10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

SCIENCE - Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 3: Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

Development Team of the Module

Author: Monaliza S. Agsalog, MAED

Content Editor: Said M. Macabago, PhD
Language Editor: Cecilia Casipong Damayan
Reviewers: Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD

Illustrator and Layout Artist: Ma. Eliza Joy Agsalog

Management Team

Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Regional Director

Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V

Asst. Regional Director
Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV
Schools Division Superintendent
Shambaeh A. Usman, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS
Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM

Members Elbert R. Francisco, PhD, Chief EPS, CID

Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD, EPS in Science
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD, LRMDS Manager
Jeny B. Timbal, PDO II
Shella O. Bolasco, Division Librarian II
Lesson
Uses of Plane Mirrors in
1 Optical Devices

What’s New

Optical instruments are the devices that process light wave to improve an
image for clearer viewing. Using an optical instrument like a magnifying lens or other
complex device like microscope or telescope usually makes things bigger and allows
us to see in a more detailed manner. Using converging lenses makes things look
bigger and on the other hand, diverging lenses always gets smaller images for you.

The first optical instruments were telescopes which were used to magnify
distant images, and microscopes used for magnifying very small images. These
instruments have been greatly improved since the days of Galileo and Van
Leeuwenhoek, and have been extended into other portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. This
property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. As of 2010, mirrors and
lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether
or not they consciously perceive the use. There are standard and innovative uses for
mirrors

A mirror with a flat surface is a plane mirror. An "ordinary" mirror without a

curve inside and out. These mirrors can be found almost anywhere – from bathrooms
to hallways to exteriors of buildings – and knowing how they reflect light can make
complex mirror variants significantly easier to understand.
 What is It

Uses of Plane Mirrors

1. Elevator Mirrors

Elevators are one of the greatest products of technology, because going up 25

flights of stairs sounds tiring and time-consuming. If you thought that the creators
of elevators were only concerned with the engineering part of it, you're definitely
wrong. Installed mirrors are strategically placed for a great reason.

Turns out, back in the day, when elevators were relatively new, people stood in
them, staring into nothingness with an exaggerated sense of time because they had
nothing else to do. All they could think of was their very natural fear of falling from
an elevator suspended mid-air with nothing but cables. So, mirrors were installed in
order to distract people and give them something to look at while they waited. The
mirrors also gave the usually small space of an elevator a sense of depth, thereby
reducing the feeling of claustrophobia that one might feel in such an enclosed space.

2. Periscope

A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object,

obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's
current position.

A simple periscope consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set
parallel to each other at a 45° angle. Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged
at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the
surface of the water and in the air.

3. Kaleidoscope

A kaleidoscope is a toy that uses light and mirrors to reflect objects and create
beautiful, fascinating repeating patterns. There are many different types of
kaleidoscopes that create different patterns, but all use the same basic laws of
physics, manipulating light and reflection.

When looking through the hole, light filters through the glass (or clear plastic)
on the end of the object chamber and illuminates the objects, which then reflect off
of all of the mirrors. The reflections bounce off of one another as the light passes
through the tube. The eye sees these bouncing reflections, creating the patterns. As
the kaleidoscope rotates, the objects shift in the chamber, and the reflection changes,
creating new patterns. The concept is simple, but creates a wonderful end result that
delights and entertains.
 What’s More

Activity 1.1 The Kaleidoscope (1)

Task: Construct a kaleidoscope. If you ever looked through a kaleidoscope, you
would surely say it's beautiful. The sunlight bounces off the glass with colors and is
reflected in the mirrors to create beautiful patterns which you can see if you look
inside.

Note: Cutting your own mirror maybe not possible in your home. You can use three
mirrors available in your home with identical shape and size. If there is none, you
may borrow from your teachers since there may be available mirrors of identical sizes
cut into strips in your science laboratory. If there are available glass dealers in your
nearby area, you may request them to do the cutting of the mirrors for you to have
your own kaleidoscope. Handle mirrors with extra care because the edges are sharp.
Procedure:
1. Cut the mirror into 3 strips that are 1 ½" wide. That's about 3.8 centimeter (1.5 in).
The best kind of "mirrors" for this are acrylic -- or those cheap little locker mirrors
they sell everywhere when it's back-to-school season. They're not really mirrors, so
they're fairly easy to cut into with a box or paper cutter.

