Master II

Radio frequency
practical works
[email protected]

January 29, 2018

V1.1

1
 2

Contents
Contents 2

1 Ansoft Designer I : (Projects 1 & 2) 4

2 Ansoft Designer II : (Projects 3 & 4) 19

3 Ansoft Designer III : (Projects 5 & 6) 28

4 Ansoft Designer IV : (Projects 7 & 8) 38

5 Signal analysis using spectrum analyzer 45

5.1 Elementary signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.1.1 Wave 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.1.2 Wave 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Modulated signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.1 Analog modulation: AM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.2 Digital modulation: OOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6 Circuit analysis using network analyzer 55

6.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1.1 Network Analysis Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1.2 Network Analyzer Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.1.3 Network Analyzer Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.2 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.3 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.3.1 Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.3.2 Attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.3.3 Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.4 Radio Frequency Echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

7 Software Defined Radio (SDR) 64

7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2 DVB-T+DAB+FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.2 Hardware description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.3 Airspy SDR# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.4 GNU Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.4.2 Getting started: sine wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.5 FM Radio receiver with RTL2832U and GNU Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.5.1 Theoretical introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.5.2 New environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.5.3 RTL-SDR Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.5.4 Low pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5.5 WBFM Receive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5.6 Rational Resampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5.7 Audio Sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5.8 Final design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.5.9 Signal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

8 Internet of Things (IoT) 76

8.1 Getting started with CC3200 Simplink Launchpad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.2 Getting started with Code Composer Studio (CCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.2.1 Import a project from SDK templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.2.2 Compile project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.3 Flashing using uniflash tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.4 Displaying results in terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.5 Use Debug mode in CCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.6 Doing some C code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.7 Go further .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
 Topic I
Ansoft Designer I
 4

1 Ansoft Designer I : (Projects 1 & 2)

Remarks
For a long time you have been able to get very good and useful, but high priced simulation tools for different tasks
from Ansoft. But Ansoft has always provided free, but limited versions for radio amateurs, students etc.
So the “Designer “ follows this line in his unlimited licensed version. It is not only a simple RF- and Microwave
CAD Program, but also a Filter or Transmission Line Calculator, an S-Parameter Simulator, a linear or non-liner
simulator in the Time Domain, an EM-Machine (for simulating antennas, microstrip lines, waves) and so on...
As a user you don’t miss anything and you ‘ll find every part needed. And You can also compare the simulation of
different simulation principles.
As soon as you start the package on the PC and work on the first project, you learn at once that You
have to cooperate with a “very complicated Lady“ who does not forgive any errors or mistakes.

For the “Little Man” as a user of the free student version this means:

a) Some tools like Nonlinear- or EM-Simulation are completely missing

b) Even for the simplest task you have to fight against the complicated desktop of a program
priced at the regions of a new Mercedes or BMW car...

So this Tutorial is using a concept as follows:

As many different tasks and projects as possible are tackled, solved and described. So the
user gets more and more knowledge of the program functions, buttons and menus.
For this purpose You find a list of “education goals” for every project.

So – as an Ansoft SV beginner -- you should not ignore anything and work through every project to
get more and more experience.

Gunthard Kraus
 5

Project 1: Design of a 100 MHz Chebyshev Lowpass Filter (series inductor

and parallel capacitor version)
Education goal: opening of and working with a project. Successfully working with the Filter Designer Tool.

Step 1:
Start the program, open the menu “View” and activate the different managers
(a tip: for little notebook screens, only “Project Manager” and “Message Manager” will be sufficient)

Step 2:
Click the “New”-Button to start the job. Afterwards choose “Insert Filter
Design” in the Project Menu.

Step 3:

Please examine: the “lumped component button” (marked by a coil and a capacitor) should be active.
Then mark the following items in the columns:

Lowpass Ideal lumped Chebyshev Default Ideal

and press “Next”.

 6

Step 4:
Choose

filter order = 5

passband ripple = 0.1 dB

cutoff frequency fp1 = 0.1 GHz

Source and load resistance =

50Ω

and press “Analyse”.

Afterwards you can have a look

at the S11- and S21- filter curves
either as “Narrowband” or as
“Wideband” version.

With “settings“ the presentation

mode can be modified.

Then continue with „Next“

Step 5:

This looks already very nice and if you are contented, press
“Finish”.

Step 6:

So you get the

complete results (=
curves + parts) on your
screen for the “series
inductor version“.

If you prefer the

“parallel capacitor
version”, please press
the marked button......
 7

….and have a new look at your screen.

Now you can still save or print this project.

 8

Project 2: Impedance Matching using a λ / 4 –Microstrip-Line (on a FR4-Board)

Education goals: a) Working with Circuit Design Projects
b) Usage of Microstrip Lines, Microwave Ports and lumped components
c) Correct Working with the Microstrip Calculator
d) Preparation and Execution of Simulations
e) Showing the results in the Smithchart or as a Rectangular Plot
f) Using Data Markers in the result plot

Task: Match the radiating resistance (136 Ω) of a Patch Antenna to the 50 Ω – feeder at the GPS – frequency
of 1575 MHz using a Quarterwave Transmission Line on a FR4-Board.

