HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Submitted to KIRODIMAL GOVT. POLYTECHNIC RAIGARH in partial

fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of
DIPLOMA OF ENGINEERING
In
Electrical Engineering

Submitted By

Ashish kumar Vishwakarma

Department of Electrical Engineering KIRODIMAL GOVT.

POLYTECHNIC RAIGARH 2021-2022

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Project Report entitled Hybrid Electric Vehicles
submitted herein has been carried out by us in the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur. The presented work
is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award
of any degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

We also hereby assign to the Department of Electrical Engineering of Nagpur

Institute of Technology, Nagpur all rights under copyright that may exist in
and to the above work and any revised or expanded derivatives works based
on the work as mentioned. Other work copied from references, manuals etc.
are disclaimed.
 Department of Electrical Engineering KIRODIMAL GOVT.
POLYTECHNIC RAIGARH
BATCH- 2021-2023
CHAKRADHAR NAGAR RAIGARH, CHHATTISGARH,496001

ABSTRACT

In our project we are using hybrid technology as electrical energy. The

electrical Power will be generated by using generator and solar plate.
This generated energy stored in a battery and then fed to the DC motor.
Meanwhile, petroleum consumption rate in the emerging economics are
rapidly expanding. Petroleum sources are limited. Today’s nearly 60% of
petroleum consumption is dedicated to transportation by means of IC
engine vehicles which emits CO & CO2 gas and polluted the environment.
 CONTENT
Title Page No.

Declaration i

Abstract (One Paragraph, Italic, 11 Font) ii

1 INTRODUCTION ( Worldwide status, Introduction to 5

topic)

2 7
LITERATURE REVIEW ( Work done by others, Gap
analysis )

3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 8

4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES (write 2-3 objectives) 9

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Block Dia)

5 10

6. PLAN OF WORK 14

15
REFERENCES
 1. INTRODUCTION

In today’s scenario the transportation sector is almost entirely

dependent on single fuel petroleum. The continued role of
petroleum as the primary transportation fuel should be
questioned. The domestic production of petroleum is steadily
declining while our consumption continuously is increasing.
By considering above circumstances we are introducing the idea
of hybrid vehicle technology is an excellent way to reduce the
consumption of fuel and saving running cost. It is economical as
compare to IC engine vehicles and this hybrid vehicle save the
environment from pollution.
In our project we are using hybrid technology as electrical
energy. The electrical power will be generated by using a
generator and solar plate. This generated energy stored in battery
and then fed to the DC motor.
 LIST OF COMPONENT
Sr. No. Component Quantity Specification

1. DC Motor 02 12V, 0.3A,200rpm

2. DC Generator 02 12V,0.3A,200rpm

3. Battery 06 4V,1.5AH

4. Solar panel 01 12V,0.5A,6W

5. Charging and 01 5V
comparator circuit

6. Gears built in 02 25/15Teeth

Generator

7. Wheels 04 7cm(Diameter)

8. Clamps 10 -

9. Shaft 01 4mm

10. Backlit seat 01 1.5x1Feet

11. Connecting wires 10 Feet -

12. Screws, nuts and 50 Gram -

bolts

13. Microcontroller 1 5 V 10 mA

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 LITERATURE SURVEY
Basically our vehicle consist of five main parts i.e. battery, motor, solar,
comparator circuit and controller with display. Suppose there are two
batteries, initially one is charged another is discharged. The charged battery
connected to the motor through switch and discharge battery is connected to
the solar and generator. When the switch is on then the charged battery
delivered the power to the motor and according to principle of motor. “When
a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experience a mechanical force” motor is start to rotate and convert rotational
motion into linear motion. It means that the electrical energy converted into
mechanical energy. The vehicle will start running.
The back pair of wheel connected through generator. A generator is connected
to the shaft with the help of built in gear. The rotation of shaft gear will be
rotate and hence the generator shaft also rotates. The generator is device which
is convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. According to Faraday’s
Law of electromagnetic induction the EMF is induced in a generator. The
generator is produced some energy and fed to the discharge battery for
charging but this power is not enough to charging the battery. So, another
supplementary source is use for charging of battery i.e. solar energy.
Solar cell is convert light energy into the electrical energy. Hence, by using
two source battery is charge in a sufficient value. Whenever, some distance
covered by car, that time the charged battery is discharge. At same time the
discharge battery now charged with the help of solar and generator. This way
the vehicle is continuously running without any disturbance.
This total operation is possible for using a comparator circuit. This circuit is
specially design for voltage comparison. It is compare the voltage with the
help of op-amp LM358 and fed to microcontroller unit, microcontroller then
display the status of the battery. When the vehicle is in standing condition
we can charged the battery from external supply of our houses or charging
station.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 PROBLEM FORMULATION
In charging circuit we have used variable voltage regulator IC
LM317 to regulate the solar output voltage so that we can charge the
battery at common current. Variable terminal of LM317 is connected
to present to adjust the output voltage.
Charging indication is also provided using LED.
In this project battery will get charge through two external motor
which will act as a generator and connected in series. In the output
of generator we have connected voltage booster and bridge network
made up of diodes.
To monitor the status of battery we have employed comparator
circuit also.
Comparator circuit consists of op-amp LM358 which is specially
designed for voltage comparison.
Non inverting terminal is connected to the battery along with voltage
divider network.
While inverting terminal get reference voltage from the pot. Output
of LM358 is fed to LED as well as to microcontroller.
DPDT switch is used to shift the source battery and charging battery.
In this way our charger circuit works.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 • PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of this study can be summarized as follows:

• Our day to day life fuel storages are declining continuously

therefore cost of fuel is increasing. By using hybrid vehicle we
are saving the fossil fuel.
• This Hybrid vehicle totally run on electricity, they emit less
pollution than other vehicle.
• Do not required any external source to the running this car.
• Regenerative breaking is possible.
• More reliable compare to IC engine vehicle.

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The proposed work is planned to be carried out in the following

manner:
1) Study of basic concepts of hybrid electrical vehicle.
2) Handing the problem from electrical system by surveying
literature.
3) Design and study of hybrid electrical vehicle.
4) Analysis of the proposed topology.
5) This has presented new techniques to reduced petroleum
consumption.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 Block Diagram
DUMMY MOTOR
SOLAR PANEL
GENERATOR

CHARGER CIRCUIT BRIDGE CIRCUIT

SELECTOR SWITCH

BATTERY 1 BATTERY 2

ON/OFF

SWITCH

DC MOTOR

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 2X16 LCD

OP_AMP

MICROCONTROLLER

LED
INDICATOR

SUPPLY

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 1.1 DC MOTOR
A machine that covert DC power into mechanical power is known as DC motor. It
mainly consist of three main parts, i.e. magnetic field system, armature and
commentator. The other part of DC motor is yoke, pole shoe, field or exciting coil,
armature core and windings, baring and shaft.

DC machine works on principle that “When a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.” The direction of force is
given by Fleming’s left hand rule and magnetic field given by;

F= BIǀ newton

In this project DC motor is used to make rotational torque on a vehicle. It is usually

changed into a linear motion.

1.2 DC GENERTAOR
A DC generator is an electrical device which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. Basically, no any difference DC motor and DC generator. The DC generator
basically works on the principle of dynamic induced EMF in a conductor. According to
this principle, if the flux links with the conductor change then an EMF is induced in the
conductor. The direction of induced EMF in the armature winding is given by Fleming’s
Right Hand Rule.

In this project we are using DC motor as a generator to generate the voltage with the
help of shaft and gear.

1.3 BATTERY
In this project we are use sealed lead acid rechargeable battery. Lead acid is the oldest
rechargeable battery in existence lead acid was the first rechargeable for commercial
use. Basically two battery set, one battery set initially charged and power delivered to
the motor and another battery set initially discharged it used to store the power. One
battery set consisting the three 4V batteries connected in series.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 1.4 SOLAR PLATE
Photovoltaic solar cell absorbed sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. It
is a device which converts the light energy into electrical energy.

In this project we are use monocrystalline cell (12V, 0.5A, 6W). Solar power is use as a
supplementary sources of battery charging.

1.5 GEAR
It is rotating machine part having cut teeth or in the case of cogwheel, inserted teeth
(called cogs), wheel mesh with another toothed part to transmitting torque. Gear device
can changed the speed, torque, and direction of power source. When two gear mesh, if
one gear is bigger than the other, a mechanical advantage is produced with the rotational
speed and torque of the two gears differing in proportion to their diameter.

Specification:

1) Big gear = 25teeth

2) Small gear = 15teeth

1.6 STEEL SHAFT

A drive shaft is mechanical component for transmitting shaft and rotation, usually used
to connect other component of drive car that cannot be connected directly because of
distance or the need to allow for relative moment between them. We are used still shaft
because it is stronger, more double and generally less expensive than graphite and are
made from carbon still, although stainless steel is sometimes used.

