11 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 NATURE OF PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER

15. Obtain an expression for the time period T of a simple pendulum. The time
period T depends on (i) mass ‘m’ of the bob (ii) length ‘l’ of the pendulum and
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
(iii) acceleration due to gravity g at the place where the pendulum is 1. In a submarine equipped with sonar, the time delay between the generation of
suspended. (Constant k = 2π) a pulse and its echo after reflection from an enemy submarine is observed to
Solution : 𝑇 ∝ 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 𝑔𝑐 be 80 s. If the speed of sound in water is 1460 ms-1. What is the distance of
𝑇 = 𝐾 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 𝑔𝑐 − − − − − − − (1) enemy submarine?
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 = [𝑇] Solution : t = 80 s ; 𝑣 = 1460 𝑚 𝑠 −1 ; D=?
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 = [𝑀] 𝑣𝑡 1460 𝑋 80
𝐷= = = 1460 𝑋 40
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 = [𝐿] 2 2
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 = [𝐿 𝑇 −2 ] 𝑫 = 𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟒 𝒌𝒎
Put these dimensional formula in equation (1) 2. The radius of the circle is 3.12 m. Calculate the area of the circle with regard to
[𝑇] = 𝐾 [𝑀]𝑎 [𝐿]𝑏 [𝐿 𝑇 −2 ]𝑐 significant figures.
[𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 1 ] = 𝐾 [𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝑏+𝑐 𝑇 −2𝑐
0 0 Solution : r = 3.12 m ; A=?
Compare the powers of M, L and T on both sides,we get, 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 3.14 𝑋 3.12 𝑋 3.12
a=0; b+c=0; -2 c = 1 A = 30.57 m2
1 A = 30.6 m2 ( rounding off with significant figure 3)
b=-c c=−
2
1
b= 3. Assuming that the frequency 𝝊 of a vibrating string may depend upon i)
2
Pput the values of a, b and c in equation (1) applied force (F) ii) length (l) iii) mass per unit length (m), prove that
1 1 𝟏 𝑭
𝑇 = 𝐾 𝑚0 𝑙 2 𝑔 − 2 𝝊 ∝
𝒍
√
𝒎
using dimensional analysis.
1 1
𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙 2 Solution : Given that
𝑇=𝐾 1 =𝐾 [ ] =𝐾√ 𝜐 ∝ 𝑙 𝑎 𝐹 𝑏 𝑚𝑐 − − − − − − − (1)
𝑔 𝑔
𝑔2
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 = [ 𝑇 − 1] ; 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙 = [𝐿]
𝒍 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 = [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 ] ; 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 = [𝑀 𝐿−1 ]
𝑻 =𝟐𝝅√ Put these dimensional formula in equation (1)
𝒈
[ 𝑇 −1 ] ∝ [𝐿]𝑎 [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 ]𝑏 [𝑀 𝐿−1 ]𝑐
[𝑀 𝐿0 𝑇 −1 ] ∝ [𝑀𝑏+𝑐 𝐿𝑎+𝑏− 𝑐 𝑇 − 2𝑏 ]
0

Compare the powers of M ,L and T on both sides,we get,

b+c=0; a + b -c = 0 ; - 2 b = -1
1
c = -b a +b +b= 0 b=
2
1 1
c=- a+2[ ]=0
2 2
a = -1
Put the values of a, b and c in equation (1)
1 1
𝜐 ∝ 𝑙 −1 𝐹 2 𝑚− 2
1 1
𝐹2 1 𝐹 2
𝜐 ∝ 1 = [ ]
𝑙 𝑚
𝑙 𝑚2
𝟏 𝑭
𝝊 ∝ √
𝒍 𝒎

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 NATURE OF PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
4. Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million km from the Earth. Its angular
diameter is measured to be 35.72˝. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter.
Solution : x = 824.7 million km = 824.7 X 106 X 103 m ;
 = 35.72 = 35.72 X 4.85 X 10-6 rad; b = ?
𝑏
𝑥=
𝜃
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝜃
= 824.7 𝑋 109 𝑋 35.72 𝑋 4.85 𝑋 10−6
= 1.428 𝑋 105 𝑋 103 𝑚
𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎
5. The measurement value of length of a simple pendulum is 20 cm known with
2 mm accuracy. The time for 50 oscillations was measured to be 40 s within
1 s resolution. Calculate the percentage accuracy in the determination of
acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ from the above measurement.
Solution: : 𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚 = 200 𝑚𝑚; ∆𝑙 = 2 𝑚𝑚
40
50 𝑇 = 40 𝑠 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = = 0.8 𝑠;
50
1
50 ∆𝑇 = 1 𝑠 (𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑇 = = 0.02 𝑠
50
𝑙 𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 2 = 4 𝜋 2
𝑔 𝑔
𝑙 𝑙
∴ 𝑔 = 4 𝜋 2 2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 ∝ 2
𝑇 𝑇
• Hence thr percentage accuracy ,
∆𝑔 ∆𝑙 ∆𝑇
𝑋100% = [ + 2 ] 𝑋100 %
𝑔 𝑙 𝑇
2 0.02
= [ + 2𝑋 ] 𝑋 100 %
200 0.8
1 2
= [ + ] 𝑋 100 %
100 40
∆𝒈 𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % = 𝟔 %
𝒈 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 KINEMATICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
6. An object at an angle such that the horizontal range is 4 times of the maximum
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS height. What is the angle of projection of the object?
1. The position vectors particle has length 1m and makes 300 with the x-axis. Solution :
What are the lengths of the x and y components of the position vector?  Horizontal range,
Solution : 𝑙 =1𝑚; 𝜃 = 30° 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃
√𝟑 𝑅=
 Length of 𝑥 - component ; 𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙 cos  = 1 𝑋 cos 30° = 𝑔
𝟐
𝟏  Maximum height
 Length of 𝑦 - component ; 𝑙𝑦 = 𝑙 sin  = 1 𝑋 sin 30° = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃
𝟐
2. A particle has its position moved from ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟒 𝒋̂ to ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ . Calculate ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔
the displacement vector (∆𝒓 ⃗ ) and draw the ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 and ∆𝒓 ⃗ vector in a two  Given that, 𝑅 = 4 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥
dimensional Cartisian coordinate system. 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃
Solution : =4𝑋
𝑔 2𝑔
∆𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1
𝑢2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃
= (𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂) − (3 𝑖̂ + 4 𝑗̂ ) =4𝑋
= 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑖̂ − 4 𝑗̂ 𝑔 2𝑔
⃗ = − 𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂
∆𝒓 cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
=1
cos 𝜃
3. Calculate the average velocity of the particle whose position vector changes tan 𝜃 = 1
from ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂ to ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂ in a time 5 second. 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟒𝟓°
Solution : The average velocity, 7. The following graphs represent velocity – time graph. Identify what kind of
∆𝑟 𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 motion a particle undergoes in each graph.
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
∆𝑡 𝑡
(2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂) − (5 𝑖̂ + 6 𝑗̂ ) 2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ − 5 𝑖̂ − 6 𝑗̂
= =
5 5
−𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ 𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = − ( 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂)
𝟓 𝟓
4. Convert the vector ⃗⃗𝒓 = 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ into a unit vector.
Solution : The magnitude of given vector ⃗⃗𝑟 = 3 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ is,
|𝑟 | = √32 + 22 = √9 + 4 = √13
 A vector divided by its magnitude gives unit vector. Hence Solution : The slope of velocity-time graph gives the acceleration.
⃗
𝒓 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ Figure – (a)
𝒓̂ = =  Here the velocity of the particle linearly increases with time
|𝒓
⃗| √𝟏𝟑
5. What are the resultants of the vector product of two given vectors given by,  The slope is constant. It implies that the acceleration 𝒂
⃗ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
⃗⃗ = 𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝑨 ̂ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂  Thus the partice is in uniformly accelerated motion.
Solution : By definition, vector product is given by, Figure – (b)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂  Here the velocity of the particle is constant
𝐴𝑋𝐵 ⃗ = |4 −2 1 |  The slope is zero. It implies the particle has zero acceleration.
5 3 −4  Thus the particle moves with uniform velocity.
= 𝑖̂ (8 − 3) + 𝑗̂ (5 + 16) + 𝑘̂ (12 + 10) Figure – (c)
⃗⃗ 𝑿 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐 𝒊̂  Here the velocity of the particle linearly increases with time
 The slope is constant. It implies that the acceleration 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 and it is
greater than paricle shown in first graph (a)
 Thus the partice is in uniformly accelerated motion.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 KINEMATICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
Figure – (d) 9. A particle is projected at an angle of  with respect to the horizontal direction.
 Here the velocity of the particle increases with time but not linearly. Match the following for the above motion.
 The slope at different points will have different values. it implies that the (a) vx – decreases and increases
acceleration is 𝒂 ⃗ is variable (b) vy – remains constant
 Since the velocity per unit time is different at diffent times, the particle is in (c) Acceleration – varies
non – uniform accelerated motion. (d) Position vector – remains downward
8. The following velocity–time graph represents a particle moving in the positive Solution :
x–direction. Analyse its motion from 0 to 7 s. Calculate the displacement (a) vx – remains downward
covered and distance travelled by the particle from 0 to 2 s. (b) vy – decreases and increases
(c) Acceleration – remains downward
(d) Position vector – varies
10. A water fountain on the ground sprinkles water all around it. If the speed of the
water coming out of the fountain is v. Calculate the total area around the
fountain that gets wet.
Solution :
 Let R be the maximum range, then
𝑣2
𝑅=
𝑔
Solution :  Since the water sprinkle on the ground around the
 From 0 to 1.5 s, the particle has negative velocity and moves in negative fountain in circular area of radius equal to R, then
2
direction. From 1.5 s to 6 s, the particle has positive velocity and moves in 2
𝑣2 𝝅 𝒗𝟒
positive direction. And finally from 6 s to 7 s particle has zero velocity and it will = 𝜋 𝑅 = 𝜋 [ ] =
𝑔 𝒈𝟐
be at rest 11. The following table gives the range of a particle when thrown on different
 From 0 to 1 s, velocity increases in negative direction and attains maximum of planets. All the particles are thrown at the same angle with the horizontal and
2 ms-1 at 1 s . Here the particle has positive acceleration with the same initial speed. Arrange the planets in ascending order according
 From 1s to 1.5 s, velocity decreases and at 1.5 s the velocity becomes zero and to their acceleration due to gravity, (g value).
the particle comes to rest at that instant. Here the particle has negative Planet Range
acceleration (retardation) Jupiter 50 m
 From 1.5 s to 2 s, velocity increases in positive direction and attains maximum of Earth 75 m
1ms-1 at 2 s. Again the particle has positive acceleration. Mars 90 m
 From 2 s to 5 s, the velocity stays constant at 1 m s -1 . Here the acceleration of the Mercury 95 m
particle is zero and the motion is unifom Solution :
 From 5 s to 6 s, the velocity decreases and becomes zero at 6 s . Here the particle  For a given angle and initial velocity of projection, range is inversely
has negative accleleration and the particle keeps on rest up to 7 s 1
proportional to the acceleration due to gravity of the planet. [𝑅 ∝ ]
Displacement : 𝑔

 The total area under the curve from 0 s to 2 s will give the displacement.  Here the range is minimum in Jupiter and maximum in Mercury, so the
1 acceleration due to gravity for Jupiter is greater than Mercury
The displacement of the particle from 0 s to 1.5 s = 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 (−2) = −1.50 𝑚
2 (i.e.) 𝒈𝑱𝒖𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 > 𝒈𝑴𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚
1
The displacement from 1.5 s to 2 s = 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 1 = + 0.25 𝑚  Accending order of the planets accoring to their acceleration due to gravity,
2
Total displacement covered in 0-2 s = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎 Planets
Distance travelled :
Mercury
 Total distance travelled in 0 – 2 s = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎 Mars
Earth
Jupiter