2. Lay the 3 strips side by side and upside down. Be sure to leave a small gap between
each strip. "Small gap" here means about 1/8" (.3 cm). Then, tape the mirrors
together (along the gaps), bend them into a triangle shape, and set aside.
3. Cut your cardboard roll to the length of your mirror plus 1/3" (.85 cm). This is
easiest with a box cutter, but scissors will do. Just be careful not to stab yourself.

4. Create your peephole. Here's how:

*Place one of the circular ends of your tube flat on a piece of paper -- contact paper
is best, but construction paper or even gift wrap will work, too.
*Cut about 1" (2.5 cm) around the traced circle; with that extra 1", cut little notches
around the circle so it bends more easily (it'll sort of look like a firework).
*Cut a triangle or circle in the center of the paper to view through. Center the
cardboard tube on top of your circle and secure the edges with tape (unless you're
using contact paper, of course).

5. Create your plastic lenses. Get an empty plastic container or two and trace two
circles using the end of your tube (permanent marker is easiest to see). With an
object that's about ½" (1.25 cm) larger than your tube, draw around the previous
ones. Then, cut around the each of the larger circles with scissors. Lenses!

With one of the circles, cut notches all the way to the inside of the smaller circle --
this'll be called lens 1. It should sort of resemble a gear. With the other circle, cut
notches to the outside tracing of the smaller circle — this'll be lens 2. Lay them flat
against the table and bend the notches upwards.
6. Assemble the inside of your kaleidoscope. To begin, slide your triangular mirror
inside the cardboard tube. Take lens 1 and place it inside your tube against the edges
of the mirror, notches facing up; this should form a sort of makeshift pouch. Place
your selected beads, sequins, glitter, gems, and/or confetti on top of this plastic lens.
Cap your gems using lens 2, notches facing down, and use masking tape to secure
it all together.

1. Decorate your tube. The easiest way to make this kaleidoscope look as
impressive as possible is contact paper -- so long as you work out the
bubbles! But you can also use construction paper or even gift wrap to
jazz it up. And then add on some glitter or stickers if the urge strikes!

8. Put your kaleidoscope to good use. Done! Now all you have to do is hold it up to
the light and look through it. The light bounces off the mirrors, creating the
kaleidoscope effect you see inside. (1)

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. Cite at least 5 devices or establishments where plane mirrors are

commonly used? (5 Pts.)
2. What is the importance of using plane mirrors in elevators? (5 pts.)
 What I Can Do

Activity 1.2 Lateral Inversion

1. Initiate a race with you and other members of the family. The
instruction here is for you to write your name in a reverse manner so
that when you read it through the mirror, it would read correctly. Note:
All capital letters should be used.
2. Do the activity with some other words. Give one point for each member
who get each correct answer. Enjoy the game.
3. Based on the concept you learned from the game, explain in your own
words, why the word ‘Ambulance’ is written in reverse in this emergency
vehicle?

Lesson 1: Assessment

Now after learning about plane mirrors, answer the following questions based on
what you have learned from this lesson.

1. Why is the word ‘Ambulance written in reverse in emergency vehicles? (5 pts.)

Lesson
Uses of Curved Mirrors in
2 Optical Devices

What’s New

In contrast to plane mirrors, convex and concave mirrors curve the rays of
light that hit them. This results in the virtual images produced by their reflections
coming out distorted, as the light rays move towards or away from the center of the
mirror. For this reason, convex and concave mirrors aren't useful in bathrooms, but
they can be helpful in the right situation; for example, because plane mirrors can't
produce useful images at certain angles, the mirrors on the side of a car are convex.
They allow drivers to see behind and to the sides of their vehicle, though these virtual
images aren't at the same distance as the objects they reflect. This is why car mirrors
have messages reminding drivers that objects in the mirror may be closer than they
appear in the reflection.

