Practice Workbook

This workbook is designed for use in Live instructor-led training and for OnDemand self-study. The explanations and
demonstrations are provided by the instructor in the classroom, or in the OnDemand eLectures of this course available on
the Bentley LEARNserver (learn.bentley.com).

This practice workbook is formatted for on-screen viewing using a PDF reader. It is also available as a PDF document in the
dataset for this course.

Harmonic Analysis V11

TRNC02987-1/0001

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Description and Objectives

Course Description

This workbook contains exercises to introduce you to harmonic time history in AutoPIPE.

Skills Taught

• Setting up a model for modal analysis

• Graphically reviewing mode shapes

• Determining the amount of mass participation.

• Define the Harmonic Loads

• Assign the Loads to the model

• Define the Harmonic analysis solution set

• Review the dynamic results

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Ex 1 – Open Example Model and Perform Modal Analysis
In this exercise you will open a model and perform a modal analysis and check that the mass participation is adequate.

1. Launch AutoPIPE from the Desktop Icon.

2. Select OpenAutoPIPE Database (*.dat) from the Application Button or use Open from the File Ribbon Tab.

3. In the Open dialog navigate to the dataset file HRMEXP_IMP.dat (HRMEXP_SI.dat) that was supplied with this training and select Open.

4. Save the model with a new name so that the original remains, using Save AsAutoPIPE Dataset (*.dat) from the File Ribbon Tab or from the
Application Button and use HRMEXT_working.dat or similar for the name.

5. To use automatic mass spacing select Edit Options from the Tools Ribbon Tab and make these changes:

 Mass point per span (A-Auto, 0-None): A

 Cutoff frequency: 200

Then click OK to accept.

Note: Pressure pulsations create axial loads. In order to capture the higher frequency axial modes use a high cut off frequency for mass discretization.
Whilst this increases the complexity of the model, modern computer performance means that running to a higher frequency isn’t normally a
problem and a value of 200Hz will produce a more refined model with more mass points.

Note: We will know the frequency of any measured input so will want to include modes at least 50% higher than any measured values.

Note: The cutoff value here should always be higher or equal to the values specified in the modal analysis dialog in 6 below.

Note: You can see the number of mass points automatically added by selecting Tools >Model Input Listing from the Menu Bar select the Extended
Components report and press OK

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6. Select Dynamic Analysis from the Analysis Ribbon Tab.

Note: The Cutoff value here should never be larger than that used to determine the mass point spacing.

Note: The Print Frequency after Cutoff will display the next modal frequency and is useful if you want to see how close it is to the cutoff frequency.

Then click OK to accept.

7. Answer Yes when asked Do you want to analyze the model?

Note: If you are not asked, then select Analyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab and click OK.

Note: If you are asked to review the Consistency Report say No, and as the spring is already designed there is no need to run the Hanger Selection
analysis, so there should be no Check here. Then click OK to accept.

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8. Graphically review the mode shapes by selecting Mode Shape from the Result Ribbon Tab.

• Animate mode shape: Check

Then click OK to accept.

9. Use the Navigation Buttons from the Result Ribbon Bar to move between the modes. There should be nineteen modes below 100Hz and
we have provided the Frequency Report from the Output Report here to illustrate them all.

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10. The mode shapes and mass participation reports are part of the Results Report and the Result Grids from the Results Ribbon bar.

Note: The results grid shows all the modes calculated and is similar to the Frequency Report of the Output report. Each mode captures an amount of
mass in a specific direction and the importance of the mode can be indicated by large percentage mass values indicated in the orange area. In this
example the X direction is the dominant direction for mode 1 and Z for mode 2 and both have large amounts of mass acting. It is important that we
obtain as much of the total system mass in each direction, before we apply any dynamic loading. Ideally the total in the red ring should be above
75-80% if possible and in this case it isn’t. In cases where this value is low we should consider using static correction or run the modal analysis for
more modes.

Note: Due to the inclusion of the reciprocating compressor the total system mass is artificially high, so the participating pipe mass will be higher than
reported above. Changing the material density of this part of the model would provide a more accurate figure of the total system mass (878kg cf
1755kg) and increase these mass participation values to Mass X = 93% Mass Y = 77% Mass Z = 76%.

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 Close Output Grid.

11. Select Save from the File Ribbon Bar.

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Ex 2 – Define the Harmonics, Assign to Model and Analyse
In this exercise you will define the information necessary to generate the harmonic loads and apply to the model.

1. Continue from the previous exercise.

Now that we have the model geometry complete and a successful modal analysis, we can add the dynamic loading to the analysis.

Define the Harmonic Loads

The harmonic loading for this example has come from the program PULS that is able to analyze the complex acoustic flow of reciprocating compressors
and determine shaking forces that un-balanced pressures around the system produce in the form of harmonic loads. Where a program like PULS is not
used and the shaking loads have been measure or obtained from some other means, the same procedure is followed for assigning them to the model.

For this example the PULS program determined that there were two run speeds that produced large shaking forces at nodes A5 and A81. To simplify the
example only two harmonics from each speed have been taken.

2. Select Harmonic from the Load Ribbon Tab. Open each speed and review the extracted harmonic loads.

• File Name: RPM276 RPM280

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 Note: It is clear from the RPM280 plot how the combination of two harmonics can produce a complex vibration profile. It is less clear in the RPM276 plot
as the harmonic at 18.4Hz dominates the combined result because of its large magnitude.

Note: The harmonic loads are stored in the model directory and take a .HRM file extension. The pulsation program PULS produces these files
automatically in the correct format for direct import to AutoPIPE.

Create a New Harmonic Load

• File Name: Select New from the dropdown and type in a name.