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 KINEMATICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
12. The resultant of two vectors A and B is perpendicular to vector A and its 15. If Earth completes one revolution in 24 hours, what is the angular
magnitude is equal to half of the magnitude of vector B. Then find the angle displacement made by Earth in one hour. Express your answer in both radian
between A and B ? and degree.
Solution : Solution :
𝐵  Angular displacement for one complete revolution (i.e.) for 24 hours = 360°
 Given that, 𝑅 = , 𝛼 = 90°
2  Hence, angular displacement for one hour,
 According triangle law of vectors 360°
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝜃 = = 𝟏𝟓 °
24
2 2 2
𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝜋 𝝅
2 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜃 = 𝑋 15° = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 [∵ 180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑]
𝐵 3𝐵 2
√3 𝐵 2
3 √3 180° 𝟏𝟐
= + 𝐵 + 2 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵 [ + 1 + 2 cos 𝜃] 16. A object is thrown with initial speed 5 m s-1 with an angle of projection 30°.
4 4 2 4 2
1 3 What is the height and range reached by the particle?
= + 1 + √3 cos 𝜃 Solution :
4 4 (1) Maximum height of the projectile,
3 1 4+3−1 6 3
− √3 cos 𝜃 = 1 + − − 1 = = = 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃
4 4 4 4 2 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3 √3 2𝑔
− cos 𝜃 = = 1 1
2 2
5 𝑋 sin 30° sin 30° 25 𝑋 [ ] X [ ]
√3 𝑋2
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 2 2 = 25 = 25 = 0.3188 𝑚
√3 2 𝑋 9.8 2 𝑋 9.8 8 𝑋 9.8 78.4
cos (180° − 𝜃) = (2) Horizontal range,
2
√3 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃 𝑢2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
(180° − 𝜃) = cos −1 [ ] = 30° 𝑅= =
2 𝑔 𝑔
𝜃 = 180° − 30° = 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 52 X 2 X sin 30° cos 30°
𝑅=
13. Compare the components for the following vector equations 9.8
(1) 𝑻𝒋̂ − 𝒎 𝒈𝒋̂ = 𝒎 𝒂 𝒋̂ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗
(2) 𝑻 + 𝑭 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 ⃗⃗ 1 √3
25 𝑋 2 𝑋 [ ] X [ ]
⃗ ⃗
(3) 𝑻 − 𝑭 = 𝑨 − 𝑩 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ (4) 𝑻𝒋̂ + 𝒎 𝒈𝒋̂ = 𝒎 𝒂 𝒋̂ 2 2 25 𝑋 1.732 43.300
𝑹 = = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏 𝒎
Solution : 9.8 2 𝑋 9.8 19. 6
(1) 𝑇−𝑚𝑔=𝑚𝑎 17. A foot-ball player hits the ball with
(2) 𝑇𝑥 + 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 ; 𝑇𝑦 + 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 ; 𝑇𝑧 + 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 speed 20 m s-1 with angle 30° with
(3) 𝑇𝑥 − 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 ; 𝑇𝑦 − 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦 ; 𝑇𝑧 − 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 − 𝐵𝑧 respect to horizontal direction as
shown in the figure. The goal post is at
(4) 𝑇+𝑚𝑔=𝑚𝑎
distance of 40 m from him. Find out
14. Calculate the area of the triangle for which two of its sides are given by the
whether ball reaches the goal post?
vectors ⃗𝑨 ⃗ = 𝟓 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗ = 𝟒 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂
Solution :
Solution : Area of the triangle ,
 Here the hitted ball is consider as a
1
∆ = ⃗
|𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 | − − − − − − − − (1) projectile. Its range
2 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃 𝑢2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂ 𝑅= =
𝐴𝑋𝐵 ⃗ = |5 −3 0 | = 𝒊̂ (𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝒋̂ (𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝒌 ̂ (𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏𝟐) = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌
̂ 𝑔 𝑔
4 6 0 1 √3
400 𝑋 2 𝑋 [ ] X [ ]
⃗
∴ |𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 | = 42 20 2
X 2 X sin 30° cos 30° 2 2 400 𝑋 1.732
𝑅= = =
9.8 9.8 2 𝑋 9.8
692. 800
 Put this in equation (1), 𝑅 = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎
1 19. 6
∆ = 𝑋 42 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝟐  Thus the range of the hitted ball is 35.35 m. But the goal post is at a distance of
2 40 m from him. So ball will not reach the goal post

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 KINEMATICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
18. If an object is thrown horizontally with an initial speed 10 m
s -1
from the top of (c) From figure
2
a building of height 100 m. what is the horizontal distance covered by the (-x) - component = 2 cos 45° (−𝑖̂) = − 𝑖̂
√2
particle? 2
Solution : y - component = 2 sin 45° 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂
√2
 Horizontal range of the object projected horizontally, Z - component = 4 𝑘̂
 Then position vector
2ℎ 2 𝑋 100 200 200 𝑋 100 2 2
𝑅=𝑢√ = 10 √ = 10 √ = =√ 𝑟= 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂
𝑔 9.8 9.8 9.8
√2 √2
2
20000 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑟= (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) + 4 𝑘̂
𝑅=√ = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎 ≅ 𝟒𝟓 𝑚 √2
9.8 ̂
⃗ = √𝟐 (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ ) + 𝟒 𝒌
𝒓
19. An object is executing uniform circular motion with an angular speed of 21. The Moon is orbiting the Earth approximately once in 27 days, what is the
𝝅
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 . At t = 0 the object starts at an angle  = 0 What is the angular angle transversed by the Moon per day?
𝟏𝟐
displacement of the particle after 4 s ? Solution :
Solution :  Angle traversed by the Moon for one complete rotation
𝜃 (i.e.) for 27days = 360° = 2 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡
𝑡  Angle traversed by the Moon for one day,
𝝅 𝝅 2𝜋 2 𝑋 3.14 6.28
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑿𝟒= 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟔𝟎° 𝜃= = =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 27 27 27
20. Consider the x–axis as representing east, the y–axis as north and z–axis as 𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑° [1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 57.27°]
vertically upwards. Give the vector representing each of the following points. 22. An object of mass m has angular acceleration 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 . What is the
(a) 5 m north east and 2 m up (b) 4 m south east and 3 m up angular displacement covered by the object after 3 second? (Assume that the
(c) 2 m north west and 4 m up object started with angle zero with zero angular velocity).
Solution Solution : From equation for uniform circular motion,
(a) From figure 1
x - component = 5 cos 45° 𝑖̂ =
5
𝑖̂ 𝜃 = 𝜔 0 𝑡 + 𝛼 𝑡2 [∵ 𝜔0 = 0]
√2 2
5 1
y - component = 5 sin 45° 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ 𝜃 = 0 + 𝑋 0.2 𝑋 32
√2 2
z - component = 2 𝑘̂ 1
𝜃= 𝑋 0.2 𝑋 9 = 0.1 𝑋 9
 Then position vector 2
5 5 𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ≅ 𝟓𝟏° [1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 57.27°]
𝑟= 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
√2 √2
𝟓
(𝑜𝑟) ⃗ =
𝒓 (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ ) + 𝟐 𝒌 ̂
√𝟐
(b) From figure
4
x - component = 4 cos 45° 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
√2
5
(-y) component = 4 sin 45° (−𝑗̂) = − 𝑗̂
√2
Z - component = 3 𝑘̂
 Then position vector
4 4
𝑟= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂
√2 √2
𝟒
(𝑜𝑟) ⃗ =
𝒓 (𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ ) + 𝟐 𝒌̂
√𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER
24. Consider a circular leveled road of radius 10 m having coefficient of static
friction 0.81. Three cars (A, B and C) are travelling with speed 7 m s -1, 8 m s-1
EXCERSICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
and 10 ms-1 respectively. Which car will skid when it moves in the circular level 1. A force of 50N act on the object of mass 20 kg. shown in the
road? (g =10 m s-2) figure. Calculate the acceleration of the object in x and y
Solution : directions.
 From the safe turn condition, the speed of the vehicle must be 𝑣 ≤ √𝜇𝑠 𝑟 𝑔 Solution :
Hence, 𝑣 ≤ √0.81 𝑋 10 𝑋 10 ≤ √81 ≤ 𝟗 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  From Newton’s second law ; 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎
 The speed of car A, B and C are 7 m s-1, 8 m s-1 and 10 m s-1 respectively. Hence the acceleration ;
 The cars A and B will have safe turns. 𝐹 50
𝑎 = = = 2.5 𝑚 𝑠 −2
 But the car C has speed 10 m s-1 while it turns which exceeds the safe turning 𝑚 20
speed. Hence, the car C will skid.  The acceleration in x – axis,
25. Consider a circular road of radius 20 meter banked at an angle of 15 degree. √3
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 = 2.5 𝑋 cos 30° = 2.5 𝑋 = 1.25 𝑋 1.732 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
With what speed a car has to move on the turn so that it will have safe turn? 2
Solution :  The acceleration in y – axis,
 The safe speed for the car on this road is, 1
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 2.5 𝑋 sin 30° = 2.5 𝑋 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑣 = √𝑟 𝑔 tan 𝜃 2
2. A spider of mass 50 g is hanging on a string of a cob web as shown in
= √20 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 tan 15° the figure. What is the tension in the string?
= √20 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 0.26 Solution :
𝒗 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  Here two forces acting on the spider.
(1) Downward gravitational force (m g)
26. Calculate the centrifugal force experienced by a man of 60 kg standing at (2) Upward tension (T)
Chennai? (Given: Latitude of Chennai is 13° )  Hence, 𝑻 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 50 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 9.8 = 490 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝑵
Solution : 3. What is the reading shown in spring balance?
 The centrifugal force is given by (1) (2)
2𝜋
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 𝜃 [∵ 𝜔 = ]
𝑇
2𝜋 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 𝑚 [ ] 𝑅 cos 𝜃
𝑇
 Here, time period of the Earth T =24 hours and radius of
Earth, 𝑅 = 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑚
Solution :
2 𝑋 3.14 2 (1) Here two forces acting on the spring balance. These two forces are equal in
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 60 𝑋 [ ] 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 cos 13 magnitude (4g) and opposite in
24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60 direction. So resultant force will be
6.28 2 zero. Hence spring balance wil show
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 60 𝑋 [ ] 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 cos 13
86400 zero reading.
60 𝑋 6.28 𝑋 6.28 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9744 (2) Here the forces acting on the spring balance is shown in the figure.
𝐹𝑐𝑓 =
86400 𝑋 86400 The normal force ‘N’ is balanced by the component 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝑭𝒄𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟓 𝑵 (𝑖. 𝑒) 𝑁 = 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃
Hence the other component 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃 gives the
reading of the spring balance
(𝑖. 𝑒) 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
1
𝐹 = 2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 sin 30° = 2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋
2
𝑭 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝑵

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER
4. The physics books are stacked on each other in the sequence: +1 volumes  In the arc path, the restoring force acting along the tangential direction gives the
1 and 2 ; +2 volumes 1 and 2 on a table. tangential acceleration. Hence from Newton’s second law,
(1) Identify the forces acting on each book and draw the free body diagram. 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
(2) Identify the forces exerted by each book on the other. 𝑚 𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
Solution : ∴ 𝒂𝑻 = 𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 The tension acting along the string gives centripetal acceleration. Hence form
Newton’s second law,
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑝
𝑻 − 𝒎𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒂𝒄𝒑 =
𝒎
6. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected with a string
passing over a frictionless pulley fixed at the corner of
the table as shown in the figure. The coefficient of
static friction of mass m1 with the table is μs. Calculate
 Forces acting on 11 physics vol-1, the minimum mass m3 that may be placed on m1 to
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐴 𝑔) prevent it from sliding. Check if m1=15 kg, m2=10 kg,
(ii) Upward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐵 ) m3=25 kg and μs =0.2
 Forces acting on 11 physics vol-2, Solution :
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐵 𝑔)  The force acting on the given system are showm below.
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐴 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐶 )
 Forces acting on 12 physics vol-1,
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐶 𝑔)
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐵 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐷 )
 Forces acting on 12 physics vol-2,
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐷 𝑔)
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐶 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by the table (𝑁𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 )  When the mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) is at rest, then from Newton’s second law,
5. A bob attached to the string oscillates back and forth. Resolve the forces acting 𝑁 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 = 0
on the bob in to components. What is the acceleration experience by the bob at (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 − − − − − − (1)
an angle θ . & 𝑇 − 𝑓𝑠 = 0
Solution : (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑠
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 − − (2)
 Since 𝑚1 also at rest,
𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 0
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − − − − (3)
 From equation (2) and (3)
𝜇𝑠 (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 = 𝑚2 𝑔
𝑚2
𝑚1 + 𝑚3 =
𝜇𝑠
𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟑 = − 𝒎𝟏 − − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝝁𝒔
𝒎𝟐
 Hence if 𝒎𝟑 = ( − 𝒎𝟏 ) ,then the combined mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) will just begins
𝝁𝒔
to slide on the table