FR4-board-properties::
Thickness = 60 MIL = 0.06 inch = 1.52 mm
er = 4.4
loss tangent = 0.02
copper cladding = 0.675 mil = 17µm = 0.5 oz copper (up and down)

Step 1:
Start a new project , click on “Project“
and choose “Insert Circuit Design”.
At once you come to a menu for the
board substrate.

Mark

MS – FR4 (ER =4.4)

0.06 inch,
0.5 oz copper

and click “Open“.

Step 2:
The Circuit Editor and
the Simulation Tool Box
with all necessary
buttons appear.

Important:
Please open at once all
circuit folders and
directories in the Project
Management to get the
necessary overview.
Examine the “Data“ –
Folder to be sure, that
“FR4“-substrate was
accepted by the
software.

Now save the entire

project under a name
an in a folder of your
personal choice.
 9

Step 3:
Press the “Interface Port“-Button (or open the pulldown menu
„DRAW“ and click there). At once your cursor is equipped with
the symbol. Place two such ports and press “ESC“ to terminate
this action.

Now do a Double – Click on the port symbol to open it’s

property menu.

First change to “Microwave Port“.

Then close this menu.

Now you should see the modified port.

Please change now to the “Components”

Step 4:

Open the folders

“Lumped“ and
“Resistors“.

Choose the simple

resistor and use
“Drag and Drop” to
move it into our
Editor screen.
Rotate the part (if
necessary) with the
“R“-key, but if a
part was already
placed, You must at
first mark it.
Afterwards rotating
can be done with
<Control> + <R>.
Finish any placing
action with “ESC“).

Now a “Ground“
symbol is still
needed and it can be
found at the marked
place in the Toolbox.
Please connect it to the lower end of the resistor and change the resistors value (after a double click on it’s
symbol) to 136 Ohms.
 10

Step 5:
To get the Microstrip
Transmission Line,
close the folder
“Lumped“ and open
“Microstrip“. At the end
of the contents list you
find “Transmission
Lines” and in it

„MS Transmission
Line, physical length“.

Use Drag and Drop to

place it on the editor
screen and connect it to
the Microwave Port and
the resistor.
For this connecting
procedure You have
two possibilites:

a) Either You use

the “Wires“-Function to
do the connection

b) Or you move, with Drag and Drop, the line connection in contact with the Microwave Port connection.
Afterwards you drag the line to get a contact at he other side of the resistor’s end. In this case the wiring is
done automatically.

Step 6:

Open the Property Menu with a double click on the Microstrip symbol.

If you wish to read a short description of this Line Type, please use “Info / MSTRL”.

Clicking on “TRL“ opens the Microstrip-Calculator.

 11

Step 7:

At first we calculate the necessary impedance Zo for the Quarterwave Transmission Line:

Z = 50Ω • 136Ω = 82,46Ω

This Impedance Zo, the electric length of 90 degrees and the operating frequency of 1575 MHz should now be
entered to our calculator windows (right hand side) - then press “Synthesis“ and find on the left hand side the
necessary line width w = 1.072 mm and the physical length P = 27.0653 mm

Please compare and

examine everything
and then press “OK“.
At once the
calculated length and
width are transferred
to the Property
Window of the used
Microstrip Line and
are visible beside the
Line Symbol on the
Editor screen.

Now it is time to
return to the Project
Management and to
prepare the
simulation.
 12

Step 8:

Step 9:
 13

Step 10:

And now

1) Set the desired sweep (here: linear from 0 to 5 GHz with steps of 50 MHz)
2) Then press “Add”.
3) Check the values in the window
4) Then press “OK”
5) And “Finish” this action

Step 11:
 14

Step 12:

Please

1) mark “S-
Parameters” in the
list

2) choose “S11”

3) press “Add
Trace” and

4) press “Done”

This should be the

result and the goal.

Very often (when optimising a circuit) we want to know how a parameter at a special frequency changes it’s value.
In this case you should use a “Tag” and we’ll demonstrate that for our example.
 15

Do a right mouse click on your report screen and choose “Data Marker” from the menu. At once the curve
changes it’s colour. Additionally you see a little marker if you move the cursor to the curve (...you can also use
the cursor arrow buttons!). Move the marker exactly to the best matching point ( - minimum value of S11) at the
frequency 1575 MHz and press “T” (for “TAG”).Repeat the procedure for the other matching point at 4.7 GHz.

It is very nice to see, that for

every tag the value of
frequency and S11 is
presented in a separate
window.

But pay attention:

The Data marker mode is
still active. If you want to
leave it, do a right mouse
click on the screen and
choose “Exit Marker
Mode”.

And if you want to clean the

screen from this additional
action, choose “Delete all
Tags” in the right-hand-
click-menu.

=====================================================================================

And now we demonstrate how to create a Smith Chart report:

Do a right mouseclick on “Results” in the Project Management

and create a new report.

Attention:
Now you have to change the Display Type to
“Smith Chart”
 16

now repeat the already

known game....

....and the job is well

done!

Please examine:
In the Project
Management you find
under “Results”
these two reports.
you can change
between them with a
simple mouseclick.
 17

And so the screen looks like

this if you use “Zoom In” after
a right mouseclick on the
report screen. So you can
examine every detail of the
curve.

(Back to first screen: a right

mouseclick and “Zoom Out”)

Please test all the possibilities that are offered by the right mouseclick (markers, tags etc.)!
 Topic II
Ansoft Designer II
 19

2 Ansoft Designer II : (Projects 3 & 4)

Remarks
For a long time you have been able to get very good and useful, but high priced simulation tools for different tasks
from Ansoft. But Ansoft has always provided free, but limited versions for radio amateurs, students etc.
So the “Designer “ follows this line in his unlimited licensed version. It is not only a simple RF- and Microwave
CAD Program, but also a Filter or Transmission Line Calculator, an S-Parameter Simulator, a linear or non-liner
simulator in the Time Domain, an EM-Machine (for simulating antennas, microstrip lines, waves) and so on...
As a user you don’t miss anything and you ‘ll find every part needed. And You can also compare the simulation of
different simulation principles.
As soon as you start the package on the PC and work on the first project, you learn at once that You
have to cooperate with a “very complicated Lady“ who does not forgive any errors or mistakes.

For the “Little Man” as a user of the free student version this means:

a) Some tools like Nonlinear- or EM-Simulation are completely missing

b) Even for the simplest task you have to fight against the complicated desktop of a program
priced at the regions of a new Mercedes or BMW car...

So this Tutorial is using a concept as follows:

As many different tasks and projects as possible are tackled, solved and described. So the
user gets more and more knowledge of the program functions, buttons and menus.
For this purpose You find a list of “education goals” for every project.

So – as an Ansoft SV beginner -- you should not ignore anything and work through every project to
get more and more experience.

Gunthard Kraus
 20

Project 3: Impedance Matching using a λ / 4 – Microstrip-Line (with a

substrate not listed in the proposal window)
Education goal: Using any substrate for the board

Now we repeat the design of project 2 but use another -- not listed! -- substrate.

Task:
Match the radiating resistance (136 Ohms) of a Patch Antenna at the GPS-Frequency (1575 MHz) to 50 Ohms,
using a Quarterwave-Microstrip-Transmission Line on a Rogers R04003 – Substrate.

Properties of the R04003-board:

Thickness = 32 mil = 0.813 mm
Er = 3.38
Loss tangent = 0.0027
Copper cladding = 1.35 mil = 35µm = 1 oz
Roughness = 0.1 mil = 2.5 µm

Step 1:
Start a new project, choose “Insert Circuit Design” and use any substrate in the list (like “FR4, 60 mil, er =4.4”
from project 2). Then store your new project under a convenient name (here: “lamda_02”) and open all folders
and directories in the Project Management.

Step 2:

Open the Property Menu for

the FR4-substrate by double-
clicking on its symbol in the
Project Management and then
“Edit” to modify the copper
data.

At once we get a message that

the reference to the “stackup
layer” will be lost and therefore
the “specification by material or
resistivity” is valid. Please
confirm it with “Yes”.

Step 3:
Now you can enter the new properties of the
copper cladding. Thickness is “1.35mil”,
“Roughness” is (by experience) 0.1mil (=2.5µm).

Please terminate with “OK’”.

 21

Step 4:
Now you should modify the substrate. Here you can choose between two ways:

First Method:
Double-click on the FR4-
symbol in the Project
Management.

Then choose “Edit” to

open the menu and do
the following entries:

Substrate Name =
R04003

Height H = 32 mil

Er = 3.38

TAND = 0.0027

Be sure that “Microstrip”

is chosen as Substrate
Type.

Please always remember to enter a value for the upper cover height HU (distance between board surface and
metallic grounded cover), even if there is no cover. In this case enter “500 mm”, which will not give any influence
to the simulation result . But so you will never forget this item, especially if a cover is really used...

Second Method:
Double-click on the FR4-Symbol in the Project Management. But now press “Select” and once more “Select” to
see the listing of the substrate library. Search for “Rogers R04003(tm)” in the list, mark this item, then click
“OK” and once more “OK”. Now you see again the property menu with the already fixed two entries for Er and
tand.

So enter the rest

Substrate Name =
R04003

Height H = 32 mil

HU = 500 mm

and check the correct

Substrate Type
“Microstrip”.

Close with “OK”.

 22

Step 5:
This step is not an absolute “must”, because we have changed the substrate reference from “stackup layer” to
“specification by material or resistivity” (See Step 1 of this chapter) and this works well. But for any rate and any
case it is better to use the chosen substrate entries also in the stackup layer property menu. Then you can modify
a project and change the reference without troubles.....

So please press the Layout stackup Button and open the

menu.

Now modify the entries “by hand”

====================================================================================

Now all preparations are finished and we start to draw the circuit diagram.

