ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

College of Architectural building and construction

Building Material and technology

Name: AMANUEL ERISTU

Id: UGR/5746/13
Assignment 1 (from question no 1-5)

Submitted to: subject instructor’s

Submission Date: TAHESA 24, 2015 E.C

TAHSAS
 2015 E.C

3D Printing

What Is 3D Printing?

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates a physical

object from a digital design. The process works by laying down thin layers of material in the
form of liquid or powdered plastic, metal or cement, and then fusing the layers together.

KEY POINTS

 Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing process in which a

physical object is created from a digital design by printing thin layers of material and
then fusing them together.
 Some industries, such as hearing aids manufacturers, airline manufacturers, and car
manufacturers, use 3D printing to create prototypes and mass produce their products
using custom scans.
 While it is currently too slow to be used in mass production, 3D printing technology
is still evolving and has the potential to massively disrupt both the manufacturing
logistics and inventory management industries.

Understanding 3D Printing

Since it was introduced, 3D printing technology has already increased manufacturing

productivity. In the long-term, it has the potential to massively disrupt both the
manufacturing, logistics, and inventory management industries, especially if it can be
successfully incorporated into mass production processes.

Currently, 3D printing speeds are too slow to be used in mass production. However, the
technology has been used to reduce the lead time in the development of prototypes of parts
and devices, and the tooling needed to make them. This is hugely beneficial to small-scale
manufacturers because it reduces their costs and the time to market, that is, the amount of
time from a product being conceived until its being available for sale.

Industrial Uses

 Car and aircraft manufacturers have taken the lead in 3D manufacturing, using the
technology to transform unibody and fuselage design and production, and powertrain
design and production. Boeing is using 3D-printed titanium parts in the construction of
its 787 Dreamliner airliner.
 In medical sciences, 3D printing is being used to customize implants. In the future,
organs and body parts may be created using 3D printing techniques.
 In the fashion world, Nike, Adidas, and New Balance are using 3D printing to create
their shoes.
 In the construction industry, companies around the world are making breakthroughs in
3D printing of the materials need to build homes. Using layers of concrete, homes can be
 built in 24 hours, which are stronger than regular cinder blocks and cost a fraction of the
price.
 In the manufacturing of hearing aids, 3D printing is now customary. The use of 3D
printing accelerates the process of manufacturing and enables manufacturers to make
custom hearing aids.

What do you mean by a material?

A material is a substance or substances of which a thing is made or composed of.

What are the 4 types of materials?

Materials can be classified into four main groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and
composites.
Metals
are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most metals
are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances.
What are some applications of metals?
Metals are used in:

 Transportation -- Cars, buses, trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes.

 Aerospace -- Unmanned and manned rockets and the space shuttle.
 Computers and other electronic devices that require conductors (TV, radio, stereo,
calculators, security devices, etc.)
 Communications including satellites that depend on a tough but light metal shell.
 Food processing and preservation -- Microwave and conventional ovens. Polymer

any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules,

called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers.
Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for
example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Moreover, they constitute the basis of
such minerals as diamond, quartz, and feldspar and such man-made materials
as concrete, glass, paper, plastics, and rubbers.

Ceramic

is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-metal compounds

that have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high temperatures. In general,
they are hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle. Nowadays the term ‘ceramic’ has a more
expansive meaning and includes materials like glass, advanced ceramics and some
cement systems as well.

Traditional ceramics – pottery

Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies. Fragments of clay pottery found recently in
Hunan Province in China have been carbon dated to 17,500–18,300 years old.

Advanced ceramics – new materials

Advanced ceramics are not generally clay-based. Instead, they are either based on oxides or
non-oxides or combinations of the two:
  Typical oxides used are alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2).
 Non-oxides are often carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides, for example, boron
carbide (B4C), siliconcarbide (SiC) and molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2).

composite

material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical

properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialized to do a
certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can
also improve strength and stiffness. The reason for their use over traditional materials is
because they improve the properties of their base materials and are applicable in many
situations.

What are the Different Types?

Some common composite materials include:

 Ceramic matrix composite: Ceramic spread out in a ceramic matrix. These are better
than normal ceramics as they are thermal shock and fracture resistant
 Metal matrix composite: A metal spread throughout a matrix
 Reinforced concrete: Concrete strengthened by a material with high tensile strength
such as steel reinforcing bars
 Glass fibre reinforced concrete: Concrete which is poured into a glass fibre
structure with high zirconia content
 Translucent concrete: Concrete which encases optic fibres

What Is a BIM Model?

BIM models are made up of intelligent objects that, when changed, stay updated throughout
the design no matter who is working with them. BIM models can be used to analyze or
explore design options, visualizations, and documentations. To create a computer-generated
BIM model, BIM software combines many layers of information for various infrastructure
systems into a master model. In other words, a BIM model is the virtualization of a project.
It’s “building” a large-scale project from the ground up and representing it throughout the
project’s lifecycle.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BIM?

The benefits of BIM are through connecting teams, workflows, and data across the entire
project lifecycle—from design and engineering to construction and operations—to realize
better ways of working and better outcomes.