What is It

Uses of Curved Mirrors

1. Side Mirrors (Motorcycle or Car)
One of the most important safety devices on your vehicle is its set of mirrors.
It might be considered the simplest but it plays a great role in ensuring your safety
on the road.
A side mirror, also known as the wing mirror, is a mirror placed on the outside
of motor vehicles to help the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the vehicle,
outside the driver's peripheral view known as the "blind spot”.
2. Dental Mirror
Concave mirrors are the most common dental instruments used in a dentist’s
office, and most patients will agree that they are less scary compared to other
equipment such as forceps and drills. They are part of diagnostic instruments in
dentistry. The concave mirror is sometimes referred to as the mouth mirror. The
head of the mirror is usually round and can be in different sizes depending on the
diameter of the mirror.
The mirror is made of a handle and head. The head is made of specified sizes
depending on the manufactures but what is likely to change is the head, which
depends on the requirement. Concave mirrors magnify images such that when the
object is at a distance from the mirror, it forms an inverted image and as the object
gets closer to the mirror it forms an image that is magnified.
Some of the mirror’s handles are metal, while others are made of a
combination of metal and resin or metal with silicon padding. Others are made of
resin only. Dentists that are concerned about the weight of the mirror prefer a
lightweight mirror made of a resin handle with handgrips that are silicon padded.
Most mirrors are made of round surfaces. The mirror number shows the
relative diameter of the mirror. Most dentists prefer size four or five mirrors, but a
small-sized mirror with a number three diameter is important in case of mirror size
issues. Mirrors that are double-sided help dentists enhance visualization, improve
light reflection and are ergonomically beneficial since they have a unique bend in the
mirror stem. Today dentists’ mirrors are more than a shiny surface as
manufacturers have come up with all kinds of mirrors that give dentists an enhanced
view of the inside of the patient’s mouth. (3)

3. Solar Cooker
A solar cooker can do almost anything a stove or an oven can do, only it uses
a natural nonpolluting, free, abundant energy source. In this article, we'll find out
how sunlight becomes heat, check out the different types of cookers available and
how they work, see what makes solar cooking a potential lifesaver in many parts of
the world and examine some of its shortcomings.
At its simplest, the sunlight-to-heat conversion occurs when photons
(particles of light) moving around within light waves interact with molecules moving
around in a substance. The electromagnetic rays emitted by the sun have a lot of
energy in them. When they strike matter, whether solid or liquid, all of this energy
causes the molecules in that matter to vibrate. They get excited and start jumping
around. This activity generates heat. Solar cookers use a couple of different methods
to harness this heat. (4)

What’s More

Activity 2.1 Convex Spoon Mirror

Task: Your goal is to examine convex mirrors and the reflection of light. Here,
you have to learn and understand the bend in a convex mirror, and how it distorts
the view of the image being looked at.
Light rays reflect from convex mirrors. Convex mirrors make the light rays
focus together. Images that are on the outside of the mirror are inverted or upside
down. The inside focus is upright and larger in view, like the side mirror on a
car. These types of mirrors distort the images they make. A convex mirror like the
front of the spoon, makes an image that can be small or large, and right side up or
upside down. It’s also important for students to understand that the closeness of the
spoon has an effect. The closer you are to the mirror (spoon), the larger the image,
up to a certain point. (5)

1. Describe how your image look in front and back of the spoon.(5 pts.)
2. Move the spoon back and forth towards your face changing focus.
Provide and explanation for why these things are happening. (10 pts.)
 What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What kind of mirrors are used by vehicles as side mirror? Why? (5 pts.)
2. How are images formed with curved mirrors? ( 5 pts.)
3. What are the devices where curved mirrors are used? (5 pts.)

What I Can Do

Activity 2.2 Interview

Task: Interview someone you know who frequently use an optical device or
instrument. In your interview, be sure to highlight the significance of the optical
device they use.

Your interview will be rated with the following criteria:

Creativity 20%
Significance of Content 40%
Clarity of Content 30%
Overall Presentation 10%
TOTAL 100%

Activity 2.3 Detective Mode On.

Task: Roam around your house and list all the mirrors and lenses you can identify.
Beside each item, describe how each item is being used and explain how is it
significant in your day to day living. List as many items as you can.

