1)4n + 1
b
a 7b − a  ...[Where n is odd.
⇒ 2 3 = 7– ⇒ 2 3=
b b
(–1)n = –1
7b − a 7 a

⇒ 3 = ⇒ 3 = −
(–1)2n = 1
2b 2 2b
7 a
Since a and b are integers, we get − is (–1)2n+1 = –1
2 2b
rational and so 3 is rational number. (–1)4n+1 = –1
But 3 is an irrational number (given) which \ x = –1 + 1 – 1 – 1 = –2
contradicts our statment. 39. Let x = 0.3178 or x = 0.3178178...  ...(i)
So, we conclude that 7 − 2 3 is irrational Now, multiplying the above with 10, we get
35. Let us assume to the contrary, that 5 + 3 2 is 10x = 3.178178...  ...(ii)
rational.
Now, multiplying equation (i) by 1000, we get
That is, we can find co-prime a and b (b  0)
a 10,000x = 3178.178178...  ...(iii)
such that 5 + 3 2 =
b
a Subtracting equation (ii) from (iii), we get
⇒ 3 2 = –5
b 10,000x – 10x = 3178.178178 ... — 3.178178....
a − 5b a 5
⇒ 2=
= −
3b 3b 3
⇒ 9,990x = 3175
a 5 3175 635
Since a and b are integers, we get
− is \ x= =
3b 3 9990 1998
rational, and so 2 is rational. Thus, the number 0.3175 can be expressed in
But this contradicts the fact that 2 is irrational. the form of rational number as 635 .
This contradiction has arisen because of our 1998
40. (a) 104 = 23 × 13 2 96
104 2
incorrect assumption that 5 + 3 2 is rational.
96 = 25 × 3 2 48
52 2
So, we conclude that 5 + 3 2 is irrational.

\ HCF = 23 = 8 24 2
2 26
36. Ist Method:
2 = 1.414 and 3 = 1.732 12
13 2

\ 2 < 1.5 < 3 6 2
3 3

⇒ 2 < < 3
2 Maximum number of parallel rows of
3 each class = 8

\ is a rational no. between 2 and 3
2
(b) Number of students of class X in a row
IInd Method: 2 < 2.25 < 3 104
= = 13
⇒ 2 < 1.5 < 3 8
15
Number of students of class IX in a row

⇒ 2< < 3 96
10 = = 12
3 8

⇒ 2< < 3
2
3

\ is a rational no. between 2 and 3 .
2
 12 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