What is BIM used for?

BIM is used for creating and managing data during the design, construction, and
operations process. BIM integrates multi-disciplinary data to create detailed digital
representations that are managed in an open cloud platform for real-time collaboration. Using
BIM gives you greater visibility, better decision-making, more sustainable options, and cost-
savings on AEC projects.
What is the process of BIM?

The process of BIM supports the creation of intelligent data that can be used throughout the
lifecycle of a building or infrastructure project.

 Plan
Inform project planning by combining reality capture and real-world data to generate context
models of the existing built and natural environment.

 Design
During this phase, conceptual design, analysis, detailing and documentation are performed. The
preconstruction process begins using BIM data to inform scheduling and logistics.

 Build
During this phase, fabrication begins using BIM specifications. Project construction logistics are
shared with trades and contractors to ensure optimum timing and efficiency.

 Operate
BIM data carries over to operations and maintenance of finished assets. BIM data can be used
down the road for cost-effective renovation or efficient deconstruction too.

What Is a Cladding System?

The building cladding refers to all the components attached to the building’s primary
structure (parts that keep a structure standing), and form the non-structural, external surfaces.
Often, cladding attaches to the structural frame of the building as prefabricated panels.

A high-performing cladding system provides much more than just a building’s exterior
facade and aesthetics. Quality cladding systems:

 Transfer wind and impact loads to the structural framework

 Protect the structures from external elements (rain, wind, snow, ice)
  Provide thermal insulation to create an airtight building envelope, to control the inside
environment
 Provide security and privacy, and prevent the transmission of sound
 Limit the spread of fire
 Provide openings for daylight, ventilation, and access
High-quality, properly-installed, and well-designed cladding materials for buildings minimize
air leakage, maximize thermal performance, and optimize natural daylighting. These features
lessen the need for mechanical and electrical service, and contribute towards a sustainable,
energy-efficient, safe, and durable building.

The Four D’s of High-Performance Cladding Systems

High-performance cladding systems must provide effective deflection, drainage, drying, and
durability:

1. Deflection refers to an exterior building’s cladding’s ability to deflect rain, ice, and snow that
hits the outer wall surface. Designers can assist the cladding’s water deflection with
overhangs and gutters.
2. Drainage refers to cladding materials for buildings’ capacity to permit water that finds its
way behind the outer surface to drain. Architects and builders can handle this with an
application of a water-resistant barrier over the sheathing and a drainage gap between the
sheathing and the cladding. However, stucco cladding, which can’t deal with large volumes
of water, requires enhanced drainage that uses a drainage mat to increase the space between
the WRB and cement membrane. The space allows more accessible water flow down and
within the cladding.
3. Drying refers to a cladding system’s permeability or ability to allow ventilation within the
system to encourage drying. Building codes typically require vapor-permeable exterior
cladding, to allow moisture or condensation to pass through it as a vapor when warmed by
the sun. Including open space at the base and top of the wall cladding will allow airflow and
additional drying.
4. The durability of a cladding refers to the system and its components’ ability to withstand
continued and repeated exposure to ultraviolet rays, thermal expansion and contraction, and
wetting-and-drying cycles. Durable cladding systems will help prevent leaks and protect the
building envelope.
However, other vital features you should consider when selecting a high-performance
cladding system include:

 Sufficient airtightness, continuous insulation, and control of thermal movement

 Fire resistance
 Low maintenance
 Ease of installation

What is computer-aided design Computer-Aided Manufacturing CAD-

CAM )?
CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design and CAM stands for Computer-Aided
Manufacturing, both of which are used to make things. CAD/CAM software is used to design
and manufacture prototypes, finished products, and production runs of products.
 What is difference between CAD and CAM?

The main difference between CAD and CAM programming is CAD stands for Computer-
Aided Design (in some circles, it can refer synonymously to Computer-Aided Drafting),
which refers to the design or modification of a digital model while CAM is Computer-Aided
Manufacturing and controls the machine used to produce a part.

Types of CAD Software

 Types of CAD Software.
 2 Dimensional CAD (2D CAD) ...
 3 Dimensional CAD (3D CAD) ...
 Single-file-mode systems - This type of CAD software allows only a single user to work on a
single file at a time.
Which comes first CAD or CAM?
CAD stands for 'computer-aided design' and CAM stands for 'computer-aided
manufacturing'. CAM preceded CAD by some years. CAM is based on Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) where pre-programmed computer software dictates the movement of factory
tools and machinery.
Effective computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) programs include the following main components: the user-interface (UI) and the
application logic.
In turn, the application logic of the CAD/CAM software itself consists of the following parts:

 the database
 3D visualization suite
 mesher
 3D modeler
 and the 3D data translation suite.
SOURCES
Sciencelearn.org.nz

Twi-global.com

pluralsight.com

Autodesk.com

Spatial.com

The economics time newspaper

Global news wire news paper

GOV.UK news paper

Building Information Modeling: Applications and Practice Raymond Issa, Svetlana Olbina
American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015