Energetics-SL-Paper2-SET 1

1a. [4 marks]

Ethanol has many industrial uses.

(i) State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction conditions.

Equation:

Conditions:

(ii) Deduce the volume of ethanol, in dm, produced from of ethene, assuming both are gaseous
and at the same temperature and pressure.

1b. [2 marks]

Define the term average bond enthalpy.

1c. [1 mark]

Explain why the reaction is exothermic in terms of the bonds involved.

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1d. [3 marks]

Identify the homologous series to which ethanol belongs and state two features of a homologous series.

2a. [3 marks]

0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to of sulfuric acid to produce

hydrogen gas and magnesium sulfate.

(i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental
conditions.

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 Sketch two curves, labelled I and II, to show how the volume of hydrogen produced (under the same
temperature and pressure) changes with time when:

I. using the same mass of magnesium powder instead of a piece of magnesium ribbon;

II. 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to of sulfuric acid.

(ii) Outline why it is better to measure the volume of hydrogen produced against time rather than the
loss of mass of reactants against time.

2b. [3 marks]

Magnesium sulfate can exist in either the hydrated form or in the anhydrous form. Two students
wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the
initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, , was
dissolved in water. They presented their results in the following table.

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 (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, , for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in
. State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.

2c. [2 marks]

The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate,
, and of water. They found the enthalpy change, , to be
.

The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine

experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.

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 (i) Determine the enthalpy change, , in , for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium
sulfate, .

(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is
. Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value
determined from experimental results, giving your answer to one decimal place. (If you did not obtain
an answer for the experimental value in (c)(i) then use the value of , but this is not the
correct value.)

2d. [2 marks]

Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of .

Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.

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2e.

Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This
limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.

(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.

(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-
carbon-oxygen bond angle.

Lewis (electron dot) structure:

Shape:

Bond angle:

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3a. [1 mark]

Consider the following list of organic compounds.

Compound 1:

Compound 2:

Compound 3:

Compound 4:

Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of compound 1.

3b. [2 marks]

(i) Define the term structural isomers.

(ii) Identify the two compounds in the list that are structural isomers of each other.

3c. [4 marks]

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 Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux with excess
acidified potassium dichromate(VI). If no reaction occurs write NO REACTION in the table.

3d. [4 marks]

Explain the mechanism for the substitution reaction of bromoethane with sodium hydroxide. Use curly
arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

3e. [9 marks]

Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide, forming sodium chloride and water.

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of reaction, .

(ii) Determine the amount of energy released, in kJ, when of sodium

hydroxide solution reacts with of hydrochloric acid solution.

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(iii) In an experiment, 2.50 g of solid sodium hydroxide was dissolved in of water. The
temperature rose by 13.3 °C. Calculate the standard enthalpy change, in , for dissolving one
mole of solid sodium hydroxide in water.

(iv) Using relevant data from previous question parts, determine , in , for the reaction
of solid sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

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4a. [1 mark]

In December 2010, researchers in Sweden announced the synthesis of N,N–dinitronitramide,

. They speculated that this compound, more commonly called trinitramide, may have
significant potential as an environmentally friendly rocket fuel oxidant.

Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the coefficients
required to balance the equation for this reaction.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4b. [3 marks]

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 Calculate the enthalpy change, in , when one mole of trinitramide decomposes to its
elements, using bond enthalpy data from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. Assume that all the N–O bonds
in this molecule have a bond enthalpy of .

4c. [2 marks]

Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen gas,
.

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4d. [3 marks]

Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.

4e. [2 marks]

Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.

4f. [3 marks]
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 Methanol can also be burnt as a fuel. Describe an experiment that would allow the molar enthalpy
change of combustion to be calculated from the results.

4g. [3 marks]

Explain how the results of this experiment could be used to calculate the molar enthalpy change of
combustion of methanol.

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4h. [2 marks]

Predict, with an explanation, how the result obtained would compare with the value in Table 12 of the
Data Booklet.

5a. [6 marks]

Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) carried out a project* on the chemistry of some group 7
elements (the halogens) and their compounds.

* Adapted from J Derek Woollins, (2009), Inorganic Experiments and Open University, (2008), Exploring
the Molecular World.

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In the first part of the project, the two groups had a sample of iodine monochloride (a corrosive brown
liquid) prepared for them by their teacher using the following reaction.

The following data were recorded.

(i) State the number of significant figures for the masses of and ICl(l).

ICl (l):

(ii) The iodine used in the reaction was in excess. Determine the theoretical yield, in g, of ICl(l).

(iii) Calculate the percentage yield of ICl(l).

(iv) Using a digital thermometer, the students discovered that the reaction was exothermic. State the
sign of the enthalpy change of the reaction, .

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5b. [2 marks]

Although the molar masses of ICl and are very similar, the boiling point of ICl is 97.4 °C and that of
is 58.8 °C. Explain the difference in these boiling points in terms of the intermolecular forces
present in each liquid.

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5c. [6 marks]

The students reacted ICl(l) with CsBr(s) to form a yellow solid, , as one of the products.
has been found to produce very pure CsCl(s) which is used in cancer treatment.

To confirm the composition of the yellow solid, Group A determined the amount of iodine in 0.2015 g of

by titrating it with . The following data were recorded

for the titration.

(i) Calculate the percentage of iodine by mass in , correct to three significant figures.

(ii) State the volume, in , of used in the titration.

(iii) Determine the amount, in mol, of added in the titration.