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER
Verification : If 𝑚1 = 15 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 10 𝑘𝑔, 𝜇𝑠 = 0.2 , then 9. A football player kicks a 0.8 kg ball and imparts it a velocity 12 ms-1. The
𝒎𝟐 𝟏𝟎 contact between the foot and ball is only for one- sixtieth of a second. Find the
𝒎𝟑 = − 𝒎𝟏 = − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈 average kicking force.
𝝁𝒔 𝟎. 𝟐
 That is, to prevent sliding of mass 𝑚1 , the minimum mass 𝑚3 that should be Solution :
placed over 𝑚1 = 15 𝑘𝑔 will be 𝑚3 = 35 𝑘𝑔 .  The average force will be,
 But the given mass 𝑚3 is 25 𝑘𝑔. So the combined mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) will slide on ∆𝑝 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢 𝑚 (𝑣 − 𝑢)
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = =
the table ∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
7. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle of mass 25 kg as shown in Figures 1 0.8 (12 − 0)
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 0.8 𝑋 12 𝑋 6
and 2. 1
( )
6
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔 𝑵
10. A stone of mass 2 kg is attached to a string of length 1 meter. The string can
withstand maximum tension 200 N. What is the maximum speed that stone can
have during the whirling motion?
Solution : Solution :
 Apply Newton’s second law in figure (1)  During whirling motion of the stone, the tension acting along the string provides
500 − 400 = 𝑚 𝑎 necessary centripetal force.
500 − 400 100  If tension becomes maximum,then the centripetal force also be maximum. Hence
𝒂 = = = 𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 2
𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚 25 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝐹𝑐𝑝 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
 Apply Newton’s second law in figure (2) 𝑟
400 − 400 = 𝑚 𝑎 2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 200 𝑋 1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 100
400 − 400 0 𝑚 2
𝒂 = = =𝟎 ∴ 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝑚 25
8. Apply Lami’s theorem on sling shot and calculate the tension in each string ? 11. Imagine that the gravitational force between Earth and Moon is
Solution : provided by an invisible string that exists between the Moon
and Earth. What is the tension that exists in this invisible string
due to Earth’s centripetal force?
(Mass of the Moon = 7.34 × 1022 kg, Distance between Moon
and Earth = 3.84 × 108 m)
Solution :
 The centripetal acceleration excerted by Earth on Moon
𝑣2 2𝜋 2
𝑎𝑐𝑝 = = 𝜔2 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = [ ] 𝑅𝑀𝐸 [∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]
Solution : 𝑅𝑀𝐸 𝑇
 If a point is in equilibrium under three concurrent and coplanar forces, then by  Distance between Moon and Earth, 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 3.84 𝑋 106 𝑚
Lami’s theorem, 4 𝜋2
∴ 𝑎𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑅𝑀𝐸
𝑇 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇
= = 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.84 𝑋 108
sin 150° sin 150° sin 60° 𝑎𝑐𝑝 =
𝑇 𝐹 (27.3 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60)2
(𝑜𝑟) = = 2.721 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 108
sin(180° − 30°) sin 60°
𝑇 𝐹 𝒂𝒄𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
=
sin 30° sin 60°  The tension due to this acceleration,
1
𝐹 sin 30° 50 𝑋 50 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑝 = 7.34 𝑋 1022 𝑋 0.002721
𝑻= = 2 = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝑵
sin 60° √3 1.732 𝑇 = 1.997 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1022
2 𝑻 ≅ 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝑵

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER
12. Two bodies of masses 15 kg and 10 kg are connected with light string kept on a 15. A long stick rests on the surface. A person standing 10 m away from the stick.
smooth surface. A horizontal force F=500 N is applied to a 15 kg as shown in With what minimum speed an object of mass 0.5 kg should he thrown so that it
the figure. Calculate the tension acting in the string. hits the stick. (Assume the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.7).
Solution : Solution :
 When the stone moves towards the stick , it experieces kinetic
friction.
 Accoring to Newton’s second law,
𝑓𝑘 = − 𝑚 𝑎
𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = − 𝑚 𝑎
𝜇𝑘 𝑚 𝑔 = − 𝑚 𝑎
 Here motion is along horizontal direction only. 𝑎 = − 𝜇𝑘 𝑔
 Consider the motion of mass 𝑚1  From equations of motion,
𝐹 − 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠
(𝑜𝑟) 500 − 𝑇 = 15 𝑎  When the stone hits the stick, it comes to rest. So
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 500 − 15 𝑎 − − − − (1) 𝑣=0
 Consider the motion of mass 𝑚2 0 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎 = 10 𝑎 − − − − (2) 𝑢2 = − 2 𝑎 𝑠
 From equation (1) and (2) 𝑢2 = − 2 (− 𝜇𝑘 𝑔) 𝑠
500 − 15 𝑎 = 10 𝑎 𝑢 2 = 2 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 𝑠
25 𝑎 = 500 𝑢 = √2 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 𝑠 = √2 𝑋 0.7 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 10 = √137.2
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑢 = 11.71 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝒂 = = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝟐𝟓
 Put this in equation (2), we get
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑵
13. People often say “For every action there is an equivalent opposite reaction”.
Here they meant ‘action of a human’. Is it correct to apply Newton’s third law to
human actions? What is mean by ‘action’ in Newton third law? Give your
arguments based on Newton’s laws.
Solution :
 Newton’s third law is applicable to only human’s actions which involves physical
force.
 Third law is not applicable to human’s psychological actions or thoughts
14. A car takes a turn with velocity 50 ms -1 on the circular road of radius of
curvature 10 m. calculate the centrifugal force experienced by a person of
mass 60kg inside the car?
Solution :
 Centrifugal force is given by,
𝑚 𝑣2
𝐹𝑐𝑓 =
𝑟
60 𝑋 50 𝑋 50
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = = 6 𝑋 2500
10
𝑭𝒄𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PARER
3. A bob of mass m is attached to one end of the rod of
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
negligible mass and length r, the other end of which is
1. Calculate the work done by a force of 30 N in lifting a load of 2kg to a height pivoted freely at a fixed centre O as shown in the figure.
of 10m (g = 10 m s−2) What initial speed must be given to the object to reach the
Solution : top of the circle? (Hint: Use law of conservation of energy).
 Work done by gravitational force: 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑆 = 30 𝑋 10 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐉 Is this speed less or greater than speed obtained in the
2. A ball with a velocity of 5 ms−1 impinges at angle of 60˚ with the vertical on a theory?
smooth horizontal plane. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.5, find the velocity Solution :
and direction after the impact.  At point A,
Solution : Potential energy = 𝑚 𝑔 (0) = 0
 The velocity components along 𝑥 −axis will 1
Kinetic energy = 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2
2
not change. Hence, 1 1
𝑣 sin  = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 − − − − (1) Total energy = 0 + 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2 = 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2
2 2
 But the magnitude of velocity components  At point B,
along 𝑦 −axis will change. From the definition Potential energy = 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ = 𝑚 𝑔 (2 𝑟)
1 1
of coefficient of restitution we have. Kinetic energy= 𝑚 𝑣𝐵2 = 𝑚 (0) = 0
2 2
𝑣 c𝑜𝑠  = 𝑒 𝑢 cos θ − − − − (2) Total energy= 𝑚 𝑔 (2 𝑟) + 0 = 𝑚 𝑔 (2 𝑟)
 Squaring equations (1) and (2) and add,
 According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy is always
𝑣 2 sin2  + 𝑣 2 c𝑜𝑠 2  = 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑒 2 𝑢2 cos 2 θ
constant. Hence,
𝑣 2 (sin2  + c𝑜𝑠 2 ) = 𝑢2 (sin2 𝜃 + 𝑒 2 cos 2 θ) 1
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 (sin2 𝜃 + 𝑒 2 cos 2 θ) 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2 = 𝑚 𝑔 (2 𝑟)
2
𝑣 = 𝑢 √sin2 𝜃 + 𝑒 2 cos 2 θ 𝑣𝐴2 = 4 𝑔 𝑟
−1
 Since 𝑢 = 5 ms , 𝑒 = 0.5 and  = 60, we have, 𝒗𝑨 = √ 𝟒 𝒈 𝒓
√3
2
1 2
1 2  This speed is less than the speed obtained in the theory, because the bob must
𝑣 = 5 √sin2 60 + 0.5 2 cos 2 60 = 5 √( ) + ( ) ( ) have a speed at point A , 𝑣𝐴 ≥ √5 𝑔 𝑟 to stay in the circular path.
2 2 2
4. Two different unknown masses A and B collide. A is initially at rest when B has
3 1 13 5 a speed v. After collision B has a speed v/2 and moves at right angles to its
=5√ + = 5√ = √13 = 1.25 𝑋 √13 original direction of motion. Find the direction in which A moves after
4 16 16 4
collision.
𝒗 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
Solution :
 Divide equation (1) by (2),
𝑣 sin  𝑢 sin 𝜃
=
𝑣 c𝑜𝑠  𝑒 𝑢 cos θ
tan 𝜃 tan 60°
ta𝑛  = = = 2 √3
𝑒 0.5
 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 √𝟑) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟒) ≅ 𝟕𝟒°
 Thus after impace, the ball rebound with velocity 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 along the
direction 𝟕𝟒° with vertical.

 Since, the linear momentum is conserved during collisions, along the horizontal
direction
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 (0) + 𝑚2 𝑣 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 cos 𝜃 + 𝑚2 (0)
𝑚2 𝑣 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 cos 𝜃 − − − − − − − (1)

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT - 4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PARER
 Simillarly along the vertical direction,
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑣
𝑚1 (0) + 𝑚2 (0) = − 𝑚1 𝑣1 sin 𝜃 + 𝑚2 [ ]
2
𝑣
0 = − 𝑚1 𝑣1 sin 𝜃 + 𝑚2 [ ]
2
𝑣
𝑚2 [ ] = 𝑚1 𝑣1 sin 𝜃 − − − − − − − (2)
2
 Divide equation (2) by (1) f
𝑣
𝑚2 [ ]
2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 sin 𝜃
𝑚2 𝑣 𝑚1 𝑣1 cos 𝜃
1
= tan 𝜃
2
1
𝜃 = tan−1 [ ] = tan−1 [0.5]
2
𝜃 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟔° = 𝟐𝟔°𝟑𝟑
5. A bullet of mass 20 g strikes a pendulum of mass 5 kg. The centre of mass of
pendulum rises a vertical distance of 10 cm. If the bullet gets embedded into
the pendulum, calculate its initial speed.
Solution :
 Initial speed of the bullet = 𝑢1
 Initial speed of the pendulum = 𝑢2 = 0
 Common velocity when bullet embeded in the
pendulum = 𝑣
 Hence,
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 0.02 𝑢1 + (5 𝑋 0)
𝒗= =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 0.02 + 5
0.02 𝑢1
𝑣 = − − − − − − − (𝟏)
5.02
 Here common speed refers the initial vertical speed of the combine system.
Hence from equation of motion, 0 = 𝑣 2 − 2 𝑔 ℎ . Therefore,
𝑣 2 = 2 𝑔 ℎ = 2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−2 = 196 𝑋 10−2 = 1.96
∴ 𝒗 = √𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
 Put this in equation (1),
0.02 𝑢1
√1.96 =
5.02
5.02 𝑋 √1.96
∴ 𝑢1 = = 251 𝑋 √1.96
0.02
−𝟏
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 𝒎 𝒔

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
20. Find the rotational kinetic energy of a ring of mass 9 kg and radius 3 m rotating
with 240 rpm about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
plane. (rpm is a unit of speed of rotation which means revolutions per minute) 1. A uniform disc of mass 100g has a diameter of 10 cm. Calculate the total energy
Solution : of the disc when rolling along a horizontal table with a velocity of 20 cms-1.
 The moment of inertia of the ring about an axis passing through its centre and (take the surface of table as reference)
perpendicular to its plane is, Solution :
𝐈 = M R2 = 9 𝑋 3 𝑋 3 = 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐  Total energy of rolling without slipping,
 Angular velocity of the ring , 1 2
𝐾2
2 𝜋 𝑋 240 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + ]
2 𝑅2
𝛚 = 2 𝜋  = 2 𝜋 𝑋 (240 𝑟𝑝𝑚) = = 𝟖𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 𝐾2
60  For circular disc , 2 = ,
1
 Hence the rotational kinetic energy, 𝑅 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2
3 3 2
𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = I 𝜔2 = 𝑋 81 𝑋 (8 𝜋)2 = 𝑋 81 𝑋 64 𝑋 𝜋 2 ∴ 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [ ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
= 81 𝑋 32 𝑋 10 [∵ 𝜋 2 ≅ 10] 3
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 (20 𝑋 10−2 )2
𝑲𝑬𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝐉 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝐤 𝑱 4
21. A rolling wheel has velocity of its centre of mass as 5 m s -1. If its radius is 1.5 m 3
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 400 𝑋 10−4 = 30000 𝑋 10−7
and angular velocity is 3 rad s , then check whether it is in pure rolling or not.
-1 4
Solution : 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝐉
 Translational velocity (𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ) or velocity of centre of mass, 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 5 𝑚 𝑠 −1 2. A particle of mass 5 units is moving with a uniform speed of 𝒗 = 𝟑√𝟐 units in
The radius is, R = 1.5 m and the angular velocity is, ω = 3 rad s-1 the XOY plane along the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟒 . Find the magnitude of angular
Rotational velocity, 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅 𝜔 = 1.5 𝑋 3 = 4.5 𝑚 𝑠 −1 momentum.
 As 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 < 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 , It is not in pure rolling, but sliding. Solution :
22. A solid sphere is undergoing pure rolling. What is the ratio of its translational  Given equation,
kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy? 𝑦 =𝑥+4
Solution : (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 =0
 The expression for total kinetic energy in pure rolling is, ∴ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐=4
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡  Then perpendicular distance,
2
1 2
𝐾 1 2
1 𝐾2 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦+𝑐
𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + 2 ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + M 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 ( 2 ) 𝑑= | |
2 𝑅 2 2 𝑅 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 The above equation suggests that in pure rolling the ratio of translational kinetic  For the straight line passing through orgin (0,0),
energy and rotational kinetic energy is given as, 1𝑋0 + (−1)𝑋0 + 4 0+0+4 4
1 1 𝐾 2 𝑑 = | |= = = 2√2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2
∶ M 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 ( 2 ) √12 + (−1)2 √2 √2
2 2 𝑅  Hence angular momentum, |⃗⃗𝐿| = 𝑚 𝑣 𝑑
𝐾2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 1 ∶ ( 2 ) 𝐿 = 5 𝑋 3√2 𝑋 2√2
𝑅 𝑳 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝐾2 2
 For solid sphere, = , 3. A fly wheel rotates with a uniform angular acceleration. If its angular velocity
𝑅2 5
2 increases from 20 rad s-1 to 40 rad s-1 in 10 seconds. Find the number of
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 1 ∶ rotations in that period.
5
𝑲𝑬𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝑲𝑬𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟐 Solution :
 Kinematic equations for circular motion,
𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑂 +  𝑡 (𝑜𝑟)  = − − − − (1)
𝑡
2 2
𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂
𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑂2 + 2  𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜃 = − − − − (2)
2

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
 Put equation (2) in (1), 5. Two particles P and Q of mass 1kg and 3 kg respectively start moving towards
𝜔2 − 𝜔𝑂2 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑂 ) (𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 ) 𝑡 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑂 ) 𝑡 each other from rest under mutual attraction. What is the velocity of their
𝜃 = 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 = = centre of mass?
2 [ ] 2 (𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 ) 2
𝑡 Solution :
(40 + 20) 𝑋 10  Since they are at rest initially, the velocity of
𝜃 = = 300 𝜋 centre of mass of the system is zero. (i.e.)
2
 The number of rotations in that period, Initially, 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0
𝜃 300 𝜋  There is no external force and their translational motion are only due to the
𝑛= = internal forces. It doecs not change the position of the centre of mass.
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 rotations  So the velocity of the centre of mass 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0
4. A uniform rod of mass m and length l makes a constant angle θ with an axis of 6. Find the moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule about an axis passing
rotation which passes through one end of the rod. Find the moment of inertia through its centre of mass and perpendicular to the inter-atomic axis. Given:
about this axis. mass of hydrogen atom 1.7 × 10-27 kg and inter atomic distance is equal to
Solution : 4 × 10 -10 m.

Moment of inertia about an axis passes through one end of the rod: Solution :
 Mass of the rod =𝑀  The moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule about
Length of the rod =𝑙 an axis passing through its centre of mass and
Centre of mass =𝐺 perpendicular to the inter-atomic axis,
Angle made by the rod with axis =𝜃 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2 + 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2 = 2 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2
Mass of infinitesimal small element = 𝑑𝑚 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 2 𝑋 1.7 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 2 𝑋 1010 𝑋 2 𝑋 1010
Distance of the element form its end =𝑥 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 13.6 𝑋 10−47
Thickness of the small element = 𝑑𝑥 𝑰𝑪𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
Linear mass density (mass per unit length) =𝜆
 Moment of inertia of the infinetisimal mass about an axis,
𝑑𝐼 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃 − − − (1)
 Since mass is uniformly distributed ,
𝑀
𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
𝑙
 Mass of infinetisimal element,,
𝑀
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
 Put this in equation (1),
𝑀
𝑑𝐼 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃 − − − (2)
𝑙
 Moment of inertia of the rod about an axis passes through one end of the rod
𝑙
𝑀
𝐼 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃
0 𝑙
𝑙
𝑀 2
= sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
𝑖
𝑀 𝑥3 𝑀 𝑙3 𝑀
𝐼= sin2 𝜃 [ ] = sin2 𝜃 [ − 0] = sin2 𝜃 (𝑙 3 )
𝑙 3 0 𝑙 3 3𝑙
𝟏
𝑰= 𝑴 𝒍𝟐 sin2 𝜃
𝟑

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
4. Two bodies of masses m and 4m are placed at a distance r. Calculate the
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS gravitational potential at a point on the line joining them where the
1. An unknown planet orbits the Sun with distance twice the semi major axis gravitational field is zero.
distance of the Earth’s orbit. If the Earth’s time period is T1, what is the time Solution :-
period of this unknown planet?  Since the gravitational field at ‘P’ is zero,
Solution :- 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
 Given that, 𝑎2 = 2 𝑎1 . Then from Kepler’s third law, 𝐺𝑚 𝐺 (4 𝑚)
=
𝑇12 ∝ 𝑎13 𝑥 2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2
𝑇22 ∝ 𝑎23 1 4
=
𝑇12 𝑎13 𝑥 2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2
∴ 2 = 1 2
𝑇2 𝑎23 (𝑜𝑟) = ⟹ 2𝑥 = 𝑟 − 𝑥 ⟹ 3𝑥 = 𝑟
2
𝑇1 𝑎13 𝑎13 1 𝑥 𝑟−𝑥
2 = = 3 = 𝒓
𝑇2 (2 𝑎1 )3
8 𝑎1 8 ∴ 𝒙 =
𝟑
𝑇22 = 8 𝑇12
 Gravitational potential at ‘P’ due to mass ‘m’
𝐓𝟐 = √𝟖 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝐓𝟏 𝐺𝑚 𝐺𝑚 3𝐺𝑚
2. Assume that you are in another solar system and provided with the set of data 𝑉1 = − =− 𝑟 = −
𝑥 ( ⁄3) 𝑟
given below consisting of the planets’ semi major axes and time periods. Can
you infer the relation connecting semi major axis and time period?  Gravitational potential at ‘P’ due to mass ‘4m’
𝐺 (4𝑚) 4𝐺𝑚 4𝐺𝑚 6𝐺𝑚
Planet Time period Semi major axis ‘a’ 𝑉2 = − =− =− = −
(imaginary) ( in years) (in AU) 𝑟−𝑥 𝑟
(𝑟 − ⁄3) 2 𝑟
( ⁄3) 𝑟
Kurunji 2 8  Resultant gravitational potential at ‘P’
Mullai 3 18 3𝐺𝑚 6𝐺𝑚
Marutham 4 32 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = − −
𝑟 𝑟
Neithal 5 50 𝟗𝑮𝒎
𝑽 = −
Paalai 6 72 𝒓
𝒅
Solution :- 5. If the ratio of the orbital distance of two planets 𝟏 = 𝟐 , what is the ratio of
𝒅𝟐
1) For Kurunji ; 𝑇 = 2 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 8 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 4 = 2 (2)2 = 2 𝑇 2 gravitational field experienced by these two planets?
2) For Mullai ; 𝑇 = 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 18 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 9 = 2 (3)2 = 2 𝑇 2 Solution :-
3) For Marutham ; 𝑇 = 4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 32 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 16 = 2 (4)2 = 2 𝑇 2  The gravitational field experienced by the planets 1 and 2,
4) For Neithal ; 𝑇 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 50 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 25 = 2 (5)2 = 2 𝑇 2 𝐺𝑀
5) For Paalai ; 𝑇 = 6 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 72 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 36 = 2 (6)2 = 2 𝑇 2 𝐸1 =
𝑑1 2
 Hence the relation connecting semi major axis and time period ; 𝒂 = 𝟐 𝑻𝟐
𝐺𝑀
3. If the masses and mutual distance between the two objects are doubled, what is 𝐸2 =
the change in the gravitational force between them? 𝑑2 2
Solution :- 𝐸1 𝑑2 2 𝑑2 2 1 2 1
 By Newton’s law of gravitation, ∴ = 2 = ( ) = ( ) =
𝐸2 𝑑1 𝑑1 2 4
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹= 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒 𝑬𝟏
𝑟2
 𝐼𝑓 𝑚1 → 2 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 → 2 𝑚2 , & 𝑟 → 2 𝑟 then the new force,
𝐺 (2 𝑚1 )(2 𝑚2 ) 4 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑭 = = = =𝑭
(2 𝑟) 2 4𝑟 2 𝑟2
 There is no change in the force.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
2 2
6. The Moon Io orbits Jupiter once in 1.769 days. The orbital radius of the Moon 𝐺𝑀 1 𝐺𝑀
𝐹 = 2 +
Io is 421700 km. Calculate the mass of Jupiter? 2 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2
2
Solution :- 𝐺𝑀 1 𝐺 𝑀2
4 𝜋2 𝑟 3 𝐹 = +
 Time period of Moon Io is : 𝑇2 = 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2
𝐺𝑀 2
4 𝜋2 𝑟 3
𝐺𝑀 1 1
 So its mass, 𝑀 = 𝐹 = [ + ]
𝐺 𝑇2 𝑅2 √2 4
𝑟 = 421700 𝑘𝑚 = 4.217 𝑋 108 𝑚  This effective force provides the centripetal force for circular motion, (i.e.),
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 𝑀 𝑣2 𝐺 𝑀2 1 1
𝑇 = 1.769 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑠 = [ + ]
𝑅 𝑅2 √2 4
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 1024 𝐺𝑀 1 1
𝑀 = 𝑣2 = [ + ]
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑅 √2 4
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 1035 𝐺𝑀 4 1
𝑀 = 𝑣2 = [ + ]
6.67 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑅 4√2 4
𝑀 = 1. 898 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 1035 1 𝐺𝑀 4 1 𝐺𝑀
2
𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝑣 = [ + 1] = [2√2 + 1]
4 𝑅 √2 4 𝑅
̂ . What
7. If the angular momentum of a planet is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 = 𝟓 𝒕𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒕 𝒋̂ + 𝟑 𝒌 𝟏 𝑮𝑴
is the torque experienced by the planet? Will the torque be in the same ∴ 𝒗= √ [𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟏]
𝟐 𝑹
direction as that of the angular momentum?
Solution :- 9. Suppose unknowingly you wrote the universal gravitational constant value as
 Torque is given by, 𝑮  = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 .instead of the correct value 𝑮 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 , what is the
𝑑 𝐿⃗ 𝑑 acceleration due to gravity g' for this incorrect G? According to this new
⃗⃗𝜏 = = (5 𝑡 2 𝑖̂ − 6 𝑡 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ ) acceleration due to gravity, what will be your weight W'?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Solution :-
⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒋̂
 The acceleration due to gravity for the value 𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10− 11 is,
 Here the torque produced will be in the direction of angular momentum.
𝑮𝑀 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑀
8. Four particles, each of mass M and equidistant from each other, move along a 𝒈= 2 = − − − −(1)
circle of radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. 𝑅 𝑅2
Calculate the speed of each particle
Solution :-  The acceleration due to gravity for the value 𝑮  = 6.67 𝑋 1011 is,
 Let the four masses are at A, B, C, D 𝑮𝑀 6.67 𝑋 1011 𝑀
𝒈 = = − − − −(2)
 From the figure, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑪𝑫 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹√𝟐, 𝑅2 𝑅2
 Divide (2) by (1)
 Hence,
𝑮𝑀
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2 𝒈 ( 2 ) 𝑮 6.67 𝑋 1011
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = 𝑅
𝐴𝐵2 2 𝑅2 = = = = 1022
𝑔 𝑮𝑀 𝐺 6.67 𝑋 10 −11
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2 ( 2)
𝑅
𝐹𝐶𝐴 = = 
𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒈
𝐴𝐶 2 2 𝑅2
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2  The equivalent weight is,
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 2
= 𝑾 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑾
𝐴𝐷 4 𝑅2
 Here ∠ 𝐵𝐴𝑂 = ∠ 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = 45° then the effective force,
𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵𝐴 cos 45° + 𝐹𝐷𝐴 cos 45° + 𝐹𝐷𝐴
𝐺 𝑀2 1 𝐺 𝑀2 1 𝐺 𝑀2
𝐹 = + +
2 𝑅2 √2 2 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
10. Calculate the gravitational field at point O due to three 12. Earth revolves around the Sun at 30 km s−1. Calculate the kinetic energy of the
masses m1,m2 and m3 whose positions are given by the Earth. If the calculated the potential energy of the Earth is
following figure. If the masses m1 and m2 are equal what is − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆. then what is the total energy of the Earth in that case?
the change in gravitational field at the point O? Is the total energy positive? Give reasons.
Solution :- Solution :- 𝑣 = 30 𝑘𝑚 𝑠 −1 = 30 𝑋 103 𝑚 𝑠 −1
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚1  The kinetic energy of the Earth
𝐺 𝑚1 1
⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 = 𝑖̂
𝑎2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀𝑒 𝑣 2
2
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚2 1
𝐺 𝑚2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 1024 𝑋 30 𝑋 103 𝑋 30 𝑋 103
⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 = (−𝑖̂) 2
𝑎2 𝐾𝐸 = 2.95 𝑋 1024 𝑋 30 𝑋 103 𝑋 30 𝑋 103
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚3 𝐾𝐸 = 2.95 𝑋 1024 𝑋 9 𝑋 108
𝐺 𝑚3 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
⃗⃗⃗𝐸3 = 𝑗̂
𝑎2  Hence the total energy,
 Total Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to all masses, 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑈
 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸3 𝐸 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 + (− 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 )
𝐺 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚3 𝐸 = (𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓) 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = 𝑖̂ + 2 (−𝑖̂) + 𝑗̂
𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑬 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
𝑮  The negative sign implies that Earth is bounded with Sun .
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = [(𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝟑 𝒋̂ ]
𝒂𝟐 13. An object is thrown from Earth in such a way that it reaches a point at infinity
 If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝟏
with non-zero kinetic energy [𝑲𝑬 (𝒓 = ∞) = 𝒎 𝒗∞𝟐 ] with what velocity
𝑮 𝒎𝟑 𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = 𝒋̂ should the object be thrown from Earth?
𝒂𝟐
11. What is the gravitational potential energy of the Earth and Sun? The Earth to Solution :-
Sun distance is around 150 million km. The mass of the Earth is 5.9 × 10 24 kg  Let 𝑣𝑒 be the velocity of the object to be thrown,
and mass of the Sun is 1.9 × 1030 kg.  The total energy at the surface of Earth, 𝐸𝑟 = 𝐾𝐸(𝑟) + 𝑈(𝑟)
Solution :- 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑒2 − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅𝐸 = 150 𝑋 106 𝑘𝑚 --> Distance between Sun and Earth 2 𝑅𝐸
𝑀𝑒 = 5.9 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Earth  The total energy at infinity 𝐸∞ = 𝐾𝐸(∞) + 𝑈(∞)
1
𝑀𝑆 = 1.9𝑋1030 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Sun 𝐸∞ = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 + 0
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 --> Gravitational constant 2
1
𝐺 𝑀𝑆 𝑀𝐸 𝐸∞ = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 − − − − − − − − (2)
𝑈(𝑟) = − 2
𝑅𝐸  By Law of conservation of energy, we have, 𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸∞
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 1.9 𝑋1030 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 1024 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚 1
= − 𝑚 𝑣𝑒2 − = 𝑚 𝑣∞2
150 𝑋 106 𝑋 103 2 𝑅𝐸 2
6.67 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 5.9 𝑋1043 1 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
= − 𝑚 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 +
2
150 𝑋 109 2 2 𝑅𝐸
6.67 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 5.9 𝑋1034 2 2
2 𝐺 𝑀𝐸
= − − 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑣∞ + [∵ 𝑔 𝑅𝐸2 = 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 ]
150 𝑅𝐸
𝑈(𝑟) = − 4.985 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 1034 = − 49.85 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1034 2 𝑔 𝑅𝐸2
𝑣𝑒2 = 𝑣∞2 +
𝑼(𝒓) = − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝑅𝐸
𝑣𝑒2 = 𝑣∞2 + 2 𝑔 𝑅𝐸
𝒗𝒆 = √𝒗∞𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒈 𝑹𝑬

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
6
14. Suppose we go 200 km above and below the surface of the Earth, what are the  Radius of the Earth = 𝑅 = 6.4 𝑋 10 𝑚
g values at these two points? In which case, is the value of g small? Time period = 𝑇 = 1 day = 24 X 60 X 60 = 86400 s
Solution :-  Then acceleration due to gravity at chennai of latitude  = 0.2268 rad is,
1) Acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h = 200 km’ above the surface of the Earth 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 𝜔2 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
2ℎ 2𝜋 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 = 𝑔 − ( ) 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝑅𝐸 𝑇
2 𝑋 200 𝑋 103 2 𝑋 3.14 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑔 = 9.8 − ( ) 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.2268
6400 𝑋 103 86400
1 6.28 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] = 9.8 − ( ) 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 (0.9744)2
16 86400
16 − 1 6,28 𝑋 6.28
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [ ] = 9.8 − ( 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9744 𝑋 0.9744)
16 86400 𝑋 86400
𝟏𝟓
𝒈𝒉 = 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒈 = 9.8 − (3.381 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 106 )
𝟏𝟔 = 9.8 − (3.23 𝑋 10−2 )
2) Acceleration due to gravity at depth ‘d = 200 km’ below the surface of the Earth
= 9.8 − 0.0323
𝑑
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑅𝐸  Then acceleration due to gravity at kanyakumari of latitude  = 0.1407 rad is,
200 𝑋 103
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 𝜔2 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
6400 𝑋 103 2𝜋 2
1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 = 𝑔 − ( ) 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑇
32 2 𝑋 3.14 2
32 − 1 𝑔 = 9.8 − ( ) 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.1407
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [ ] 86400
32
𝟑𝟏 6.28 2
𝒈𝒅 = 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒈 = 9.8 − ( ) 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 (0.9900)2
𝟑𝟐 86400
 Hence, 𝒈𝒉 < 𝒈𝒅 6,28 𝑋 6.28
= 9.8 − ( 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9900 𝑋 0.9900)
15. Calculate the g value in your district of Tamil nadu. (Hint: Get the latitude of 86400 𝑋 86400
your district of Tamil nadu from the Google). What is the difference in g values = 9.8 − (3.33 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 106 )
at Chennai and Kanyakumari? = 9.8 − (3.33 𝑋 10−2 )
Solution :- = 9.8 − 0.0333
 Latitude of our Cuddalore district be 11.74 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
 Latitude of Chennai 13 °  The difference of values in Chennai and Kanyakumari is
 Latitude of Kanyakumari 8.0883° ∆𝑔 = 𝑔𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑖 − 𝑔𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑖
π
 Since, 180 =  rad (or) 1 = = 0.0174 rad , ∆𝑔 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟕 − 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
180°
Hence, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒 ;  = 11.74 = 0.2043 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑖 ;  = 13 = 0.2268 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑖 ;  = 8.088 = 0.1407 𝑟𝑎𝑑

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 𝐼𝑓, 𝑅 = 2 𝑐𝑚 then excess pressure becomes,,
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
4𝑇
1. A capillary of diameter d mm is dipped in water such that the water rises to a ∆𝑃𝐴 = = 200 𝑇
2 𝑋 10−2
height of 30mm. If the radius of the capillary is made 2/3 of its previous value,  Hence the total excess pressure inside big and small soap bubble,
then compute the height up to which water will rise in the new capillary? ∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝐴 + ∆𝑃𝐵 = 200 + 100 = 300 𝑇
Solution :-  This is equal to the pressure difference between outside of big bubble and
 Surface tension by capillary rise method is, inside of small soap bubble. Hence for this excess pressure, the radius of single
𝜌𝑟ℎ𝑔 soap bubble is,
𝑇=
2 cos 𝜃 4𝑇
2 𝑇 cos 𝜃 ∆𝑃 = 300 𝑇 =
∴ ℎ= 𝑅
𝜌𝑟𝑔 4 4
∴ 𝑅= = 𝑋 10−2 = 1.333 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
1 300 3
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ ∝ (𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝑟
∴ ℎ1 𝑟1 = ℎ2 𝑟2  Thus this radius of single soap bubble will be smaller than radius of both A and
ℎ1 𝑟1 30 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 𝑟 B
ℎ2 = = 4. A block of Ag of mass 𝒙 kg hanging from a string is immersed in a liquid of
𝑟2 2𝑟
( ) relative density 0.72. If the relative density of Ag is 10 and tension in the string
3
3 𝑋 30 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 𝑟 is 37.12 N then compute the mass of Ag block.
ℎ2 = Solution :-
2𝑟
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎  Density of silver (Ag) ; 𝜌 = 10 𝑋 1000 = 10000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
2. A cylinder of length 1.5 m and diameter 4 cm is fixed at one end. A tangential Density of liquid ; 𝜎 = 0.72 𝑋 1000 = 720 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
force of 4 × 105 N is applied at the other end. If the rigidity modulus of the  The apparent weight of silver immersed in liquid,,
cylinder is 6 × 1010 N m-2 then, calculate the twist produced in the cylinder. 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = weight of Ag -weight of displaced liquid by Ag
Solution :- 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = 𝑀𝑆 𝑔 − 𝑀𝑙 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 − 𝜎 𝑉 𝑔 = (𝜌 − 𝜎) 𝑉 𝑔
 Rigidity modulus is given by, 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = (10000 − 720)𝑉 𝑔 = 9280 𝑉 𝑔
𝐹 𝐹  It is equal to tension in the string. Hence
[ 𝑡] [ 𝑡2 ]
𝜂𝑅 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 𝑙 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = 𝑇
𝜃 𝜃 9280 𝑉 𝑔 = 37.12
𝐹𝑡 37.12
𝜃= ∴ 𝑉 = − − − − − − (1)
𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑙 𝜂𝑅 9280 𝑔
4 𝑋 105
𝜃=  Let mass of silver be 𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
3.14 𝑋 2 𝑋 10 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 15.2 𝑋 6 𝑋 1010
−2
37.12
10−1 𝑥 = 𝜌𝑉=𝜌
𝜽= = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 9280 𝑔
3.14 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 6  Put 𝑔 = 10 𝑚 𝑠 −2 and 𝜌 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
3. A spherical soap bubble A of radius 2 cm is formed inside another bubble B of 37.12 3712
radius 4 cm. Show that the radius of a single soap bubble which maintains the 𝑥 = 10000 𝑋 =
9280 𝑋 10 928
same pressure difference as inside the smaller and outside the larger soap 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒌𝒈
bubble is lesser than radius of both soap bubbles A and B.
Solution :-
 Excess pressure inside the soap bubble is
4𝑇
∆𝑃 = − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅
 𝐼𝑓, 𝑅 = 4 𝑐𝑚 then excess pressure becomes,
4𝑇
∆𝑃𝐵 = = 100 𝑇
4 𝑋 10−2
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
5. The reading of pressure meter attached with a closed pipe is 5 × 10 5 N
m-2.
On opening the valve of the pipe, the reading of the pressure meter is
4.5 × 105 Nm-2. Calculate the speed of the water flowing in the pipe.
Solution :-
 Under closed state, velocity of water ; 𝑣1 = 0
Under open state, velocity of water ; 𝑣2 = 𝑣
Density of water ; 𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
 According to Bernoulli’s theorem, for horizontal pipe
𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
+ 𝑣1 = + 𝑣2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝑃1 𝑃2 1 2 1 2
− = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝜌 𝜌 2 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1
= (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
𝜌 2
2 2
2
(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) = (𝑃 − 𝑃2 )
𝜌 1
 By substituting known values, ,
2
𝑣2 − 0 = (5 𝑋 105 − 4.5 𝑋 105 )
1000
2
𝑣2 = (5 − 4.5) 𝑋 105
1000
2 105
𝑣2 = 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 105 = = 102
1000 103
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
26. There are two Carnot engines A and B operating in two different temperature
regions. For Engine A the temperatures of the two reservoirs are 150°C and
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
100°C. For engine B the temperatures of the reservoirs are 350°C and 300°C. 1. Calculate the number of moles of air is in the inflated balloon at room
Which engine has lesser efficiency? temperature as shown in the figure. The radius of the balloon is 10 cm, and
Solution :- pressure inside the balloon is 180 kPa.
 Efficiency of carnot engine A Solution :-
𝑇𝐿 (100 + 273) 373  From Ideal gas equation,
𝜂𝐴 = 1 − =1− =1−
𝑇𝐻 (150 + 273) 423 𝑃𝑉= 𝜇𝑅𝑇
𝜂𝐴 = 1 − 0.8819 = 0.1181 𝑃𝑉
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇 = − − − − − − (1)
𝜂𝐴 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟏𝟏 % 𝑅𝑇
 Efficiency of carnot engine B  Volume of spherical shaped balloon,
4 4
𝑇𝐿 (300 + 273) 573 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟 3 = 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 [10 𝑋 10−2 ]3 =
𝜂𝐵 = 1 − =1− =1− 3 3
𝑇𝐻 (350 + 273) 623 4 𝑋 1.046 𝑋 10−3 = 4.184 𝑋 10−3
𝜂𝐵 = 1 − 0.9198 = 0.0802  Then from equation (1)
𝜂𝐵 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟖 % 180 𝑋 103 𝑋 4.184 𝑋 10−3 180 𝑋 4.184
 So engine B has lesser efficiency than engine A 𝜇 = =
8.31 𝑋 (27 + 273) 8.31 𝑋 300
27. A refrigerator has COP of 3. How much work must be supplied to the 180 𝑋 4.184
refrigerator in order to remove 200 J of heat from its interion? 𝜇 = = 0.3021 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
2493
Solution :- 2. In the planet Mars, the average temperature is around -53°C and atmospheric
𝑄𝐿 pressure is 0.9 kPa. Calculate the number of moles of the molecules in unit
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝛽 =
𝑊 volume in the planet Mars? Is this greater than that in earth?
𝑄𝐿 200 Solution :-
∴ 𝑊= =
𝐶𝑂𝑃 3  Number of molecules per unit volume in Mars planet is
𝑾 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑱 𝑃𝑉 0.9 𝑋 1000 𝑋 1
𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 = =
𝑅𝑇 8.31 𝑋 (−53 + 273)
900 90 90
𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = =
8.31 𝑋 220 8.31 𝑋 22 182.82
𝝁𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
 Number of molecules per unit volume in Earth planet is
𝑃𝑉 101.3 𝑋 1000 𝑋 1
𝜇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = =
𝑅𝑇 8.31 𝑋 (27 + 273)
101300 1013 1013
𝜇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = = =
8.31 𝑋 300 8.31 𝑋 3 24.93
𝝁𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
3. An insulated container of gas has two chambers separated by an insulating partition.
One of the chambers has volume V1 and contains ideal gas at pressure P1 and
temperature T1. The other chamber has volume V2 and contains ideal gas at pressure
P2 and temperature T2. If the partition is removed without doing any work on the
gases, calculate the final equilibrium temperature of the container.
Solution :-
 Ideal gas equation for room 1
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝜇1 𝑅 𝑇1
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝜇1 = − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅 𝑇1