maximum number of students who can sit in a
ÊÊMultiple Choice Questions bus if each bus takes equal number of students
1. HCF of 8, 9, 25 is (a) 52 (b) 56 (c) 48 (d) 63
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 25 (d) 1 13. There is a circular path around a sports field.
2. Which of the following is not irrational? Priya takes 18 minutes to drive one round of
the field. Harish takes 12 minutes. Suppose
( )
2
( )
2
(a) 2 − 3 (b) 2 + 3 they both start at the same point and at the
same time and go in the same direction. After
(c) ( 2 − 3 )( 2 + )
3 (d) None of these
how many minutes will they meet ?
3. The product of a rational and irrational (a) 36 minutes (b) 18 minutes
number is (c) 6 minutes (d) They will not meet
(a) rational (b) irrational 14. Express 98 as a product of its primes
(c) (a) or (b) (d) none of above (a) 22 × 7 (b) 22 × 72
4. The sum of a rational and irrational number is 2
(c) 2 × 7 (d) 23 × 7
(a) rational (b) irrational 15. Three farmers have 490 kg, 588 kg and 882 kg
(c) both of above (d) none of above of wheat respectively. Find the maximum
5. The product of two different irrational capacity of a bag so that the wheat can be
numbers is always packed in exact number of bags.
(a) rational (a) 98 kg (b) 290 kg
(b) irrational (c) 200 kg (d) 350 kg
(c) rational or irrational 16. m2 – 1 is divisible by 8, if m is
(d) none of above (a) an even integer (b) an odd integer
6. The sum of two irrational numbers is (c) a natural number (d) a whole number
(a) irrational 17. The product of a non-zero rational and an
(b) rational irrational number is
(c) rational or irrational (a) always rational (b) rational or irrational
(d) one (c) always irrational (d) zero
7. The product of three consecutive positive 18. The largest number which divides 60 and 75,
integers is divisible by leaving remainders 8 and 10 respectively, is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (a) 260 (b) 75 (c) 65 (d) 13
(c) no common factor (d) only 1 19. The least number that is divisible by all the
8. The set A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} represents the set of numbers from 1 to 5 (both inclusive) is
(a) whole numbers (b) integers (a) 5 (b) 60 (c) 20 (d) 100
(c) natural numbers (d) even numbers 20. The least number that is divisible by all the
9. Which number is divisible by 11? numbers from 1 to 8 (both inclusive) is
(a) 1516 (b) 1452 (c) 1011 (d) 1121 (a) 840 (b) 2520 (c) 8 (d) 420
10. LCM of the given number ‘x’ and ‘y’ where y 21. The product of two consecutive natural
is a multiple of ‘x’ is given by numbers is always
x (a) prime number (b) even number
(a) x (b) y (c) xy (d)
y (c) odd number (d) even or odd
11. The largest number that will divide 398, 22. If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the
436 and 542 leaving remainders 7, 11 and 15 form 1032 × 2 + 408 × p, then the value of p is
respectively is (a) 5 (b) –5 (c) 4 (d) –4
(a) 17 (b) 11 (c) 34 (d) 45 23. The number in the form of 4p + 3, where
12. There are 312, 260 and 156 students in class X, p is a whole number, will always be
XI and XII respectively. Buses are to be hired (a) even (b) odd
to take these students to a picnic. Find the
(c) even or odd (d) multiple of 3
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 13

32 so that they can be distributed equally

24. If p2 = , then p is a/an  (2023)
50 among students of Section A or Section B?
(a) whole number (b) integer (a) 144 (b) 128 (c) 288 (d) 272
(c) rational number (d) irrational number (ii) If the product of two positive integers
25. The LCM of smallest 2-digit number and is equal to the product of their HCF and
smallest composite number is (2023) LCM is true then, the HCF (32, 36) is
(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 20 (d) 40 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
26. The ratio of HCF to LCM of the least composite (iii) 36 can be expressed as a product of its
number and the least prime number is: (2023) primes as
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
(a) 22 × 32 (b) 21 × 33
3 1
(c) 2 × 3 (d) 20 × 30
ÊÊAssertion-Reason Questions (iv) 7 × 11 × 13 × 15 + 15 is a
Direction: In the following questions, a statement (a) Prime number
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of (b) Composite number
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: (c) Neither prime nor composite
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true (d) None of the above
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
(v) If p and q are positive integers such that
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true p = ab2 and q = a2b, where a and b are
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation prime numbers, then the LCM (p, q) is
of Assertion (A). (a) ab (b) a2b2 (c) a3b2 (d) a3b3
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 2. A seminar is being conducted by an
(d) Assetion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. Educational Organisation, where the
participants will be educators of different
1. Assertion: A number N when divided by 15
subjects. The number of participants in Hindi,
gives the remainder 2. Then the remainder is
English and Mathematics are 60, 84 and 108
same when N is divided by 5. respectively.
Reason: 3 is an irrational number.
2. Assertion: The H.C.F. of two numbers is 16 and
their product is 3072. Then their L.C.M. = 162.
Reason: If a and b are two positive integers,
then H.C.F. × L.C.M. = a × b.