Name of Item Usage Significance

 Lesson 2: Assessment

Match the items in Column A and B.

Column A Column B

1 Solar Cooker

2 Dental Mirror

3 Concave Mirror

4 Convex Mirror

5 Projector
Lesson
Uses of Lenses in Optical
3 Devices

What’s New

A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light

rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means making
the rays converge to a specific point or to diverge as if from a specific point. The
material used could be a piece of glass or plastic, and the shape of the lens
determines whether it causes light rays to converge or diverge. The word “lens” comes
from the Latin word for “lentil,” due to the similarity in shape between a converging
lens and the legume.

The prime lens is a lens used in photography with a fixed focal length, as opposed to
zoom lenses where the focal length can be changed. In other contexts, though, prime
lens can be used to mean the primary lens in a system composed of multiple lenses.

What is It

Uses of Lenses
1. Magnifying Lens
A magnifying glass is a convex lens. Convex means curved outward, like the
underside of a spoon or the dome of a sports stadium. It is the opposite of concave,
or curved inward. A lens is something that allows light rays to pass through it and
bends, or refracts, them as they do so. A magnifying glass uses a convex lens because
these lenses cause light rays to converge, or come together.
 A magnifying glass, in effect, tricks your eyes into seeing what isn't there. Light
rays from the object enter the glass in parallel but are refracted by the lens so that
they converge as they exit, and create a "virtual image" on the retina of your eye. This
image appears to be larger than the object itself because of simple geometry: Your
eyes trace the light rays back in straight lines to the virtual image, which is farther
from your eyes than the object is and thus appears bigger. (7)

The magnifying lens is a critical aspect of modern technology. Without it, you
would not be able to take advantage of cameras, watch movies on a screen or use
gadgets such as the night-vision goggles that are vital in certain military operations.
Going back to the early 17th century, Galileo assembled the first astronomical
telescope, and discovered previously unknown features of Earth's moon and nearby
planets, and also revealed that Jupiter has multiple moons of its own. (7)
2. Camera
A camera lens is one of the most familiar types of lenses you encounter on a
daily basis, and these come in many different types, although they all share the same
basic principles of operation .

The aperture, which lets light into the inside of the camera, corresponds to
the pupil. The system of lenses in a camera performs the same function as the lens
of the eye. However, whereas the lens of the eye changes shape to change focus, glass
lenses are not very forgiving of shape changes. Instead, the lens system can be slid
along its optical axis in order to focus on the film. Of course, the film plays the role
of the retina. In addition, cameras have a shutter, which opens and closes quickly
so that the film does not get inundated with light. This produces a more or less clear
image of the instant that the photographer shoots. (9)
 A prime lens is a basic lens with a fixed focal length, and a zoom lens has a
variable focal length, so you don’t have to physically change your location to get
something in focus. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length
that dramatically increases the field of view, and a fisheye lens is essentially an
extreme version of a wide-angle lens. (8)
3. Eyeglass or Contact Lens
Other common types of lenses are eyeglasses lenses or the contact lens, and
both of these works to correct the problems with your vision. If you’re “nearsighted,”
this means your eye lenses create images in front of the light-sensitive retina in your
eye, and so you need diverging (concave) lenses to move the image further back.
If you’re “farsighted,” the lenses in your eyes would produce an image further
back than your retinas, so you need converging lenses to correct this issue.
Both contact lenses and eyeglasses correct this in the same way – by adding
an additional corrective lens to make the effective focal length of your eye match the
distance to your retina – but there are differences because contact lenses sit directly
on your eyes. In a contact lens, the lens doesn’t need to cover as much space (it only
needs to be big enough for your pupil at its maximum dilation) and can achieve this
with less material. For eyeglasses lenses, the lens needs to cover a much larger area
and is thicker as a result. (8)
4. Microscope
Microscopes work by using biconvex lenses (lenses with two convex sides) to
produce a magnified version of the images. Microscopes are a little more complicated
(because they usually have multiple lenses), but they produce magnified images in
basically the same way. As on microscopes, these have another lens in the eyepiece
to make sure the captured light is in focus when it reaches your eye. The other major
type of telescope is a reflector telescope, which uses mirrors instead of lenses to
gather the light and send it to your eye. The mirror is concave, so it focuses the light
to a real image on the same side of the mirror as the object. (8)

A simple microscope uses a single lens, so magnifying glasses are simple

microscopes. Stereoscopic or dissecting microscopes usually are simple microscopes
as well. Stereoscopic microscopes use two oculars or eyepieces, one for each eye, to
allow binocular vision and provide a three-dimensional view of the object.
Stereoscopic microscopes may have different lighting options as well, allowing the
object to be lit from above, below or both. Magnifying glasses and stereoscopic
microscopes can be used to view details on opaque objects like rocks, insects or
plants.
Compound microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for viewing. In general, compound microscopes require that the specimen to be
viewed is thin enough or transparent enough that light can pass through. These
microscopes provide high magnification, but the view is two-dimensional. (10)
5. Binoculars
Binoculars and telescopes are the next best thing. They take you up to the
action without having to move a muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of
optics and some pretty clever tricks that lenses pull on light. (10)

You can probably see where we're heading. If you want to see something in
the distance, you can use two convex lenses, placed one in front of the other. The
first lens catches light rays from the distant object and makes a focused image a
short distance behind the lens. This lens is called the objective, because it's nearest
to the object you're looking at. The second lens picks up that image and magnifies it,
just like a magnifying glass magnifies an image on paper. If you put the two lenses
in a closed tube, hey presto, you have a telescope. (There's quite a good
demonstration on this page at Birdwatching.com.) You can make your own telescope
easily enough with a couple of magnifying glasses and a cardboard tube wrapped
around them.
Binoculars are simply two telescopes side by side, one for each eye. But there's
a catch. When light rays from a distant object pass through a convex lens, they cross
over. That's why distant things sometimes look upside down if you look at them
through a magnifying glass. The second lens doesn't sort out that problem. So,
binoculars have a pair of prisms (large wedges of glass) inside them to rotate the
image through 180 degrees. One prism rotates the image through 90 degrees (flips it
onto its side), then the next prism rotates it through another 90 degrees (flips it onto
its side again), so the two prisms effectively turn it upside down. The prisms can
either be arranged in a back-to-back arrangement (known as roof prisms) or at 90
degrees (known as Porro prisms).
 The prisms explain why binoculars are heavy and why they are sometimes
quite chunky in the middle. Field glasses, which are compact binoculars like the
ones shown in the photo here, flip the incoming images using only lenses. There are
no prisms, so field glasses are smaller, lighter and more compact—but the image
quality is poorer. (11)

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Making Improvised Camera

Task: Construct a pin hole camera and explain the factors that affect the image on
the screen.
Materials:
1. Illustration board or cardboard
2. Black cartolina, cutting mat
3. Pin or sewing needle, glue or sticky tape
4. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp
Procedure:
1. Using the materials given, design and construct an improvised camera.
Reference Video: Pinhole Camera by ThinkTac
Source: YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jbjolpz2BQ

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What is a lens?
2. How are the characteristics of images formed by lenses applied in optical
instruments such as correcting nearsightedness and far sightedness?
3. What optical devices are used in industries and hospitals?
 What I Can Do

Activity 3.3 I’m a Song Composer

Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels. It can prompt memories,
enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. (Brewer, 1995). Based on what you
have learned in Lesson 1 to 3, compose a song parody using the words and sentences
found within the lessons. If you have a cellphone, use it to record your composition.
Enjoy! 😊

Assessment

A. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. converging .... real

B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual

2. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. converging .... real

B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual

3. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the

A. position of the lens.

B. diameter of the diaphragm.
C. shape of the lens.
D. focal length of the lens.
4. A convex lens can correct:
A. Astigmatism
B. Farsightedness
C. Farsightedness
D. All of the above

5. The human eye is like a camera and hence it contains a system of lens. The eye
lens forms
A. an inverted image in front of the retina
B. an inverted, real image of the object on the retina
C. a straight or upright, real image of the object on the iris
D. a straight or upright, real image of the object on the retina.

B. Essay

1. How are lenses used in everyday life? Explain. (5 pts)