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Ideal gas equation for room 2 5. Draw the TP diagram (P-x axis, T-y axis), VT diagram (T-x axis, V-y axis) for
𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝜇2 𝑅 𝑇2 (a) Isochoric process (b) Isothermal process (c) isobaric process
𝑃2 𝑉2 Solution :-
𝜇2 = − − − − − − − (2) (a) Isochoric process :
𝑅𝑇1
𝜇𝑅
 Add equation (1) and (2)  Equation of state for this process ; 𝑃 = [ ] 𝑇
𝑉
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝜇1 + 𝜇2 = +
𝑅 𝑇1 𝑅 𝑇2
1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇= [ ] − − − (3)
𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2
where, 𝜇 → Total number of molecules in the two rooms
 Let ‘T’ be the final temperature, when the partition is removed, then the ideal gas
equation becomes
𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝜇 𝑅 𝑇
𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇=
𝜇𝑅
 Put equation (3)
𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 (b) Isothermal process :
𝑇=  Equation of state for this process ; 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
[ ]𝑅
𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2
[𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 ] 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻=
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏
4. The temperature of a uniform rod of length L having a coefficient of linear
expansion αL is changed by ΔT. Calculate the new moment of inertia of the
uniform rod about axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to an axis
of the rod.
Solution :-
 Moment of inertia of the uniform rod of mass ‘M’ and length ‘L’ about axis passing
through its centre and perpendicular to an axis of the rod is
1
I= 𝑀 𝐿2 − − − − − − − (1) (c) Isobaric process :
12
𝜇𝑅
 When temperature increased by ∆𝑇 , the change in length of the rod is Equation of state for this process ; 𝑉 = [ ] 𝑇
𝑃
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿 𝐿 ∆𝑇
 Hence the new length of the rod = (𝐿 + ∆𝐿). Thus the new moment of inertia is
1
I = 𝑀 (𝐿 + ∆𝐿)2
12
1
I = 𝑀 (𝐿 + 𝛼𝐿 𝐿 ∆𝑇 )2
12
1
I = 𝑀 𝐿2 (1 + 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇 )2 [𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)]
12
𝐈  = 𝐈 (𝟏 + 𝜶𝑳 ∆𝑻 )𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
6. A man starts bicycling in the morning at a temperature around 25°C, he  Then using Wein’s displacement law,
checked the pressure of tire which is equal to be 500 kPa. Afternoon he found 𝑏 2.898 𝑋 10−3
that the absolute pressure in the tyre is increased to 520 kPa. By assuming the 𝜆𝑚 = =
𝑇 313
expansion of tyre is negligible, what is the temperature of tyre at afternoon? 𝜆𝑚 = 9.259 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−3 = 9.259 𝑋 10−6
Solution :- 𝝀𝒎 = 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 = 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒏 𝒎
𝜇𝑅
 Let this is considered as isochoric process, then , 𝑃 = [ ] 𝑇 8. In an adiabatic expansion of the air, the volume is increased by 4%, what is
𝑉
 In the morning, percentage change in pressure?
𝜇𝑅 Solution :-
𝑃1 = [ ] 𝑇1 − − − − − − − (1)  For adiabatic process, the equation of state is
𝑉
 At afternoon, 𝑃 𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜇𝑅  Differentiate
𝑃2 = [ ] 𝑇2 − − − − − − − (2) 𝑃 𝛾 𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃 = 0
𝑉
 Hence divide equation (1) by (2) 𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃 = − 𝑃 𝛾 𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑑𝑉
𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃 𝛾 𝑉 𝛾 𝑉 −1 𝑑𝑉
= 𝑑𝑃 = −
𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑉𝛾
𝑃2 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑉
∴ 𝑇2 = 𝑇 = −𝛾
𝑃1 1 𝑃 𝑉
𝑑𝑉 4
520 𝑋 1000 52  Given , = = 4 %. and 𝛾 = 1.4 . Hence
𝑉 100
𝑇2 = (25 + 273) = 𝑋 298
500 𝑋 1000 50 𝑑𝑃
= − 1.4 𝑋 4 % = −5.6 %
𝑇2 = 1.04 𝑋 298 = 309.92 𝐾 𝑃
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝑲 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝟐℃  Here negative sign indicates that, pressure decreases when volume increases
7. Normal human body of the temperature is 98.6°F. During high fever if the  Hence the percentage change in pressure is « = 𝟓. 𝟔 %
temperature increases to 104°F, what is the change in peak wavelength that 9. In a petrol engine, (internal combustion engine) air at atmospheric pressure
emitted by our body? (Assume human body is a black body) and temperature of 20°C is compressed in the cylinder by the piston to 1/8 of its
Solution :- original volume. Calculate the temperature of the compressed air.
 By Wein’s displacement law ; 𝝀𝒎 𝑻 = 𝒃. where 𝑏 = 2.898 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 𝐾 (for air, 𝜸 = 𝟏. 𝟒)
 The relation between Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature is Solution :-
℉ − 𝟑𝟐  It is adiabatic compression. Its equation of state is
𝐂 = 𝐊 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑 = 𝑃 𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and 𝑇 𝑉 𝛾−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝟏. 𝟖
 Normal body temperature 𝑇 = 98.6 ℉. Convert this into kelvin scale  Let initial and final volume be 𝑉1 & 𝑉2 and initial and final temperature be
T℉ − 32 98.6 − 32 66.6 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 . Then
𝑇K= + 273.15 = + 273 = + 273 = 37 + 273 = 310 𝐾 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝛾−1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝛾−1
1.8 1.8 1.8
 That is, 𝑻 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 ℉ = 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝑲 𝑉1 𝛾−1 𝑉1 𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝛾−1 = 𝑇1 [ ]
 Then using Wein’s displacement law, 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑏 2.898 𝑋 10−3 1.4−1
𝜆𝑚 = = 𝑉1
𝑇 310 𝑇2 = (20 + 273) [ ]
𝜆𝑚 = 9.348 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−3 = 9.348 𝑋 10−6 𝑉1⁄
8
𝝀𝒎 = 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 = 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟖 𝒏 𝒎
= 293 𝑋 [8]0.4 = 6.731 𝑋 102
 During high fever, 𝑇 = 104 ℉. Convert this into kelvin scale
T℉ − 32 104 − 32 72 ∴ 𝑻𝟐 ≅ 𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝑲 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐂
𝑇K= + 273.15 = + 273 = + 273 = 40 + 273 = 313 𝐾
1.8 1.8 1.8
 That is , 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ℉ = 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝑲

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
10. Consider the following cyclic process consist of isotherm, 12. For a given ideal gas 6 ×105 J heat energy is supplied and the volume of gas is
isochoric and isobar which is given in the figure. Draw the increased from 4 m3 to 6 m3 at atmospheric pressure. Calculate (a) the work
same cyclic process qualitatively in the V-T diagram where done by the gas (b) change in internal energy of the gas (c) graph this process
T is taken along x direction and V is taken along y-direction. in PV and TV diagram.
Analyze the nature of heat exchange in each process. Solution :-
Solution :- (a) Work done by the gas
Process : 𝟏 → 𝟐  Work done by the gas during isobaric expansion,
 This is isothermal expansion. 𝑊 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉 = 𝑃 [𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ]
 In this process volume increases. 𝑊 = 101.3 𝑋 103 𝑋 (6 − 4) = 101300 𝑋 (2) = 202600 𝐽
 So heat is given to the system. 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟔 𝒌 𝑱
 This heat is converted in to work and hence, (b) Change in internal energy of the gas
there is no change in internal energy of the  From second law of thermodynamics
system 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
Process : 𝟐 → 𝟑 (𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = 6 𝑋 105 − 202600
 This is isochoric compression. ∆𝑈 = 6 𝑋 105 − 2.026 𝑋 105
 In this process temperature increases. ∆𝑈 = (6 − 2.026)𝑋 105 = 3.974 𝑋 105 = 397.4 𝑋 103 𝐽
 The heat given to the system is used to ∆𝑼 = 𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟒 𝒌 𝑱
increases its internal energy (c) PV diagram and TV diagram
Process : 𝟑 → 𝟏
 This is isobaric compression.
PV diagram VT diagram
 In this process, both volume and temperature decreases.
 Hence heat is flows out of the system and work is done on the system
11. An ideal gas is taken in a cyclic process as shown in the figure. Calculate
(a) work done by the gas.
(b) work done on the gas
(c) Net work done in the process
Solution :-
(a) Work done by the gas along AB,
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 [∆𝐴𝐵𝐶] + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 [⊡ 𝐵𝐶36]
1 13. Suppose a person wants to increase the efficiency of the reversible heat engine
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ( 𝑋 𝐴𝐶𝑋𝐶𝐵) + (𝐶𝐵𝑋𝐵6) that is operating between 100°C and 300°C. He had two ways to increase the
2
1 efficiency. (a) By decreasing the cold reservoir temperature from 100°C to 50°C
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ( 𝑋 200 𝑋 3) + (3 𝑋 400) = 300 + 1200 = 1500 𝐽 and keeping the hot reservoir temperature constant (b) by increasing the
2
𝑾𝑨𝑩 = + 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌 𝑱 temperature of the hot reservoir from 300°C to 350°C by keeping the cold
 Here positive sign indicates, that work is done by the gas reservoir temperature constant. Which is the suitable method?
(b) Work done on the gas along BC Solution :-
𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉 = 𝑃 [𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ]  Temperature of hot source ; 𝑇𝐻 = (300 + 273) = 573 𝐾
𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 400 𝑋 (3 − 6) = 400 𝑋 (−3) = − 1200 𝐽 Temperature of cold sinky ; 𝑇𝐿 = (100 + 273) = 373 𝐾
𝑾𝑩𝑪 = − 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌 𝑱  Hence efficiency of heat engine,
 Here negative sign indicates, that work is done no the gas 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
𝜂 = 1− =
(c) Net work done in the process 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻
𝑊 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 1.5 + (−1.2) = + 0.3 𝑘 𝐽 573 − 373 200
𝜂 = =
𝑾 = + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑱 573 573
𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟗 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗 %

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 In case (a) ; 𝑇𝐻 = (300 + 273) = 573 𝐾 & 𝑇𝐿 = (50 + 273) = 323 𝐾 , 15. An ideal refrigerator keeps its content at 0°C while the room temperature is
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 27°C. Calculate its coefficient of performance.
𝜂 =1− = Solution :-
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻
573 − 323 250  Coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigerator, when
𝜂 = = 𝑇𝐻 = (27 + 273) = 300 𝐾 & 𝑇𝐿 = (0 + 273) = 273 𝐾
573 573
𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑 . 𝟔 % 𝑇𝐿
COP = 𝛽 =
 In case (b) ; 𝑇𝐻 = (350 + 273) = 623 𝐾 & 𝑇𝐿 = (100 + 273) = 373 𝐾 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 273 273
𝜂 = 1− = 𝛽= =
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻 300 − 273 27
623 − 373 250 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟏
𝜂 = =
623 623
𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏 %
 Hence case (a) is more efficient than case (b)
14. A Carnot engine whose efficiency is 45% takes heat from a source maintained
at a temperature of 327°C. To have an engine of efficiency 60% what must be
the intake temperature for the same exhaust (sink) temperature?
Solution :-
 Efficiency when, 𝑇𝐻 = (327 + 273) = 600 𝐾 & 𝜂 = 45% = 0.45
𝑇𝐿
𝜂 =1−
𝑇𝐻
𝑇𝐿
0.45 = 1 −
600
𝑇𝐿
= 1 − 0.45 = 0.55
600
𝑇𝐿 = 0.55 𝑋 600 = 330 𝐾
𝑻𝑳 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝑲 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟓𝟕 ℃
 Efficiency when 𝑇𝐿 = (57 + 273) = 330 𝐾 & 𝜂 = 60% = 0.60
𝑇𝐿
𝜂 =1−
𝑇𝐻
330
0.60 = 1 −
𝑇𝐻
330
= 1 − 0.60 = 0.40
𝑇𝐻
330 3300
𝑇𝐻 = = = 825 𝐾
0.4 4
𝑻𝑯 = 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝑲 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟓𝟓𝟐℃