 Case Based Questions

1. To enhance the reading skills of grade X (i) In each room the same number of
students, the school nominates you and two participants are to be seated and all
of your friends to set up a class library. There of them being in the same subject,
are two Sections—Section A and Section B of hence find the maximum number of
grade X. There are 32 students in Section A participants that can accommodate in each
and 36 students in Section B. room.
(ii) What is the minimum number of rooms
required during the event?
(iii) Find the LCM of 60, 84 and 108.
(iv) Find the product of HCF and LCM of 60,
84 and 108.
(v) Express 108 as a product of its primes.
3. A Mathematics Exhibition is being conducted
in your School and one of your friends is
(i) What is the minimum number of books making a model of a factor tree. He has some
you will acquire for the class library,
 14 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

difficulty and asks for your help in completing (a) 4 Soldiers and 4 Bikers
a quiz for the audience. (b) 4 Soldiers and 2 Bikers
Observe the following factor tree and answer (c) 2 Soldiers and 4 Bikers
the following: (d) 2 Soldiers and 2 Bikers
(v) What should be added with the number
x
of CRPF soldiers and the number of
bikers so that their maximum number
5 2783 of columns is equal to the maximum
number of columns of army troops?
y 253 (a) 4 Soldiers and 4 Bikers
(b) 12 Soldiers and 12 Bikers
11 z
(c) 6 Soldiers and 6 Bikers
(d) 12 Soldiers and 6 Bikers
(i)What will be the value of x? 5. In a classroom activity on real numbers, the
(ii)What will be the value of y? students have to pick a number card from a pile
(iii)What will be the value of z? and frame question on it, if it is not a rational
(iv) Find the prime factors of 13915. number for the rest of the class. The number
(v) According to Fundamental Theorem of cards picked up by first 5 students and their
Arithmetic what type of number 13915 is? questions on the numbers for the rest of the class
4. For 71st republic day Parade on 26/01/2023 in are as shown below. Answer them:
Delhi, Captain RS Meel is planning for parade (i) Suraj picked up 8 and his question was:
of following two groups:
Which of the following is true about 8 :
1. First group of Army contingent of
(a) It is a natural number.
624 members behind an army band of
(b) It is an irrational number.
32 members.
(c) It is a rational number.
2. Second group of CRPF troops with
(d) None of these.
468 soldiers behind the 228 members of
(ii) Shreya picked up ‘BONUS’ and her
bikers. These two groups are to march
question was: Which of the following is
in the same number of columns. This
not irrational?
sequence of soldiers is followed by jhankis
(a) 3 − 4 5 (b) 7 − 6
of difference states which are showing the
(c) 2 + 2 9 (d) 4 11 6
culture of the respective states.
(i) What is the maximum number of columns (iii) Ananya picked up 5 − 10 and her
in which the army troops can march? question was: 5 − 10 is ______
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 32 number.
(ii) What is the maximum number of columns (a) a natural (b) an irrational
in which the CRPF troops can march? (c) a whole (d) a rational
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16 1
(iv) Suman picked up and her question
(iii) What is the maximum number of 5
1
columns in which total army troops and was: is ________ number.
5
CRPF troops together can march past?
(a) a whole (b) a rational
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(c) an irrational (d) a natural
(iv) What should be subtracted from the
numbers of CRPF soldiers and the (v) Preethi picked up 6 and her question
number of bikers so that their maximum was: Which of the following is not
number of columns is equal to the irrational?
maximum number of columns of army (a) 15 + 3 6 (b) 24 − 9
troops? (c) 5 150 (d) None of these
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 15

SOLUTIONS


19. (b) 60
ÊÊMultiple Choice Answers
Explanation: LCM of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = 60
1. (d) 1
2. (c) ( 2 − 3 )( 2 + 3 ) 20. (a) 840
Explanation: LCM of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
3. (c) (a) or (b)
= 23 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 840
Explanation: rational no. × irrational no.
21. (b) even number
1 3
Case I: 2 × 3 = 2 = irrational no. 22. (b) –5
0 Explanation: HCF of 408 and 1032 is 24,
Case II: 1 × 3 = 0 = irrational no.
 1032 × 2 + 408 × (p) = –24
 Product of rational no. and irrational no.
408p = 24 – 2064
may be rational or an irrational number.
408p = –2040
4. (b) irrational −2040
5. (c) rational or irrational p= = –5
408
6. (c) rational or irrational
23. (b) odd
Explanation: irrational no. + irrational no.
Case I: 2 + 2 = 2 2 Explanation:
Case II: 2 + 3 and 2 – 3 p=1 p=2
=2+ 3 +2– 3 4(p) + 3 = 7 4(p) + 3 = 11
= 4 = rational no.
32 16
 Sum of two irrational numbers is 24. (c) We have, p2 = =
50 25
rational or irrational. 4
7. (b) 6 \ p = ± (Rational Number)
5
8. (a) whole numbers 25. (c) Smallest 2 digit number = 10 = 2 × 5
9. (b) 1452 Smallest composite number = 4 = 22
10. (b) y ∴ LCM (10, 4) = 22 × 5 = 20
11. (a) 17 26. (a) Least Composite number is 4 = 22
Explanation: Algorithm 398 – 7 = 391; Least Prime number is 2 = 21
436 – 11 = 425; 542 – 15 = 527 HCF (4, 2) is 21 = 2
 HCF of 391, 425, 527 = 17 LCM (4, 2) is 22 = 4
HCF 2 1
12. (a) 52 ∴ = = i.e., 1 : 2
LCM 4 2
Explanation: HCF of 312, 260, 156 = 52
13. (a) 36 minutes ÊÊAssertion-Reason Answers
Explanation: LCM of 18 and 12 = 36 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
1.
14. (c) 2 × 72 true but Reason (R) is not the correct
15. (a) 98 kg explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: HCF of 490, 588, 882 = 98 kg Explanation: Let us take three numbers
16. (b) an odd integer which are divisible by 5 and 15 both, are
17. (c) always irrational 30, 45, 60.
18. (d) 13 Now, we add the remainder 2, we get
Explanation: Subtract the remainder 8 and 32, 47, 62.
Therefore, we can see that as one
10 from 60 and 75.
number is divisible by 5 and 15 but
60 – 8 = 52 and 75 – 10 = 65
remainder is same as 2.
Now, HCF(65, 52) = 13
 16 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is

2. (iv) 5 × 112 × 23
true. (v) Composite number
Explanation: Since HCF × LCM = a × b Explanation: As per fundamental
 3072 = 16 × 162  3072  2592 theorem of arithmetic composite no. is
The Correct LCM would be expressed by the product of prime no.
3072 = 16 × LCM 4. (i) (b) 16
 LCM = 192 (ii) (c) 12
Explanation: HCF of 624, 468 and 228
ÊÊCase Based Answers (iii) (b) 4
1. (i) (c) 288 Explanation: HCF of 228 and 32
Explanation: L.C.M of 32 and 36; (iv) (a) 4 Soldiers and 4 Bikers
32 = 25 ; 36 = 22 × 32 Explanation:
 LCM = 25 × 32 = 288 Maximum no. of columns of army
troops = 16 (from point (i)). But 228
(ii) (b) 4

and 468 are not divisible by 16. If we
Explanation: HCF × LCM = 32 × 36 subtract 4 from 228 and 468, both
32 × 36 1152 224 and 464 are divisible by 16.
HCF = = =4
L.C.M 288
(v) (b) 12 Soldiers and 12 Bikers