As in project 2 we need a Microwave Port, a terminating resistance of 136 Ohms and a “Microstrip Transmission
Line, physical length”. After the wiring procedure we double-click on the Transmission Line Symbol and check,
whether “R04003” is already entered as Substrate type.
Then open the Microstrip Calculator (= Line “TRL”)
 23

Step 6:

Please check at first the

properties of the substrate and
the metalisation.

Then enter the line impedance

of 82.46 Ohms, the electrical
length of 90 degrees and the
operating frequency of 1575
MHz.

With “Synthesis” we get at

once the necessary line width
W = 0.71171 mm and the
physical length
P = 30.3145 mm.

After two “Oks” we see again our circuit diagram, but now
with the calculated line properties beside the symbol.

So please (See project 2...) prepare an Analysis Setup for

the frequency range from 0 to 5 GHz (with steps of 50 MHz),
then start the simulation and afterwards create a rectangular
plot for S11

You should know this

screen from
project 2.

If you want, please

add Data markers,
Tags......
 24

Project 4: Impedance Matching using a λ / 4 – Line (Grounded Coplanar

Waveguide)
Education goal: Usage of other Line Types and other substrates

Here you can see such a CPW (...this illustration comes from
the very good Designer’s Online Help....).
The central signal line is “embedded” into ground planes at
the left, the right and the under side. This gives less crosstalk
from other signal lines and better “shielding” -- and less
influence of the metal cover HU.

And so comes here the new task:

Match the radiating resistance (136 Ohms) of a Patch

Antenna at the GPS-Frequency (1575 MHz) to 50 Ohms,
using a Quarterwave-CPW-Transmission Line on a
Rogers R04003 – Substrate.

Step 1:
Start a new project, choose “Insert Circuit Design” and “FR4-Material, 60 mil”. Save the project under a new name
(here: “lambda_03”) and open every directory and folder in the Project Management.

Step 2:
Open the Property
Menu for the
substrate by
double-clicking on
“FR4” in the
“Data”-folder of the
Project
Management. At
first change now
the metalisation --
so click “Enter” in
the lower right
corner and enter
the new data

Thickness = 1.35
mil

Roughness = 0.1
mil.

Confirm with OK.

Now repeat the

opening
procedure, but
change at once the Line Type from “Microstrip” to “Grounded Coplanar Waveguide”. Then alter the
substrate properties (see last project!) to

R04003 / Er = 3.38 / TAND = 0.0027 / H = 32mil / HU = 500 mm

 25

Step 4:
Now let us continue with the circuit diagram. Our Microwave Port and the Terminating Resistor of 136 Ohms are
already well-known, but the CPW is still missing.

So change from the project to the

Components and look for the “Grounded
Coplanar Waveguide” – Menu.

Use Drag and Drop to get the

GCPW Transmission Line, Physical

Length
on your editor screen (click “Merge Layers” on
the appearing menu...).
Now do the necessary wiring and open the
Property Menu of the CPW with a double-click
on the symbol.

Step 5:
Important notice: when using a CPW, you have (as usual) to enter the Line Impedance, the Electrical Length and
the Operating Frequency.

But You must also tell the program either the “Gap G” or the “Line Width W” -- the other value will then
be calculated by the program!

So we use a gap of 0.5 mm (a good value for the PCB-production) , an impedance of 82.46 Ohms, an electrical
length of 90 degrees and an operating frequency of 1575 MHz:
 26

By the “OK”-click the calculated line parameters were

automatically transfered to the CPW property menu
and to the symbol on the editor screen.

So please repeat the necessary procedure:

Prepare an analysis from 0 to 5 GHz with 50 MHz –

steps, simulate and create a S11-report in a
Rectangular Plot.

Do You remember.....?
 Topic III
Ansoft Designer III
 28

3 Ansoft Designer III : (Projects 5 & 6)

Remarks
For a long time you have been able to get very good and useful, but high priced simulation tools for different tasks
from Ansoft. But Ansoft has always provided free, but limited versions for radio amateurs, students etc.
So the “Designer “ follows this line in his unlimited licensed version. It is not only a simple RF- and Microwave
CAD Program, but also a Filter or Transmission Line Calculator, an S-Parameter Simulator, a linear or non-liner
simulator in the Time Domain, an EM-Machine (for simulating antennas, microstrip lines, waves) and so on...
As a user you don’t miss anything and you ‘ll find every part needed. And You can also compare the simulation of
different simulation principles.
As soon as you start the package on the PC and work on the first project, you learn at once that You
have to cooperate with a “very complicated Lady“ who does not forgive any errors or mistakes.

For the “Little Man” as a user of the free student version this means:

a) Some tools like Nonlinear- or EM-Simulation are completely missing

b) Even for the simplest task you have to fight against the complicated desktop of a program
priced at the regions of a new Mercedes or BMW car...

So this Tutorial is using a concept as follows:

As many different tasks and projects as possible are tackled, solved and described. So the
user gets more and more knowledge of the program functions, buttons and menus.
For this purpose You find a list of “education goals” for every project.

So – as an Ansoft SV beginner -- you should not ignore anything and work through every project to
get more and more experience.