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
3. Calculate the temperature at which the rms velocity of a gas triples its value at
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS S.T.P. (standard temperature T1 = 273 K)
1. A fresh air is composed of nitrogen N2(78%) and oxygen O2(21%). Find the rms Solution :-
speed of N2 and O2 at 20°C.  At standard temperature and pressure (STP) ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 = 𝑣 & 𝑇1 = 273 𝐾
Solution :- NA - Avagadro number and 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1  At new temperature and pressure ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 = 3 𝑣 & 𝑇2 =?
1) Nitrogen molecule (N2) :  By definition,
 Atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14, Then One Nitrogen molecule = 2 × 14 = 28
3 𝑅 𝑇1
 Thus 28 g nitrogen gas contains NA number of nitrogen molecules 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 = √ − − − − − − (1)
 Hence, Molecular mass of one mole of nitrogen molecule , 𝑀
M = 28 g/mol = 0.028 kg/mol 3 𝑅 𝑇2
 RMS speed of nitrogen molecule, (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 = √ − − − − − − (2)
𝑀
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 (20 + 273)  Divide equation (2) by (1)
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √
𝑀 0.028
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 √3 𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑀
3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 293 = = √
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 510.9 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑇1
0.028 √3 𝑅 𝑇1
𝑀
2) Oxyzen molecule (O2) : 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 2 𝑇2
 Atomic mass of Oxygen = 16. Then One Oxygen molecule = 2 × 16 = 32 [ ] =
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑇1
 Thus 32 g Oxygen contains NA number of oxygen molecules 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 2 3𝑣 2
 Hence, Molecular mass of one mole of oxygen molecule ∴ 𝑇 2 = 𝑇1 [ ] = 273 𝑋 [ ] = 273 𝑋 9
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑣
M = 32 g/mol = 0.032kg/mol
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝑲
 RMS speed of oxygen molecule, (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
4. A gas is at temperature 80°C and pressure 5 × 10−10N m−2. What is the number of
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 (20 + 273) molecules per m3 if Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ Solution :-
𝑀 0.032
 From ideal gas equation, 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑘 𝑇 . Hence
3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 293 𝑃𝑉 5 𝑋 10−10 𝑋 1 5 𝑋 1013
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 477.9 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑛= = −23
=
0.032 𝑘𝑇 1.38𝑋 10 𝑋 (80 + 273) 1.38 𝑋 353
−2 13
2. If the rms speed of methane gas in the Jupiter’s atmosphere is 471.8 m s -1, show 𝑛 = 1.026 𝑋 10 𝑋 10
that the surface temperature of Jupiter is sub-zero. 𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏
Solution :-
 Molecular formula for methane is 𝐶𝐻4
 Its molecular mass = (1 × 12) + (4 × 1) = 12 + 4 = 16 5. If 1020 oxygen molecules per second strike 4 cm 2 of wall at an angle of 30° with
 Molecular mass of 1 mole of methane gas : 𝑀 = 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.016 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 the normal when moving at a speed of 2 × 103 m s-1, find the pressure exerted on
 RMS speed of methane molecule ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 471.8 𝑚 𝑠 −1 the wall. (mass of one oxygen atom = 2.67 × 10−26 kg)
Solution :-
2
3𝑅𝑇 3𝑅𝑇 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑀  Mass of one oxygen atom = 2.67 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔
∴ 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 =
𝑀 𝑀 3𝑅  Mass of one oxygen molecule (O2) ; 𝑚 = 2 × 2.67 × 10−26 = 5.34 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔
(471.8)2 𝑋 0.016 471.8 𝑋 471.8 𝑋 0.016  Horizontal component of velocity = 𝑣 cos 30°
∴ 𝑇= =  Initial momentum of colliding molecule = 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°
3 𝑋 8.314 24. 942
𝑇 = 142.8 𝐾 ≈ 143 𝐾  Final momentum of rebounding molecule = −𝑚𝑣 cos 30°
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑 = −𝟏𝟑𝟎℃  Change in momentum due to collision = 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° − (− 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°)
 Thus surface temperature of Jupiter planet is less than 𝟎℃ = 2 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
 The rate of change of momentum (i.e.) force exerted in ′n′ collisions,  The mean free path,
𝐹 = 2 𝑛 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° 1
𝜆 =
 Pressure exerted on the wall due to this force , 𝜋 𝑑2 𝑛 √2
𝐹 2 𝑛 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° 1
𝑃= = 𝜆 =
𝐴 𝐴 3.14 𝑋 (3 𝑋 10 −10 )2 𝑋 2.688 𝑋 1025 𝑋 1.414
√3 1
2 𝑋 1020 𝑋 5.34 × 10−26 𝑋 2 𝑋 103 𝑋
𝑃= 2 = 5.34 × 1.732 × 10 𝜆 =
3.14 𝑋 9 𝑋 2.688 𝑋 1.414 𝑋105
4 𝑋 10 −4 2 𝜆 = 9.313 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−5
𝑃 = 5.34 × 1.732 × 5 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 𝝀 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒎
6. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a mixture of monatomic and 8. A gas made of a mixture of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of argon at
diatomic gases is found to be proportional to the cube of the temperature. Find temperature T. Calculate the energy of the gas in terms of RT. Neglect the
𝑪
the value of 𝜸 = 𝑷 vibrational modes.
𝑪𝑽
Solution :- Solution :-
 Equation for adiabatic process in terms of T and P is,  Oxygen (𝑂2 ) is a di atomic molecule. Its number of degrees of freedom 𝑓 = 5
𝑃 1−𝛾 𝛾
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡  Argon (𝐴𝑟) is a mono atomic molecule. Its number of degrees of freedom 𝑓 = 3
𝛾  For mono atomic molecule, total energy of  mole of gas,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃 𝑇 1−𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − − − − − − (1) 3 3
 For mono atomic and diatomic gasses, 𝑈1 = 1 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 𝑘 𝑇 = 1 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
𝑃 ∝ 𝑇3  For di atomic molecule, total energy of  mole of gas,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃 𝑇 −3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − − − − − − (2) 5 5
 Compare the powers on both sides in equations (1) and (2) 𝑈2 = 2 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 𝑘 𝑇 = 2 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
𝛾  Hence total energy of gas mixture ,
= −3
1−𝛾 𝑈 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2
𝛾 =−3+3𝛾 3 5
3𝛾− 𝛾 = 3 𝑈 = 1 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇 + 2 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
2𝛾 =3 3 5
𝟑 𝑈= 4 𝑋 𝑅𝑇+ 2 𝑋 𝑅𝑇
𝜸= 2 2
𝟐 𝑈 = 6 𝑅 𝑇 + 5𝑅 𝑇
7. Calculate the mean free path of air molecules at STP. The diameter of N2 and O2 is
𝑼 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑹 𝑻
about 3 × 10−10 m
Solution :-
 At STP 𝑃 = 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑁𝑚−2 & 𝑇 = 273 𝐾 9. Estimate the total number of air molecules in a room of capacity 25 m 3 at a
temperature of 27°C.
 By Ideal gas equation,
𝑁 𝑃 𝑃 Solution :-
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 =  From ideal gas equation, 𝑃𝑉 =𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑉 𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
 The number density, 𝑃 𝑉 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑋 25
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 = =
𝑃 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑘𝑇 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 (27 + 273)
𝑛 = = 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑋 25
𝑘𝑇 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 273 𝑁 =
1.013 𝑋 1028 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300
𝑛 = 1.013 𝑋 25 𝑋 1028
1.38 𝑋 273 𝑁 =
𝑛 = 2.688 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1028 414
𝟐𝟓 𝟑 𝑁 = 6.116 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1028
𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔/𝒎
𝑵 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Divide equation (2) by (1)
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
𝑇𝑓 𝐾 √1.44 𝑙
= = √1.44 = 1.2 1. Consider the Earth as a homogeneous sphere of radius R and a straight hole is
𝑇𝑖 𝐾 √𝑙
bored in it through its centre. Show that a particle dropped into the hole will
 If 𝑇𝑖 = 1 𝑠 then 𝑇𝑓 = 1.2 𝑠.
𝑹
 That is time period increases by 0.2 𝑠 (or) 20% execute a simple harmonic motion such that its time period is 𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝒈
∴ 𝑻𝒇 = 𝑻𝒊 + 𝟐𝟎% 𝑻𝒊
Solution :-
15. Write down the kinetic energy and total energy expressions in terms of linear  Let ‘O’ be the centre of earth and let it will be the
momentum, For one-dimensional case. equilibrium position of particle executing SHM
Solution :-
 At any instant the distance of particle be ‘x’ from ‘O’
1) Kinetic energy,
 Let ‘g’ be the acceleration due to gravity at earth
1 1 𝑚 1
𝐾𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑚2 𝑣𝑥2 surface and the acceleration due to gravity at the depth
2 2 𝑚 2𝑚 ‘d’ is
𝟏
𝑲𝑬(𝒙) = 𝒑𝟐 [𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣] 𝑑 𝑅−𝑑 𝑥
𝟐𝒎 𝒙 𝑔1 = 𝑔 [1 − ] = 𝑔 [ ]= 𝑔 [ ]
2) Total energy, 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
 Then the force acting on the particle be,
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸(𝑥) + 𝑈(𝑥) 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝐹 = − 𝑚 𝑔1 = −𝑚 𝑔 [ ]
𝑬= 𝒑 𝟐 + 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑅
𝟐𝒎 𝒙 𝟐  By Newton’ law of motion,
16. Compute the position of an oscillating particle when its kinetic energy and 𝑑2𝑥 𝑥
potential energy are equal. 𝑚 2
= −𝑚 𝑔 [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
Solution :- 𝑑2𝑥 𝑔
 Kinetic energy of the system, =− 𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑅
2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 ( 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑 𝑥 𝑔
2 2 + 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑅
 Potential energy of the system, 𝑑2𝑥
1  This differential equation is similar to differential equation of SHM [ 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0]
𝑑𝑡
𝑈 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2  So, the particle dropped will execute SHM and hence
2
 Since the kinetic energy and potential energy of the oscillating particle are equal, 𝑔 𝑔
1 1 𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 = √
𝑚 𝜔2 ( 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝑅 𝑅
2 2 The time period of SHM is,
𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
2𝜋 𝑅
𝐴2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 2 𝑥 2 𝑇= = 2 𝜋√
𝐴2 𝜔 𝑔
∴ 𝑥2 =
2 2. Consider a simple pendulum of length l = 0.9 m which is properly placed on a
𝑨 trolley rolling down on a inclined plane which is at θ = 45° with the horizontal.
𝒙 = ± Assuming that the inclined plane is frictionless, calculate the time period of
√𝟐
oscillation of the simple pendulum.
Solution :-
 The effective value of acceleration due to
gravity will be equal to the component of g
normal to the inclined plane which is
𝑔′ = 𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Then the time period is given by, 𝑦 2 𝑦2
(𝑥 − 𝐴 [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑) = 𝐴2 (1 − 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝑙 𝑙 𝐵 𝐵
𝑇 = 2 𝜋√ 1 = 2 𝜋√ 𝐴2 2
𝑦 𝐴 𝑦 𝐴2 𝑦 2
𝑔 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵2
0.9 0.9 0.9 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
𝑇 = 2 𝜋√ = 2𝜋 = 2 × 3.14 × √ 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
9.8 × cos 45° √ 1 9.8 × 0.707 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
9.8 × 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
√2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 ) − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝐵 𝐵
2
𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
0.9 𝑥 + 2 −2𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝑻 = 6.28 × √ = 6.28 × √0.1290 = 6.28 × 0.3604 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝒔 𝐵 𝐵
6.9286  Divide by 𝐴2 on both sides
3. A piece of wood of mass m is floating erect in a liquid whose density is ρ. If it is 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚
+ 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋 − − − (4)
slightly pressed down and released, then executes simple harmonic motion. 𝑨 𝟐 𝑩 𝑨𝑩
𝒎 Case (a)
Show that its time period of oscillation is 𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√  When 𝜑 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 0. Then equation (4) becomes
𝑨𝒈𝝆
Solution :- 𝑥 2 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦
2
+ 2 − =0
 Let the wood piece of mass ‘m’ and area ‘A’ floating in liquid of density ‘ ’ is 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝑥 𝑦 2
pressed down by a distance ‘𝑥’ and released, so that it execute SHM. (𝑜𝑟) ( − ) =0
 The restoring force is given by, 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥 𝑦
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚𝑔=𝑘𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) − =0
𝐴 𝐵
𝑚𝑔 (𝜌 𝑉) 𝑔 (𝜌 𝐴 𝑥) 𝑔 𝑦 𝑥
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑘= = = = 𝜌𝐴𝑔 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝐵 𝐴
 The time period of vertical oscillation is, 𝑩
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒚= 𝒙
𝒎 𝒎 𝑨
𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√ = 𝟐 𝝅√  This is in the form of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 which is equation of straight line passing
𝒌 𝑨𝒈𝝆 through origin with positive slope
4. Consider two simple harmonic motion along x and y-axis having same Case (b)
frequencies but different amplitudes as x = A sin (ωt + φ) (along x axis) and  When 𝜑 = 𝜋, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 0. Then equation (4) becomes
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝑥 2 𝑦2 2 𝑥 𝑦
y = B sin ωt (along y axis). Then show that
𝑨𝟐
+ 𝑩𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋 + + =0
𝑨𝑩 𝐴2 𝐵 2 𝐴𝐵
and also discuss the special cases when 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 (𝑜𝑟) ( + ) =0
(a) φ = 0 (b) φ = π (c) 𝝋 = (d) 𝝋 = and A = B (e) 𝝋 = 𝐴 𝐵
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝑥 𝑦
Solution :- (𝑜𝑟) + =0
 Given that 𝐴 𝐵
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) − − − − − − (1) =−
𝐵 𝐴
𝑦 = 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − − − − − − (2) 𝑩
 From (1) (𝑜𝑟) 𝒚=− 𝒙
𝑨
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑  This is in the form of 𝒚 = −𝒎𝒙 which is equation of straight line passing
𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 through origin with negative slope
 Squaring on both sides, Case (c)
𝜋
(𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑)2 = 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑  When 𝜑 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 1. Then equation (4) becomes
2
(𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑)2 = 𝐴2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − − − (3) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑦
 From equation (2) , = sin 𝜔𝑡 and hence equation(3) can be written as + =𝟏
𝐵 𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐
 This is equation for ellipse, whose centre is in origin
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
Case (d)  Similarly the average potential energy is,
𝜋 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
 When 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐵, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 1. Then equation (4) 1 1 1 1
2
becomes 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = ∫ 𝐸𝑃 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 2 2𝑇
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 0 0 0
+ = 𝟏 (𝒐𝒓) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑇
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐 1 1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 1 sin 2𝜔𝑡 𝑇
 This is equation for circle whose centre is in origin 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑡 − ]
2𝑇 2 4𝑇 2𝜔 0
Case (e) 0
𝜋 1 1 1 2𝜋
 When 𝜑 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = . Then equation (4) becomes 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑇] [∵ 𝜔 = , sin 0° = sin 4𝜋 = 0]
4 √2 √2 4𝑇 𝑇
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ − ( )= 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − − − − − − − (2)
𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
 This is equation for oblique or tilted ellipse  Then the total energy
5. Show that for a particle executing simple harmonic motion (a) the average value 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
〈𝑬〉 = 〈𝑬𝑲 〉 + 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐
of kinetic energy is equal to the average value of potential energy. (b) average 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
𝟏  Hence average kinetic energy and average potential energy becomes
potential energy = average kinetic energy = (total energy) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
Solution :- 〈𝑬𝑲 〉 = 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = [ 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 ] = 〈𝑬〉 = × 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 Suppose a particle of mass m executes SHM of period T. 6. Compute the time period for the following
 The displacement of the particles at any instant t is given by system if the block of mass m is slightly
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 displaced vertically down from its
 The velocity of the particles at that instant t is given by equilibrium position and then released.
𝑑𝑦
𝑣= = 𝜔 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 Assume that the pulley is light and smooth,
𝑑𝑡 strings and springs are light.
 Then kinetic energy is,
1 1 Solution :-
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 Case (i) : Here Pulley is fixed rigidly .
2 2
 The potential energy is  When the mass displace by ‘y’ and the spring will also stretch by ‘y’.
1 1 Therefore, 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝒚
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑦 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡  From the figure 𝐹 = 𝑇
2 2
 Hence the average kinetic energy is, 𝑚𝑎 = − 𝑘𝑦
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑑2 𝑦
1 1 1 1 𝑚 =−𝑘𝑦
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = ∫ 𝐸𝐾 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑇 𝑇 2 2𝑇 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑘
0 0 0 =− 𝑦
𝑇 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
1 1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 1 sin 2𝜔𝑡 𝑇 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑡 + ] + 𝒚=𝟎
2𝑇 2 4𝑇 2𝜔 0 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
0
1 2𝜋  This differential equation is similar to differential equation of SHM
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑇] [∵ 𝜔 = , sin 0° = sin 4𝜋 = 0] 𝑑2 𝑥
4𝑇 𝑇 [ + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0] So, the particle dropped will execute SHM. Hence
𝑑𝑡 2
𝟏
〈𝑬𝑲 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − − − − − − − (1) 𝑘 𝑘
𝟒 𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 = √
𝑚 𝑚
 The time period of SHM is,
𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝑻= = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝝎 𝒌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
Case (ii) : Here Mass displace by y and pulley also displaces by y. Hence 𝑇 = 4 𝑘𝑦
 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑇
𝑚𝑎 = − 4 𝑘𝑦
𝑑2𝑦
𝑚 =−4𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2𝑥 4𝑘
=− 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
𝑑2𝑥 4 𝑘
+ 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
 This differential equation is similar to differential
𝑑2 𝑥
equation of SHM [ 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0] So, the particle
𝑑𝑡
dropped will execute SHM
4𝑘 4𝑘
𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔= √
𝑚 𝑚
 The time period of SHM is,
𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝑻= = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝝎 𝟒 𝒌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 11 WAVES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
3. A ship in a sea sends SONAR waves straight down into the seawater from the
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS bottom of the ship. The signal reflects from the deep bottom bed rock and
1. The speed of a wave in a certain medium is 900 m/s. If 3000 waves passes over returns to the ship after 3.5 s. After the ship moves to 100 km it sends another
a certain point of the medium in 2 minutes, then compute its wavelength?. signal which returns back after 2s. Calculate the depth of the sea in each case
Solution :- Since 3000 waves passes over in 2 minutes (120 s), the number of waves and also compute the difference in height between two cases. (velocity of
passes per second is, sound in sea water = 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 )
3000 Solution :-
𝑓= = 25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120  Depth at first place,
 Then the wavelength, 𝑣 𝑋 𝑡1 1533 𝑋 3.5 5365.5
𝒗 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑑1 = = = = 2682.75 𝑚
 = = = 𝟑𝟔 𝒎 2 2 2
𝒇 𝟐𝟓  Depth at second place
2. Consider a mixture of 2 mol of helium and 4 mol of oxygen. Compute the speed 𝑣 𝑋 𝑡2 1533 𝑋 2
of sound in this gas mixture at 300 K. 𝑑2 = = = 1533 𝑚
2 2
Solution :-  The difference in height between two cases,
 From Newton-Laplace formula, the speed of sound, ∆𝒅 = 𝒅𝟏 − 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟗 . 𝟕𝟓 𝒎
4. A sound wave is transmitted into a tube as shown in figure. The sound wave
𝛾𝑃 𝛾𝑃 𝛾𝑃𝑉 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝑣 = √ = √ =√ = √ − − − − − − − (1) splits into two waves at the point A which recombine at point B. Let R be the
𝜌 𝑀/𝑉 𝑀 𝑀 radius of the semi-circle which is varied until the first minimum. Calculate the
 Mass of gas mixture is found as follows. radius of the semi-circle if the wavelength of the sound is 50.0 m.
Mass of helium (He )atom 𝑀1 = 4 and mass of oxygen (O) atom, 𝑀2 = 32 .
Hence,
𝑛1 𝑀1 + 𝑛2 𝑀2 (2𝑋4) + (4𝑋32) 8 + 128 136
𝑀= = = =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 2+4 6 6
−1 −3 −1
𝑀 = 22.66 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 22.66 𝑋 10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 The value of the ratio γ is found as follows.
3
Here helium is monoatomic gas and hence 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅
2
5
Solution :-
And oxygen is diatomic gas and hence 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅  The length of semi circle from A to B
2
Hence effective value of 𝐶𝑉 of the gas mixture, 𝑟1 = 𝜋 𝑅 = 3.14 𝑅
3 5  The length of straight line from A to B
𝑛1 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑛2 𝐶𝑉 (2𝑋 𝑅) + (4𝑋 𝑅) 3 𝑅 + 10 𝑅 13 𝑅
𝐶𝑉 = = 2 2 = = − − (2) 𝑟2 = 2 𝑅
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 2+4 6 6  Hence path difference, ∆𝑟 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 3.14 𝑅 − 2 𝑅 = 𝑅(3.14 − 2) = 1.14 𝑅
From Mayer’ s equation, ,  From the condition of minimum intensity, ∆𝑟 = 𝑛