 HCF = 4 5. (i) (b) It is an irrational number.
2 2
(iii) (a) 2 × 3

Explanation: Here, 8 = 2 2 , i.e.,
(iv) (b) Composite number

product of rational and irrational
(v) (b) a2b2 numbers = irrational number.
2. (i) Explanation: H  60; E  84; M  108 (ii) (c) 2 + 2 9
HCF of 60, 84 and 10860 = 22 × 3 × 5;
84 = 22 × 3 × 7; Explanation:
108 = 22 × 33 Here, 9 = 3 So, 2 + 2 9 = 2 + 6 = 8 ,
 HCF = 22 × 3 = 12 which is not irrational.
60 84 108 (iii) (b) an irrational
(ii) Explanation: 12 + 12 + 12
Explanation: Here 5 and 10 are
= 5 + 7 + 9 = 21 both irrational and difference of two
irrational numbers is also irrational.
(iii) Explanation:
L.C.M = 22 × 33 × 5 × 7 = 3780 (iv) (c) an irrational
Explanation: As 5 is irrational, so
(iv) Explanation:
its reciprocal is also irrational.
12 × 3780 = 45360 ...[From (i) and (iii)
2 3
(v) (d) None of these
(v) 2 × 3
Explanation: We know that 6 is
3. (i) Explanation:
Value of x = 2783 × 5 = 13915 irrational.

(ii) Explanation: 253y = 2783 So, 15 + 3 6 is irrational.

2783 Similarly, 24 − 9 = 2 6 – 9 is
y= = 11
253
irrational, and
(iii) Explanation: 11z = 253
5 150 = 5 × 5 6 = 25 6 is irrational.
253
z= = 23
11
 z = 23
 Chapter 1: Real Numbers 17

IMPORTANT NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

ÊÊMultiple Choice Questions (MCQs) ÊÊVery Short Answer Type Question
2
1. n – 1 is divisible by 8, if n is 4. The numbers 525 and 3000 are both divisible
(a) an integer (b) a natural number only by 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75.
(c) an odd integer (d) an even integer What is HCF (525, 3000)? Justify your answer.
2 If two positive integers a and b are written
as a = x3y2 and b = xy3, where x, y are prime ÊÊShort Answer Type Question
numbers, then HCF (a, b) is
(a) xy (b) xy2 (c) x3y3 (d) x2y2 5. On a morning walk, three persons step off
3. If two positive integers p and q can be together and their steps measure 40 cm, 42 cm
expressed as p = ab2 and q = a3b; where a, b and 45 cm, respectively. What is the minimum
being prime numbers, then LCM (p, q) is distance each should walk, so that each can
cover the same distance in complete steps.
(a) ab (b) a2b2 (c) a3b2 (d) a3b3

SOLUTIONS

2
1. (c) Explanation: In n – 1, n can be either even  As, HCF is the product of the smallest
or odd, power of each common prime factor
Let x = n2 – 1 involved in the numbers.
Case I: When n is even, i.e., n = 2k, where k  HCF of a and b = HCF(x3y2, xy3)
is an integer = x × y × y = xy2
x = (2k)2 – 1 or x = 4k2 – 1 3. (c) Explanation:
For k = –1, Given, p = ab2 = a × b × b and
x = 4 (–1)2 – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3, q = a3b = a × a × a × b
which is not divisible by 8. LCM is the product of the greatest power of
For k = 0, each prime factor involved in the number
x = 4 (0)2 – 1 = 0 – 1 = –1,  LCM of p and q = LCM(ab2, a3b) = a3b2
which is also not divisible by 8. 4. As the numbers 525 and 3000 are both divisible
Case II: When n is odd, i.e., n = 2k +1, only by 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75 and the highest
where k is an odd integer. number among these is 75 so,
 x = n2 – 1  x = (2k + 1)2 – 1 the HCF (525, 3000) = 75
2
 x = 4k + 4k + 1 – 1 Verification: By prime factorization method,
 x = 4k2 + 4k  x = 4k(k + 1) 525 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 7
At k = –1, x = 4(–1)(–1 + 1) = 0 which is 3000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5
divisible by 8. Thus, HCF (525, 3000) = 3 × 5 × 5 = 75.
At k = 0, x = 4(0) (0 + 1) = 0 which is 5. The minimum distance each should walk will
divisible by 8. be the LCM of 40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm.
At k = 1, x = 4(1)(1 + 1) = 8 which is divisible In terms of prime numbers,
by 8. 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5, 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
Therefore, from above two cases, we can and 45 = 3 × 3 × 5
say that, n2 – 1 is divisible by 8 if n is an Thus, LCM (40, 42, 45)
odd integer. = 2 ×2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 2520
2. (b) Explanation: Minimum distance each should walk is 2520 cm.
Here, a = x3y2 = x × x × x × y × y and
b = xy3 = x × y × y × y
 18 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Mathematics X)

2024 CBSE QUESTION PAPER (C3ABD/1)

27. In a teachers’ workshop, the number of teachers
Set-I : 30/1/1 teaching French, Hindi and English are 48,
5. If two positive integers p and q can be 80 and 144 respectively. Find the minimum
expressed as p = 18 a2 b4 and q = 20 a3b2, number of rooms required if in each room the
where a and b are prime numbers, then LCM same number of teachers are seated and all of
(p, q) is:  1 them are of the same subject. 3
(a) 2 a2b2 (b) 180 a2b2 
(c) 12 a2b2 (d) 180 a3b4
25. (a) Prove that 5 – 2 3 is an irrational number.
It is given that 3 is an irrational number.
 2
Or
(b) Show that the number 5 × 11 × 17 + 3 × 11
is a composite number.

2024 CBSE QUESTION PAPER (CD1BA/3)

Set-I : 30/3/1 (ii) (a) How many students are in the class?
2
5. If a = 22 × 3x, b = 22 × 3 × 5, c = 22 × 3 × 7 and Or
LCM (a, b, c) = 3780, then x is equal to 1 (b) 
What is the highest prime number
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 used by students? 2
13. Given HCF (2520, 6600) = 40, LCM (2520, 6600) (iii) Which prime number has been used
= 252 × k, then the value of k is: 1 maximum times? 1
(a) 1650 (b) 1600 (c) 165 (d) 1625
14. A pair of irrational numbers whose product Set-III : 30/3/3
is a rational number, is: 1
15. The smallest irrational number by which
(a) ( 16 , 4 ) (b) ( 5 , 2 ) 20 should be multiplied so as to get a
(c) ( 3, 27 ) (d) ( 36 , 2) rational number, is 1
(a) 20 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 5
38. Teaching Mathematics through activities is a
powerful approach that enhances students'
understanding and engagement. Keeping this
in mind, Ms. Mukta planned a prime number
game for class 5 students. She announces the
number 2 in her class and asked the first student
to multiply it by a prime number and then
pass it to second student. Second student also
multiplied it by a prime number and passed it
to third student. In this way by multiplying to
a prime number, the last student got 173250.
Now, Mukta asked some questions as given
below to the students:
(i) What is the least prime number used by
students?1
Time: 1 hr. M.M: 30

Section A Q.9. Show that 3 + 5 2 is an irrational number.

Q.1. Write 98 as product of its prime factors. 1  2
Q.2. Find the product of HCF and LCM of Q.10. Prove that 2 − 3 is an irrational number.
numbers 50 and 95. 1  2
Q.3. Find the HCF of 344 and 60 by the prime
factorisation method. Hence find their LCM.
Section C
 1 Q.11. Write the greatest integer smaller than 2 5
Q.4. Complete the missing entries in the and smallest integer greater than 2 5.  3
following factor tree: 1
Q.12. LCM of two numbers is 45 times their HCF.
2 If one of the numbers is 125 and sum of
their HCF and LCM is 1150, find the other
3
number. 3
Q.13. Three different containers contain 496, 403
7 and 713 litres of a mixture of milk and water
respectively. Which biggest container can
Q.5. What is the exponent of 3 in the prime
measure all the different quantities exactly?
factorization of 864? 1
 3
Q.14. Find the largest number of four digits
Section B exactly divisible by 12, 15, 18 and 27. 3
Q.6. Write the HCF of two prime numbers. 2 Q.15. Write a rational number between 5 and 6 .
 3
Q.7. Prove that 23 is not a rational number. 2
Q.8. Show that 5 - 2 3 is an irrational number. ❏❏❏
 2

For Answers of
Self Assessment,
please SCAN