• Input: Imposed Acc (Gravity)

• Damping: 0.02

Hint: Use Plot Number and Frequency selections to view the individual harmonics and the resultant.

Then click OK to accept.

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3. Navigate to the model directory and open the Test.HMF.

Note: Any 3rd party program that writes harmonic data can be automatically read into the model if it takes this fixed form.

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Assign the Harmonic Loads to the Model

4. The Harmonic analysis is a dynamic analysis and it is assigned to the model by defining the Dynamic Analysis set. Select Dynamic Analysis from the
Analysis Ribbon Tab and select New:

5. Move to the Harmonic tab and select New:

• Data Set: RPM276

• Combinations: RMS

6. Select New again

• Data Set: RPM280

• Combinations: RMS

Note: Since there are two separate speeds we will run two harmonic analyses.

Note: The results will be found in the load cases H1 and H2.

Note: We don’t want to include the missing mass or ZPA as there is sufficient piping mass acting.

Note: The RMS method is selected for combining the response of individual harmonics, because it is unlikely that the peak response of each harmonic
will occur at the same time. Therefore, statistically the RMS method will give the best results. However, in this case the displaced shape of the
system is not realistic because all the computed displacements will have a positive sign.

Note: This analysis will form the dynamic harmonic analysis results H1 and H2, and will be available as a results load case for combining after analysis.

Then click OK to accept and Answer No when asked Do you want to analyze the model?

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Ex 3 – Analyze and Post Process the Results
In this exercise you will run the static and dynamic analysis and review the results to gauge the significance of the vibration. The most accurate way would be
to determine the stress and this is possible only if the geometry and forcing function are well defined. This would require analysis and cannot be directly
measured, but is preferred. ASME provides some procedures for determining allowable displacements and velocities to be compared with directly measured
results.

Analysis

1. Complete the full analysis be selecting Analyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab.

 Static: Check

 Modal: Check

 Response Spectra: Check

Then click OK to accept.

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Post Processing

2. Select Combinations from the Results Ribbon Tab. The response spectrum load case R1 is automatically combined with the sustained case for this
B31.3 analysis as an occasional load.

Note: The maximum range is missing from the Code Combinations as it was Un-checked in the Results Options Model from the Results Ribbon
Tab.

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3. Select Code Stresses from the Results Ribbon Tab.

• Select the Sus + H1 combination

Then click OK.

Note: The allowable stress is given as 147N/mm2, API 618 recommends that we take half of the allowable as this combination contains harmonic load.

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4. Select Combinations from the Results Ribbon Tab.

5. Manually remove the Check from Auto Update for Sus + H1 and Sus + H2 combinations and change the value of Allowable Stress to 10640psi (21280/2).

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6. Select Code Stresses from the Results Ribbon Tab.

• Select the All combinations

Then click OK.

Note: The stress result now shows that the occasional stresses are very much overstressed.

Note: The compressor cylinder also looks highly stressed and this is a result of a high Hoop Stress. We are not designing the compressor so this is OK.
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7. Select Displacement from the Results Ribbon Tab.

• Select the Harmonic 1 combination

Then click OK.

Note: Due to the nature of dynamic analysis the deflections displayed on the screen are always +ve. Equal and opposite –ve deflections will occur, but
only one can be displayed,
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Modify the model to reduce the occasional stresses.

8. Insert a Line Stop in the leg A8 – A9 at node A81 using Support from the Component Toolbar

9. Complete the full analysis be selecting Analyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab.

10. Select Combinations from the Results Ribbon Tab.

11. Manually remove the Check from Print for Hoop Stress so that is doesn’t dominate the result.

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12. Select Code Stresses from the Results Ribbon Tab.

• Select the All combinations

Then click OK.

Note: So the occasional stresses are now OK, but we would have to consider the effect of this change on the thermal stress and the equipment loads.

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Effect on Fatigue

The program does not offer a cyclic fatigue analysis for design codes other than the ASME Nuclear code. A simplified assessment of the effect of this
vibration on fatigue damage can be made.

Note: This is a general approach and the evaluation of this vibration stress. The design codes factor stresses using SIF’s so the reported value is not the
real stress. Some codes do not factor the girth welds so the engineer needs to fully understand the value of stress to be applied.

Note: For high cycle fatigue (HCF) involving almost infinite numbers of operating cycles, the acceptance criteria would be based on an allowable
endurance limit for the material. The nature of HCF is somewhat different to low cycle fatigue (LCF) with less than 104 cycles. Material defects,
notches, weld residual stresses are more tolerable in LCF due to local yielding, but they have significant effect in HCF at the elastic state. ASME
defines the endurance strength

13. Select Combinations from the Results Ribbon Tab.

14. Manually create a User Code Combination by moving to the Code Comb tab and selecting New. Set it up like below.

• Repeat for H2.

Note: This will allow us to determine the stress value of the harmonic loading.

Then click OK to accept.

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15. Select Result Grids from the Results Ribbon Tab. In the Code Stress tab remove the check from all code stress combinations except the two
Fatigue Checks.

• Un-check the unwanted combinations

• Double click on the stress column twice to order from high to low and read the maximum stress value.

Note: Reading off the maximum stress value from the Grid we can see that the 0-Peak value is 41N/mm2 5945psi. For the full Peak to Peak stress range
we should double this value and see how many full fatigue cycles this level of stress can allow.

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16. Use the relevant fatigue curve for the material and extract the number of cycles for the Harmonic stress range.

Note: For the higher strength carbon steel the allowable number of cycles would be around 3 x 109. This isn’t a large number when we are talking about
high frequency machine induced vibrations.

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