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(iv) The overall reaction taking place during the titration is:

Calculate the amount, in mol, of iodine atoms, I, present in the sample of .

(v) Calculate the mass of iodine, in g, present in the sample of

(vi) Determine the percentage by mass of iodine in the sample of , correct to three
significant figures, using your answer from (v).

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6a. [2 marks]

Define the term average bond enthalpy.

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6b. [4 marks]

The following equation represents a combustion reaction of propane, when the oxygen
supply is limited.

(i) Determine , the enthalpy change of the reaction, in , using average bond enthalpy data
from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. The bond enthalpy for the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon monoxide,
CO, is .

(ii) The CO molecule has dative covalent bonding. Identify a nitrogen-containing positive ion which also
has this type of bonding.

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7a. [7 marks]

Ethene, CH, and hydrazine, NH, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table.

(i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for and showing all valence electrons.

(ii) State and explain the H–C–H bond angle in ethene and the H–N–H bond angle in hydrazine.

7b. [4 marks]

The polarity of a molecule can be explained in terms of electronegativity.

(i) Define the term electronegativity.

(ii) Compare the relative polarities of the C–H bond in ethene and the N–H bond in hydrazine.

(iii) Hydrazine is a polar molecule and ethene is non-polar. Explain why ethene is non-polar.

7c. [2 marks]

The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in terms of the
intermolecular forces in each compound.

7d. [3 marks]

Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel.

The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.

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 Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the enthalpy change for
this reaction.

7e. [2 marks]

State the name of the product and identify the type of reaction which occurs between ethene and
hydrogen chloride.

7f. [2 marks]

The reaction between NH(aq) and HCl (aq) can be represented by the following equation.

(i) Identify the type of reaction that occurs.

(ii) Predict the value of the H–N–H bond angle in .

8. [4 marks]

The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in kJ.

Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in enthalpy, , for the following
reaction.

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9a. [2 marks]

Two students were asked to use information from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the enthalpy
of hydrogenation of ethene to form ethane.

John used the average bond enthalpies from Table 10. Marit used the values of enthalpies of
combustion from Table 12.

Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained using the average bond
enthalpies given in Table 10.

9b. [1 mark]

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 Marit arranged the values she found in Table 12 into an energy cycle.

Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene from the energy cycle.

9c. [1 mark]

Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than Marit’s answer.

9d. [1 mark]

John then decided to determine the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene to produce cyclohexane.

Use the average bond enthalpies to deduce a value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
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9e. [2 marks]

The percentage difference between these two methods (average bond enthalpies and enthalpies of
combustion) is greater for cyclohexene than it was for ethene. John’s hypothesis was that it would be
the same. Determine why the use of average bond enthalpies is less accurate for the cyclohexene
equation shown above, than it was for ethene. Deduce what extra information is needed to provide a
more accurate answer.

10a. [3 marks]

Methanol is made in large quantities as it is used in the production of polymers and in fuels. The
enthalpy of combustion of methanol can be determined theoretically or experimentally.

Using the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet, determine the theoretical enthalpy of
combustion of methanol.

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10b. [2 marks]

The enthalpy of combustion of methanol can also be determined experimentally in a school laboratory.
A burner containing methanol was weighed and used to heat water in a test tube as illustrated below.

The following data were collected.

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Calculate the amount, in mol, of methanol burned.

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10c. [3 marks]

Calculate the heat absorbed, in kJ, by the water.

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10d. [2 marks]

Determine the enthalpy change, in , for the combustion of 1 mole of methanol.

10e. [1 mark]

The Data Booklet value for the enthalpy of combustion of methanol is . Suggest why
this value differs from the values calculated in parts (a) and (b).

Part (a)

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10f. [1 mark]

Part (b)

11a. [1 mark]

Ethanol is used as a component in fuel for some vehicles. One fuel mixture contains 10% by mass of
ethanol in unleaded petrol (gasoline). This mixture is often referred to as Gasohol E10.

Assume that the other 90% by mass of Gasohol E10 is octane. 1.00 kg of this fuel mixture was burned.

Calculate the mass, in g, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.

11b. [1 mark]

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 Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.

11c. [3 marks]

Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture is completely
burned.

11d. [2 marks]

If the fuel blend was vaporized before combustion, predict whether the amount of energy released
would be greater, less or the same. Explain your answer.

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12a. [2 marks]

Define the term average bond enthalpy.

12b. [1 mark]

Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.

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12c. [3 marks]

Determine the standard enthalpy change, in , for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol,
using the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet.

12d. [2 marks]

Based on the types of intermolecular force present, explain why butan-1-ol has a higher boiling point
than butanal.

13a. [1 mark]

Consider the following equilibrium:

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 Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, , for the reaction.

13b. [4 marks]

Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will shift when the following changes occur.

The volume increases.

The temperature decreases.

is removed from the system.

A catalyst is added to the reaction mixture.

13c. [1 mark]

Define the term activation energy, .

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13d. [2 marks]

Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is involved in the decomposition of ozone according to the following
mechanism.

State and explain whether or not NO is acting as a catalyst.

13e. [1 mark]

Define the term endothermic reaction.

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13f. [3 marks]

Sketch the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction with and without a catalyst, and
label both axes.

13g. [1 mark]

Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in the Haber process, according to the following
equilibrium.

Define the term rate of reaction.

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13h. [3 marks]

Iron, used as the catalyst in the Haber process, has a specific heat capacity of . If
245.0 kJ of heat is supplied to 8.500 kg of iron, initially at a temperature of 15.25 °C, determine its final
temperature in K.

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