(Here, n = 1, 3, 5,…….)
𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 2
13 𝑅 19 𝑅  Hence condition for first minimum,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = + 𝑅= − − − (3) 
6 6 ∆𝑟 =
19 𝑅 2
𝐶𝑃 [ ] 19 
∴ 𝛾= = 6 = = 1.462 (𝑜𝑟) 1.14 𝑅 =
𝐶𝑉 13 𝑅 13 2
[ ] 
6
 Put the values of 𝑀, 𝛾, 𝑅 in equation (1), 𝑅=
2 𝑋 1.14
50 50
𝛾𝑅𝑇 1.462 𝑋 8.31 𝑋 300 𝑅 = =
𝑣 = √ = √ 2 𝑋 1.14 2.28
𝑀 22.66 𝑋 10−3 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎. 𝟗 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 11 WAVES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
5. N tuning forks are arranged in order of increasing frequency and any two 8. A police in a siren car moving with a velocity 20 ms-1 chases a thief who is
successive tuning forks give n beats per second when sounded together. If the moving in a car with a velocity v0ms-1. The police car sounds at frequency
last fork gives double the frequency of the first (called as octave), Show that the 300Hz, and both of them move towards a stationary siren of frequency 400Hz.
frequency of the first tuning fork is f = (N−1)n. Calculate the speed in which thief is moving. (Assume the thief does not
Solution :- observe any beat)
 Number of tuning forks = 𝑁 Solution :-
 Let 𝒇 be the frequency of first tuning fork and ‘n’ be the number beats per second  Velocity of sound 𝑣 = 330 𝑚/𝑠
when two successive forks are sounding together, then the frequencies of N Velocity of a police siren car 𝑣𝑠 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
tuning forks in ascending order, f, f  n, f  2n, f  3n, …….. , 2 f Frequency of a police siren car 𝑓 = 300𝐻𝑧
 This is similar to the AP having ‘n’ number of terms (i.e.) a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,………. Frequency of police siren heard by thief is
We know the nth term in AP is, 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 330 − 𝑣𝑜 330 − 𝑣𝑜
𝑓1 = [ ]𝑓= [ ] × 300 = [ ] × 300
 Here, the frequency of last tuning fork is 2 𝑓 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠 330 − 20 310
2 𝑓 = 𝑓 + (𝑁 − 1)𝑛  Frequency of stationary siren 𝑓 = 400𝐻𝑧
2 𝑓 − 𝑓 = (𝑁 − 1) 𝑛 Frequency of stationary siren heard by thief
𝒇 = (𝑵 − 𝟏) 𝒏 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑜 330 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑓2 = [ ]𝑓= [ ] × 400
6. Let the source propagate a sound wave whose intensity at a point (initially) be 𝑣 330
I. Suppose we consider a case when the amplitude of the sound wave is doubled  It there are no beats then 𝑓1 = 𝑓2
and the frequency is reduced to one-fourth. Calculate now the new intensity of 330 − 𝑣𝑜 330 + 𝑣𝑜
[ ] × 300 = [ ] × 400
sound at the same point? 310 330
Solution :- (330 − 𝑣𝑜 ) × 0.9677 = (330 + 𝑣𝑜 ) × 1.2121
 Intensity of sound, , 𝐼 = 2 𝜋 2 𝜌 𝑣 𝑓 2 𝐴2 (or) 𝐼 ∝ 𝑓 2 𝐴2 319.341 − 0.9677 𝑣𝑜 = 399.993 + 1.2121 𝑣𝑜
 Hence, I1 ∝ 𝑓12 𝐴 12 and I2 ∝ 𝑓22 𝐴 22 1.2121 𝑣0 + 0.9677 𝑣𝑜 = 319.341 − 399.993
2.1798 𝑣𝑡 = − 80.652
I1 𝑓1 𝐴 12
2
𝑓1 2 𝐴1 2 80.652
= 2 2= [ ] [ ] − − − − − − (1) 𝑣𝑜 = = 36.99 = 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
I2 𝑓2 𝐴 2 𝑓2 𝐴2 2.1798
𝑓
 Given that, 𝐴2 = 2 𝐴1 and 𝑓2 = 1 .Put this in equation (1) , 9. Consider the following function (a) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝜶 𝒕 (b) 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒕)𝟐
4
2 which among the above function can be characterized as a wave ?.
I1 𝑓1 𝐴1 2 12 1 𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒚
= [ ] [ ] = [4] 2
[ ] = 16 𝑋 = 4 Solution :- We know that , the wave equation as,
𝝏𝒙𝟐
= 𝒗𝟐 𝝏𝒕𝟐
I2 𝑓1 2 𝐴1 2 4
( ) (a) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝜶 𝒕 𝒙
4
 Partially differentiate above equation first w.r.to x and then w.r.to t,
 Hence new intensity of sound, ,
𝐈𝟏 𝜕𝑦
𝐈𝟐 = =2𝑥+ 2𝛼𝑡
𝟒 𝜕𝑥
7. Consider two organ pipes of same length in which one organ pipe is closed and 𝜕2𝑦
& = 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
another organ pipe is open. If the fundamental frequency of closed pipe is 𝜕𝑥 2
250 Hz. Calculate the fundamental frequency of the open pipe. 𝜕𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, = 2𝛼𝑥
Solution :- 𝜕𝑡
𝑣
 Fundamental frequency in closed organ tube, 𝑓𝐶 = − − − − − − − (1) 𝜕2𝑦
4𝐿
𝑣 & =0
 Fundamental frequency in open organ tube, 𝑓𝑂 = − − − − − − − (2) 𝜕𝑡 2
2
𝑣
2𝐿 1 𝜕 𝑦
(2) 𝑓𝑂 [ ] ∴ = 0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (2)
𝑣 2 𝜕𝑡 2
⟹ = 2𝑣𝐿 = 2  From equation (1) and (2)
(1) 𝑓𝐶 [ ]
4𝐿 𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒚
𝒇𝑶 = 𝟐 𝒇𝑪 = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 𝟐
≠ 𝟐
𝝏𝒕 𝒗 𝝏𝒙𝟐
 Hence this function (a) not describing wave
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT – 11 WAVES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(b) 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒕) = 𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒙 𝒗 𝒕
 Partially differentiate above equation first w.r.to x and then w.r.to t,
𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑥+0+ 2𝑣𝑡
𝜕𝑥
2
𝜕 𝑦
& =2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, = 0 + 𝑣 2 (2 𝑡) + 2 𝑥 𝑣
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝑦
& = 2 𝑣2
𝜕𝑡 2
1 𝜕2𝑦 2 𝑣2
∴ = = 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − (4)
𝑣 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑣2
 From equation (1) and (2)
𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒚
=
𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐
 Hence this function (b) satisfies wave equation.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502