1.7 BAKELITE SHEET

Bakelite was the first plastic made from synthetic component. It is a thermosetting
phenol formaldehyde resin, formed a condensation reaction of phenol formaldehyde.
Bakelite has a number of important properties. It can be moulded very quickly,
decreasing production time. It is not flexible and strong.

In this project Bakelite sheet is base for mounting equipment.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 1.8 WHEELS
Wheels are most important and simple equipment which is used for reducing the force
of friction. A wheel is a circular block of a hard orderable material at whose centre has
been bored a circular whole through which is placed and axel bearing about which the
wheel rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or torque to the wheel about its axis.
With the help of wheels the rotational motion converted into linear motion.

1.9 CONNECTING WIRES

Electrical wires are used to transfer electricity from one end to another. It is made up of
mental which are good conductor of electricity, like copper and aluminium. In this
project electrical wire is used to collect the current from supply and fed to the motor.

1.10 CLAMPS
A clamp is fastening device use to hold or source object tightly together to prevent
moment and separation through the application of invert pressure.

There are many types of clamps available for many different proposes. In this project
clamps aroused to tighten nuts and bolts.

1.11 MICROCONTROLLER
It is a low power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash
Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory ROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
MCS-51. Instruction set and pin out. The on chip Flash allows the program memory to
be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, it provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 2. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION & WORKING
The Circuit diagram of the project is shown in the figure. Starting with charger
circuit, the output of solar plate is connected to the bridge network made up of
diodes. It protects the damage of circuit from reverse polarity. One 220uf
capacitor is also connected at the output of bridge, it holds charge for some
duration in case of power variation because of clouds and shadow. Here one
variable voltage regulator IC LM317 is used to regulate the solar generated
voltage. To charge any battery constant voltage and current is required. 10 k pot
is used to vary the output voltage of LM317. LED is also connected at the
output to indicate that solar plate is generating voltage. Two diodes is used at
the output stage to prevent the back voltage from other source or battery.

One DPDT switch is also employed to alter the charging battery and sourcing
battery, because of this DPDT at a time one battery source the power while
another battery remains in charging mode. To increase the power of the
generator two generator is connected in series and the output of it fed to the
booster circuit. Booster circuit enhance the voltage at certain level to charge the
battery. Here also diode is used to prevent reverse voltage.

Two more switches SPST is used for Motor control and Microcontroller circuit.
7805 fixed voltage regulator IC provides constant 5 volt for Microcontroller,
LM358 and LCD display. At the input stage and output stage 220uf and 0.1uf
capacitors are connected respectively. There is another LED indicator to
confirm that 7805 is providing sufficient voltage.

Another aspect of the project is to check the battery status so that user can shift
the batteries. LM358 is best choice for it. LM358 is a comparator IC which
gives output in the form of high or low. In the inverting terminal 10K pot is
connected to set the reference voltage, non-inverting terminal is used to sense
the battery voltage through a voltage divider network.

LEDs are connected at the output stage of LM358 simultaneously that signal is
fed to Microcontroller ports. Finally Microcontroller displays the status of
battery on LCD. 11.0592 MHz crystal is used to provide frequency to the
microcontroller.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

 3. PLAN OF RESEARCH

Sr. No. Steps Days Required

1. Detail study of some more papers 10

2. Problem formulation 10

3. Study of tools 15

4. Model design 30

5. Paper publication 15

6. Thesis Writing 20

REFERENCE:
From Person:
Mr. Aashish Gupta (Embedded Engineer, Tiara Technologies India)

From book-
❖ Principal of Electrical Machine.

-V. K. Mehta

-Rohit Mehta

❖ Electrical Technology.

-B. L. Theteja

❖ Electrical Machines.

-S. K. Bhattacharya

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur

From Paper-
❖ T. Markel and A. Simpson, “Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle”, to be presented
at advanced battery conference Baltimore, Maryland.

❖ T. Markel and A. Simpson, “Energy Storage Consideration for Grid-Charge

Hybrid Electric Vehicle” IEEE Vehicular Technologies Conference.

❖ A. Simpson, “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Technology”.

❖ T. Markel, O. Keefe, M. Gondar, J. Brooker, A near term option to Reduce

Petroleum Consumption. NREL 39415, Golden, Co; National Renewable energy
Laboratory.

From YouTube-
❖ https://youtu.be/-K1djKdLU7o
❖ https://www.patreon.com/LearnEngineering
❖ https://www.youtube.com/user/jehugarcia
❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoBuOQn9XAQ
❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPG4R

WEBSITE VISITED
❖ https://www.ieee.org/
❖ https://www.wikipedia.org/
❖ https://www.electrical4u.com/

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur