Equations form Drive and Energy Systems

Quantity Grootheid Symbol Unit Symbol

Force Kracht F Newton N
Resistivity Soortelijke weerstand ρ Ωm
Electric potential, Spanning e,u,v Volt V=W/A=J/C
voltage
Electric current Stroom i Ampere A=C/s
Resistance Weerstand R Ohm Ω=V/A
Inductance Inductiviteit L Henry H=Vs/A
Capacitance Capaciteit C Farad F=C/V
Energy Energie W Joule J=Nm
Period Periodetijd T second s
Frequency Frequentie f Herz Hz=1/s
Radial frequency Frequentie ω rad/s
Impedance Impedantie Z Ohm Ω=V/A
Reactance Reactantie X Ohm Ω=V/A
Apparent power Schijnbaar vermogen S Volt ampere VA
Reactive power Reactief vermogen Q var
Active power Actief vermogen p Watt W=J/s
Power factor Arbeidsfactor FP
Force Kracht F Newton N
Resistivity Soortelijke weerstand ρ Ωm
Magnetic flux density Magnetische fluxdichtheid B Tesla T
Magnetic field intensity Magnetische veldsterkte H A/m
Magnetic flux Magnetische flux Φ Weber Wb=Tm2
Magnetic permeability Magnetische μ H/m
permeabiliteit
Magnetomotive force Magnetomotorische kracht Ni, mmf A
Reluctance Reluctantie ℜ A/Wb
Shear stress Schuifkrachtdichtheid Fd N/m2
Self inductance Zelfinductiviteit L Henry H=Vs/A
Mutual inductance Wederzijdse inductiviteit M Henry H=Vs/A
Turns ratio Wikkelverhouding a
Efficiency Rendement η

Equivalent circuit transformer:

1
Equivalent circuit DC machine:

Equivalent circuit synchronous (PM) machine:

Simplified equivalent circuit induction machine:

Kirchhoff’s loop law: sum of voltage drops around any circuit loop is zero.
Kirchhoff’s node law: the sum of currents at any circuit node is zero.
Ohm: u R = RiR Ampere:  H ⋅ dr = I encircled
uL = L L
di dΦ
dt Faraday: u = Ri + N
dt
duC
iC = C Φ =  B ⋅ dA
dt
p(t ) = u (t )i(t ) dΦ
Induced voltage: e = = Blv
T
dt
1
Feff =
T 0
f 2 (t )dt  B ⋅ dA = 0
B = µ0 H + µ0 M
u = 2U cos(ω t + θ )
Ni l
= 2 Re(Ue jθ e jωt ) = 2 Re(Ue jωt ) Φ= ; ℜ=
ℜ µ0 µ r A
1
Z = R + jX = R + jω L + Physt =  k h fBˆ dV
S

jωC
S = U I * = P + jQ Peddy =  k h f 2 Bˆ 2 dV
P n −n
FP = s= s
S ns
Lorentz: F = IL × B

2
 Exam Drive and Energy Systems (ME44210)
23 January 2020 from 9.00 to 12.00.
This exam consists of 5 problems on 7 pages.
The number before a question indicates how many credits you can earn by answering that
question. A partly correct answer may give a part of the credits.
This exam has to be made without using a book, old examinations, notes, dictionaries or
programmable calculators. Only the following types of calculators are allowed:
Casio Fx82MS
Texas Instruments TI-30-XB
Texas Instruments TI-30-XS
Use one answer sheet for problem 1-3, one answer sheet for problem 4 and one for problem 5.

35 Problem 1: Multiple choice questions

Only give one (or if asked more) letters without explanation.

3 a Faraday’s law says that the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the
flux linked by the winding. This linked flux could change because
A The position of the winding with respect to the flux changes.
B The magnetic field changes.
C The surface area of the winding changes (the winding deforms).
D A and B
E All of the above.

3 b The BH-curve of magnetic materials is a hysteresis curve. For soft magnetic materials,
used as core material in electrical machines and transformers, the B-curve should have
A a low saturation flux density and a low coercive force.
B a low saturation flux density and a high coercive force.
C a high saturation flux density and a low coercive force.
D a high saturation flux density and a high coercive force.

3 c Which of the following arguments for using DC systems instead of AC systems is

valid?
A The availability of DC systems is better than of AC systems.
B DC systems are safer than AC systems.
C DC systems are more reliable than AC systems.
D DC systems are more efficient than AC systems.
E DC system are cheaper than AC systems.

3 d Which parts of an induction machine have to be laminated?

A The stator iron
B The stator windings
C The rotor iron
D The rotor windings
E The stator iron, the stator windings, the rotor iron and the rotor windings
F The stator iron and the rotor iron.
G The stator windings and the rotor windings
H None of the above.

3
3 e A synchronous machine is operating as a motor. The phasor for the terminal voltage is
U t , the phasor for the induced voltage (or the electromotive force EMF) is E . The
length of the phasors are U t and E and the angles of the phasors are ∠U t and ∠E .
Which of the following statements is true?
A E > U t (or E is larger than U t )
B E < U t (or E is smaller than U t )
C ∠E > ∠U t (or E is leading U t )
D ∠E < ∠U t (or E is lagging U t )
E E > U t and ∠E > ∠U t
F E > U t and ∠E < ∠U t
G E < U t and ∠E > ∠U t
H E < U t and ∠E < ∠U t
I None of the above

3 f Which of the following arguments is not a valid argument for electrification of energy
systems in transportation systems?
A Electric power is widely available
B Electric systems have no local emissions.
C Electrical conversion efficiencies are high.
D Electric machines have a higher (specific) power density (in W/kg and W/m3)
than combustion engines.
E Electric energy storage in batteries has a higher (specific) energy density (in
J/kg and J/m3) than fossil fuels.
F Electric systems can make torque control at stand still.
G Electric systems enable regenerative braking.
H Electric drive systems require less maintenance that drive systems with
combustion engines.

3 g A 4-pole induction machine connected to a 50 Hz supply is running at a slip of 5%.

The frequency of the current in the rotor windings is
A 2.5 Hz because the frequency of the rotor current is slip multiplied by supply
frequency.
B 1.25 Hz because the frequency of the rotor current is slip multiplied by supply
frequency divided by the number of pole pairs.
C 50 Hz because in the equivalent circuit all currents are referred to the stator
frequency.
D 2.5 Hz because in the equivalent circuit all currents are referred to the rotor
frequency.
E None of the above.

4
3h What is the most important reason that synchronous machines are often used as
generators?
A They have a high power density.
B They are robust.
C They have a high efficiency.
D They are self-starting when connected to a 50 Hz supply (they do not need
power electronics).
E They can be equipped with a brushless exciter.
F They can generate a controllable three-phase voltage.
G They are cheap.
H They are widely available.
I They can be used in field weakening.

3 i If an ideal transformer has a resistive load at the secondary side as shown in the figure
below, the equivalent resistance at the primary side is

A R/a2
B R/a
C R
D Ra
E Ra2

8 j Which 4 (!!) of the following statements are true for a DC machine with electrical
excitation?
A The stator bore is cylindrical.
B The stator has salient poles.
C The stator has a three-phase winding.
D The stator has a winding with DC currents.
E The stator has permanent magnets.
F The rotor is cylindrical.
G The rotor has salient poles.
H The rotor has a three-phase winding.
I The rotor has a winding with DC currents.
J The rotor has permanent magnets.
K The rotor winding is a short-circuited cage.
L The rotor windings are connected to a commutator.
M The rotor windings are connected to two slip rings.
N The rotor windings are connected to three slip rings.

5
10 Problem 2: Power electronics
A DC-DC converter is depicted. The
resistance R is zero. The converter is
in continuous conduction mode. T is
the switching period of the switches.
D is the duty cycle.
S1 is conducting during DT.
S2 is conducting during (1-D)T.
2 a What is the voltage over the
inductance L when S1 is conducting?
2 b What is the voltage over the
inductance L when S2 is conducting?
6 c Show that in steady state, the ratio between the output voltage and the input voltage is
EO = DEH .

11 Problem 3: DC Machines
A DC machine with independent electrical excitation has a nominal terminal voltage
of 600V, the nominal power is 40 kW, and the nominal speed is 1500 rpm.
The EMF (the induced voltage in no-load) is Ea = K Φω
The armature resistance is 0.3 Ω.
2 a Calculate the nominal current.
3 b At a rotational speed of 1500 rpm, the no-load voltage (the EMF) is equal to the DC
bus voltage. Calculate the product of the motor constant and the flux of this motor.
3 c What goes wrong when a DC machine is directly connected to the 600 V source at
standstill?
3 d What has to be done to increase the speed above 1500 rpm if the terminal voltage
cannot be increased further?

6
 New answer sheet, please.
20 Problem 4 Synchronous machines
This question is about a three-phase synchronous
generator in a power plant, driven by a gas turbine.
It is connected to the grid, which is assumed
infinitely strong. A simple single phase-equivalent
circuit is given. Iron losses and copper losses are
neglected. E is induced phase voltage (or EMF) and
U is the phase grid voltage (or the terminal voltage). The grid phase voltage is U=10
kV. The reactance X=2Ω.
4 a Which 4 conditions have to be met to connect the synchronous machine to the grid?

The machine is connected to the power system. The induced phase voltage (or EMF) is
twice the grid phase voltage: E=2U. The load angle δ is 60 degrees (δ=π/3).
4 b Sketch the phasor diagram.
4 c Calculate the current phasor.
2 d Calculate the real power.
2 e Calculate the reactive power.
2 f To increase the power, the amount of fuel supplied to the gas turbine has to be
increased. What is the limitation?
2 g What more has to be done to make it possible to increase the power further?

New answer sheet, please.

24 Problem 5 Induction machines
This problem deals with the three-phase Y-connected induction machine. The
nameplate of this machine gives the following rated (or nominal) values:
- Power: P=4 MW
- Frequency: f=50 Hz
- Speed n=1491 rpm
- Line voltage U=6.6 kV
- Power factor cosφ=0.9.
2 a Calculate the rated phase voltage.
3 b Calculate the number of poles.
3 c Calculate the slip at rated speed.
3 d Calculate the rated current.
4 e Calculate the magnetizing inductance Lm if the magnetizing current (the current
through the magnetizing inductance) is 30% of the rated current. The current through
the core loss resistance can in first instance be neglected.
4 f Calculate the core loss resistance Rm if it is given that the core losses are 1% of the
rated power.
4 g Calculate the rotor resistance approximately. Hint: at low values of the slip (including
the rated slip), the voltage drop over the leakage inductances L1+L2 and the voltage
drop over the stator resistance R1 are negligible compared to the voltage drop over
R2/s.
3 h Explain why the voltage has to be roughly proportional to the frequency for
frequencies below 50 Hz.

7
Answers to the exam Drive and Energy Systems 23 January 2020

35 Problem 1
3 a E
3 b C
3 c D
3 d F
3 e D
3 f E
3 g A
3 h F
3 i E
8 j B, D, F, L

10 Problem 2
2 a When S1 is conducting, u L = EH − EO
2 b When S1 is conducting, u L = − EO
T
diL
6 c uL = L or iL =  u L dt + iL (0) . In steady state, after one switching period, the current
dt 0

has to be equal to the current at the start of the period.

Therefore,
DT T DT T

 u L dt +  u L dt =  ( EH − EO )dt +  (− E
O ) dt = DT ( EH − EO ) + (T − DT )( − EO ) = 0
0 DT 0 DT

Therefore, EO = DEH

11 Problem 3
P
2 a The nominal current: I a = = 66.7 A
Ua
2π n
3 b The rotational speed at 1500 rpm is ωm = = 157.1rad/ s .
60
Ua Ea
KΦ = = = 3.82Vs/rad
ω ω
3 c At standstill, the starting current is much larger than rated, which could damage the
machine both mechanically and thermally.
3 d By using field weakening (decreasing the flux Φ), the speed can be increased further.

20 Problem 4
4 a The voltage at both sides of the switch between the synchronous
E
machine and the grid has to be identical, which means that the
RMS value, the frequency, the phase, and the phase order have jXI
to be equal.
4 b
4 c The phasor for the grid voltage is given by U = 10 kV .
The phasor for the EMF is given by
δ I
E = 20(cos δ + j sin δ ) kV = 10 + j10 3 kV
U
Following the definitions of the equivalent circuit: E = U + jXI

8
 .
E −U
Therefore I = = 5 3 kA
jX
2 d P = Re(3UI * ) = 3UI cos ϕ = 150 3 MW = 260 MW
2 e Q = Im(3UI * ) = 3UI sin ϕ = 0
2 f Increasing the amount of fuel leads to an increase of the load angle, which cannot be
done beyond 90 degrees.
2 g The power can be increased further if the excitation current (and therefore the EMF)
are first increased.

24 Problem 5
U
2 a Eg = = 3.81kV
3
120 f s 120 f s
2 b ns =  p= =4
p ns
The rated speed at 50 Hz is 1491 rpm, so the synchronous speed must be 1500 rpm
and the number of poles must be 4.
n −n
2 c s= s = 0.006 = 0.6%
ns
P
3 d I= = 389A
3Eg cos ϕ
Eg
4 d Zm = = 32.67Ω
0.3I
X m << Rm  X m ≈ Z m = 32.67Ω
Xm
Lm = = 104 mH
2π f
3E 2 3E 2
4 e P ≈ g  Rm ≈ g = 1089Ω
Rm P
4 f If the voltage drop over the leakage inductances and the stator resistance are
negligible, then
3E g2 3sE g2
P≈  R2 ≈ = 65.34 m Ω
R2 P
s
3 g The flux density level in the machine is normally close to magnetic saturation in the
rated operating point. If the frequency reduces while the flux density remains constant,
the voltage has to reduce. If the frequency reduces while the voltage remains constant,
the flux has to increase, and the machine will magnetically saturate far too much.