Gunthard Kraus
 29

Project 5: Travelling around sharp corners and afterwards turning in the air
Education goal: a) Using “Bends“
b) 2D- and 3D-Layouts

It isn’t always possible to “go straight forward” with the microstrip

lines on a board. But every “bend” produces errors that must be
compensated by inserting such a model in our circuit.

In general we try to use a “right angle bend” because this case is

very well analyzed and You find a model for it in the Ansoft
Designer’s library.
When “bending” such a transmission line you get an additional
capacitance from this corner. So a piece of the edge is cut away to
reduce the unnecessary capacitor. This procedure is called “mitring”.

So we bend the CPW of the last project an divide the 90

degree-Quarterwave-Line into two pieces of 45 degrees,
connected by a “Grounded Coplanar Waveguide mitred
Bend” from the Components Library. Now we get this circuit
diagram for the simulation (please choose the same line width
and the same gap for the bend as for the CPWs).

After the simulation you should examine

the S11-curve:

Caused by the inserted bend model we

get a lower “optimum matching
frequency”, and this is why we now
must shorten the two line pieces!
 30

The correction is quickly done:

Reduce the length of the two CPWs by the factor

1500 MHz / 1575 MHz = 0.95238

and you get this new circuit.

Now you repeat the simulation with improved

frequency resolution and you can at once admire
the result of the operation:
 31

But now we want to

have a look at the
PCB-Layout.

1) Click the button

“Edit Layout” and
you will get a “rats-
nest”, built from our
lines and parts.

2) So mark the
complete circuit on
your screen with
the mouse.

3) Finally open the

“Draw” Menu and
press “Align MW
Ports”.

Now it looks much better.

 32

To see this View, simply click

on the 3D-Button in the menu.

If you like to turn this view in

every direction, do a right
mouse-click on your screen.

Under “View” you find a lot of

games to play.

Let’s hope that your PC has

a lot of RAM and a high clock
frequency. Otherwise it will
test your patience.
 33

Project 6: Working with S-Parameter-Files (of the GaAs-FET ATF34143)

and N-Ports

Education goals: a) Working with N-ports

b) Simulating with S-Parameter-Files
c) First Meeting with the Noise Figure “NF“ and the Stability Factor
“K“

S-Parameters are normally used to describe the linear RF- and Microwave properties of circuits and components.
That is why the GaAs-Fet “ATF34143” is our next toy. The S-Parameter-File comes from the Agilent Homepage
and you should save it on your harddisk in a “Datasheet Folder”. But you can also find it as an additional gift to
this tutorial.

Step 1:
Start a new project and choose “Insert Circuit Design”. Save it at once under a special name (here, “atf” was
chosen) and copy the S-parameter-file of the ATF34143 into this project folder. Then make visible every folder
and directory in the Project Management. Use any substrate material of your choice (e.g. “FR4, 60 mil”).

Step 2:
Start the circuit drawing with two Microwave Ports.

Step 3:

Click on “Add N-Port”........

......then

a) enter “atf34143” as name,

b) check “Interpolation =
Linear”

c) check “Data Source =

Import data”

d) check “File = Use path”

and at last enter the correct

path to your used S-
parameter-File.

(don’t be anxious, if you some day need more but 2 ports: simply change to the network data menu and
search....)

If this work is done, click “OK” and place the Symbol on the screen. But on the screen, the name of your used file
is still missing and not indicated!
 34

Double-click on the N-
Port-Symbol and change
to the “Property
Display”-Menu” (1).

With “Add” (2) the Nport

Data-Value (3) is
accepted and by clicking
“OK” (4) visible on your
screen.

So the screen should now look like.

Step 3:

Now prepare a
simulation from 0
to 10 GHz (steps:
100 MHz), simulate
and indicate all S-
Parameters S11,
S21, S12, S22.
 35

Step 4:
After this success let us have a look at the Noise Figure NF in dB. Therefore click right on the “Report” – Symbol
in the Project Management for the order “Create Report”

Please choose
now

“Noise” under
“Category”

“NF” under
“Quantity”

“dB” under
“Function”.

Then add the

trace, check the
correct function
“dB(NF)” and
press “Done”.

Please ignore the

“ripple” in the NF-
curve, because a
result can never be
better than the
accuracy and the
stepping of the
values, given by
the noise
parameters in the
Agilent ATF34143-
File.....

But if you now

(when regarding
the good gain- and
NF-values of our
circuit!) believe,
that your amplifier
development is
already finished,
then your
experience
potential has not
reached his
maximum.....

That means:
Never forget to examine the stability properties of your circuit to avoid any self-oscillating!
 36

To avoid these instabilities,

check the Stability Factor
“K” by an additional report.
If

K>1
in the complete frequency
range, then your circuit
works stable.
So create your report and
choose

“Stability” under
“Category”

“K” under “Quantity”

“abs” under “Function”

Then add the trace and

press “Done”:

On this screen You see -- nothing!

So double-click on the vertical axis

and activate “Rescale” in the menu.

Switch “Autoscale” off and set the

scaling of the vertical axis to

0.....+2

Now you see that still some work is waiting

for you to bring K in the complete frequency
range to values greater than 1.
 Topic IV
Ansoft Designer IV
 38

4 Ansoft Designer IV : (Projects 7 & 8)

Remarks
For a long time you have been able to get very good and useful, but high priced simulation tools for different tasks
from Ansoft. But Ansoft has always provided free, but limited versions for radio amateurs, students etc.
So the “Designer “ follows this line in his unlimited licensed version. It is not only a simple RF- and Microwave
CAD Program, but also a Filter or Transmission Line Calculator, an S-Parameter Simulator, a linear or non-liner
simulator in the Time Domain, an EM-Machine (for simulating antennas, microstrip lines, waves) and so on...
As a user you don’t miss anything and you ‘ll find every part needed. And You can also compare the simulation of
different simulation principles.
As soon as you start the package on the PC and work on the first project, you learn at once that You
have to cooperate with a “very complicated Lady“ who does not forgive any errors or mistakes.

For the “Little Man” as a user of the free student version this means:

a) Some tools like Nonlinear- or EM-Simulation are completely missing

b) Even for the simplest task you have to fight against the complicated desktop of a program
priced at the regions of a new Mercedes or BMW car...

So this Tutorial is using a concept as follows:

As many different tasks and projects as possible are tackled, solved and described. So the
user gets more and more knowledge of the program functions, buttons and menus.
For this purpose You find a list of “education goals” for every project.

So – as an Ansoft SV beginner -- you should not ignore anything and work through every project to
get more and more experience.

Gunthard Kraus
 39

Project 7: Improving the Stability of the ATF34143-Amplifier

(from Project 6)
Education goals: a) Using N-Ports with reference points
b) More stability for Transistor Amplifiers

We need a direct connection to a Transistor’s Emitter or a FET’s Source to insert a little inductor. By this manner
the stability can be improved without much degeneration of the Noise Properties.

Step 1:
We start a new project, choose “Insert Circuit Design” (with the FR4-Substrate...) and save it under a new name
(here: “atf_02”). Now we need two Microwave Ports and the N-Port. When placing the N-port, you get the familiar
menu.

Name, Interpolation and File

Path are the same as in
Project 6.

But now we have to activate:

Show common
reference node.

With OK you suddenly see he

desired “Two-Port with
Reference” hanging on your
cursor. So please place it in
your circuit.

Now insert the inductor (a very small and short

Microstrip Transmission Line, Physical Length)
between the reference connector of the N-Port and
Ground.

This Transmission Line now serves as “Negative

Current Feedback” and improves the stability. Give the
length L = 3mm and the Width W = 0.3 mm.

Finally click on the N-Port-Symbol, go to “Property

Display”, press “Add” and OK – now the name
“ATF34143” should be visible beside the Symbol.

Now prepare the Analysis Setup for 0......10 GHz (with steps on 0.1 GHz) and create three different reports:

a) for the S-Parameters S11, S21, S12, S22

b) for the Noise Figure NF in dB

c) for the Stability Factor K (absolute value)

So you can immediately recognise the results of any circuit modification.

 40

In the Project Management You now find under “Data” the chosen FR4-
Substrate and the S-Parameter-File for the ATF34143.

The three different reports house under “Results”. With mouse clicks you can
change between them.

Now examine the results of our circuit modification.

The gain (represented by S21)

decreases more rapidly than before,
but at high frequencies you now get a
“peak”.

And this peak is dangerous: S11 AND

S22 are greater than 0 dB. So the
absolute values are greater than “1”
and that means

Negative Resistance
Values of Zin and Zout!!!
Not very good for an amplifier....

The Stability is improved in the

frequency range from 1 to 2 GHz.
 41

And the Noise Properties have not

changed.

You see that this would be a good starting position for the development of a 1.5....2 GHz-Amplifier, but some
development work is still waiting for you.

Important information:
Download the Agilent Application Notes 1190, 1195 and 1288, where the development work of these kind of
amplifiers is described in a good and informative manner.
 42

Project 8: Creating and saving the S-Parameter-File for a selfmade

circuit (SnP-formate)
With an S-Parameter-File you can describe the linear properties of any part or circuit at high frequencies. So, if
you have finished the developement of such a circuit, create such a file and you can then use it as a module
(called N-Port) which can be inserted in another circuit or be connected with other N-Ports to a chain or a
complete system. Let us take the circuit of Project 7 and demonstrate the S-Parameter-File-Creation for it.

Click right on “results” in the

Project Management to activate
“Create Reports”.

But now select “Date Table” as Display Type.

Now create your report for the

four S-Parameters as columns

S11 S21 S12 S22

and press “Done.

Attention:
Some strict rules exist for SnP-Files, which must never be ignored:

a) Do not merge the 4 Parameter-Columns in the Data Table

b) The Frequency must always be given in “GHz”

 43

Under “Report 2D” you find the necessary ......so save the Data Table as a simple text file
tool “Copy to File”..... (here: named “LNA_01.txt”)

Now load this text file

into your text editor,
erase all remarks and
comments (produced by
the Ansoft Designer SV)
and replace them by
the necessary SnP-
Syntax

Now you can save the new file as “LNA_01.s2p”.

But you should test the success and use this new file in project 6 with a N-Port-Simulation. If You get the same
results as with the complete circuit of project 7 -- congratulations!
 Topic V
Signal analysis using
spectrum analyzer
 45

5 Signal analysis using spectrum analyzer

In this work aims to show how to generate signals with different parameters (amplitude, frequency, ..).
Also, who to analyze signals, in frequency domain, using spectrum analyzer. In this work, you will use:

• Signal Generator BK Precision model 4087.

• Digital Oscilloscope: Wave Surfer 3024.
• Spectrum Analyzer: HMS-X.

Please, refer tutorials & documentation in https://cloud.u-bourgogne.fr/index.php/s/zJFZpkTdFC8f0XL/*.pdf

 46

5.1 Elementary signals

For response, please use https://cloud.u-bourgogne.fr/index.php/s/zJFZpkTdFC8f0XL/response.doc. Save
it to your own project directory.

5.1.1 Wave 1

♣ Answer question 1. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

Wave name ? Period [.....] Frequency [.....] Phase [.....] Amplitude RMS [.....]

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
Amp, Volt

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, us

1. Generate these signals with your waveform generator, use your wavesurfer to verify.
2. Export this wave form to matlab file (.mat).

3. Copy your file to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP.

4. @home: Process the .mat file in Matlab to:
• Plot the waveform in time domain, using an appropriate number of samples.
• Do some statistics: maximum, minimum, mean, RMS, energy, power.
• Process the FFT using 1024 then 2048, then 4096 samples, plot the results? Compare? Explain?
 47

-10
Amplitude, dB

-20

-30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency, MHz

1. Give an approximate shape of the spectrum using the grid bellow.

♣ Answer question 2. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

2. Verify using your spectrum analyzer.

3. Fill the Tab bellow:

♣ Answer question 3. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

Specify units? Frequency [.....] Power [.....]

Peak 1 (max)
Peak 2 (if exists)
Peak 3 (if exists)
Peak 4 (if exists)
Peak 5 (if exists)

♣ Answer question 4. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

4. Join a print screen of your spectrum analyzer.

♣ Answer question 5. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

5. Find the amplitude value (P2P) [unit?] allowing to have 0 dBm of maximum peak.
6. @home:
• Explain how to find the maximum of power peak by calculation?
• Verify your calculation with 0 dBm power.
 48

5.1.2 Wave 2

♣ Answer question 6. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

Wave name ? Period [.....] Frequency [.....] Phase [.....] Amplitude RMS [.....]

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
Amp, Volt

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time, us

1. Generate these signals with your waveform generator, use your wavesurfer to verify.

2. Export this wave form to matlab file (.mat).

3. Copy your file to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP.
4. @home: Process the .mat file in Matlab to:

• Plot the waveform in time domain, using an appropriate number of samples.

• Do some statistics: maximum, minimum, mean, RMS, energy, power.
• Process the FFT using 1024 then 2048, then 4096 samples, plot the results?
 49

-10
Amplitude, dB

-20

-30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency, MHz

1. Give an approximate shape of the spectrum using the grid bellow.

♣ Answer question 7. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

2. Verify using your spectrum analyzer.

3. Fill the Tab bellow:

♣ Answer question 8. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

Specify units? Frequency [.....] Power [.....]

Peak 1 (max)
Peak 2 (if exists)
Peak 3 (if exists)
Peak 4 (if exists)
Peak 5 (if exists)

4. Join a print screen of your spectrum analyzer.

♣ Answer question 9. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

5. Find the amplitude value (P2P) [unit?] allowing to have 0 dBm of maximum peak.

♣ Answer question 10. Refer to SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

6. @home:

• Explain how to find the maximum of power peak by calculation?

• Verify your calculation with 0 dBm power.
 50

5.2 Modulated signals

5.2.1 Analog modulation: AM
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for
transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave
is varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. That waveform may, for instance, correspond to the
sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of television pixels. This technique contrasts
with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in
which its phase is varied.
AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It was developed during the
first two decades of the 20th century beginning with Roberto Landell De Moura and Reginald Fessenden’s
radiotelephone experiments in 1900. It remains in use today in many forms of communication; for example it
is used in portable two way radios, VHF aircraft radio, Citizen’s Band Radio, and in computer modems.
As done before, use SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/response.doc to answer the following questions:

1. According to Figure 1a, fill the following:

Amplitude Period Frequency Phase Mean Wave name

Carrier
Message

2. According to Figure 1a, fill the following:

Specify units? Frequency [.....] Power [.....]

Peak 1 (max)
Peak 2 (if exists)
Peak 3 (if exists)
Peak 4 (if exists)
Peak 5 (if exists)

3. Give an approximate shape of the wave shown by Figure 1a in the frequency domain using Figure 1b
4. Ask for signal generation.
 51

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
Amp, V

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, us
(a) Time domain

-10

-20
Amplitude, dB

-30

-40

-50

Frequency, Hz
(b) Frequency domain
 52

5.2.2 Digital modulation: OOK

On-Off keying (OOK) denotes the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents
digital data at the presence or absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a
specific duration represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some
more sophisticated schemes vary these durations to convey additional information. It is analogous to unipolar
encoding line code.
OOK is more spectrally efficient than frequency-shift keying, but more sensitive to noise when using a
regenerative receiver or a poorly implemented superheterodyne receiver. For a given data rate, the bandwidth
of a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift keying) signal and the bandwidth of OOK signal are equal.
In aviation, some possibly unmanned airports have equipment that let pilots key their VHF radio a number
of times in order to request an Automatic Terminal Information Service broadcast, or turn on runway lights.
As done before, use SPECTRUM_ANALYZER/response.doc to answer the following questions:

1. According to Figure 1a, fill the following:

Amplitude Period Frequency Phase Mean Wave name

Carrier
Message

2. According to Figure 1a, fill the following:

Specify units? Frequency [.....] Power [.....]

Peak 1 (max)
Peak 2 (if exists)
Peak 3 (if exists)
Peak 4 (if exists)
Peak 5 (if exists)

3. Give an approximate shape of the wave shown by Figure 1a in the frequency domain using Figure 1b
4. Ask for signal generation.
 53

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
Amp, V

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time, us
(a) Time domain

-10

-20
Amplitude, dB

-30

-40

-50

Frequency, Hz
(b) Frequency domain
 Topic VI
Circuit analysis using network
analyzer
 55

6 Circuit analysis using network analyzer

A network analyzer is an instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks. Today,
network analyzers commonly measure s-parameters because reflection and transmission of electrical networks
are easy to measure at high frequencies, but there are other network parameter sets such as y-parameters,
z-parameters, and h-parameters. Network analyzers are often used to characterize two-port networks such as
amplifiers and filters, but they can be used on networks with an arbitrary number of ports.1

6.1 Fundamentals
6.1.1 Network Analysis Principles
Network is a frequently used term that has many modern-day definitions. With respect to network analysis,
a network is a group of interconnected electrical components. One function that a network analyzer performs
is to quantify the impedance mismatch between two RF components to maximize power efficiency and signal
integrity. Each time an RF signal leaves one component and enters another, portions of the signal are reflected
and transmitted. Consider the analogy shown in Figure 1.
Light from a source directs an incident signal at an optical device, such as a lens. The lens is analogous to an
electrical network. As light hits the lens, depending on the lens’s properties, some of the light is reflected back
at the source, and some is transmitted through. Conservation of energy requires that the sum of the reflected
and transmitted signal equals the source or incident signal. This example ignores any loss due to heat, which
is usually negligible.

Figure 1: An analogy using light demonstrates a basic principle of network analysis.

We can define a reflection coefficient Γ, a vector quantity with both magnitude and phase, as the ratio of
light being reflected to the total (incident) light. Similarly, the transmission coefficient (T) is the vector ratio
of transmitted light to the incident light. These two quantities are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Transmission (T) and Reflection (Γ) Coefficients.

By using the ratio of reflected or transmitted light to the incident light, you gain insight into the performance
of the Device Under Test (DUT). Thinking back on the light analogy, if the DUT were a mirror, you would
want high reflectivity. If the DUT were a camera lens, you would want it to be highly transmissive. Sunglasses
may have both reflective and transmissive traits.
1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analyzer_(electrical)
 56

Similar practical measurements can be made in electrical networks. A network analyzer generates a sine wave
signal, typically across a range of frequencies. The DUT responds with the incident signal being transmitted
through the DUT and reflected back from it. The amount of transmitted and reflected signal usually changes
with frequency.
The response of the DUT to the incident signal is a result of the DUT properties, as well as any discontinuities
in the characteristic impedance of the system. For instance, a bandpass filter is highly reflective out of band, but
highly transmissive in band. If the DUT is slightly off the characteristic impedance resulting in an impedance
mismatch, the DUT could generate additional unwanted responses. The goal is to develop a measurement
methodology that accurately measures the DUT response while minimizing or eliminating uncertainties.

6.1.2 Network Analyzer Measurements

Reflection coefficient (Γ) and transmission coefficient (T) are the ratio of reflected signal divided by the incident
signal or transmitted signal divided by the incident signal, respectively. These two vector quantities are shown
in Figure 2. Modern network analysis expands on this idea with scattering parameters, or S-parameters.
S-parameters are complex vector quantities that represent the ratio of two RF signals. S-parameters have
a magnitude and phase, or in Cartesian form, real and imaginary terms. S-parameters are expressed as Sxy
where X represents the DUT output port being measured and Y denotes the DUT input port stimulated by
the incident RF signal. Figure 3 shows a simple two-port device, such as an RF filter, attenuator, or amplifier

Figure 3: A Simple Two-Port Device Denoted with S-Parameters.

S11 is defined as the ratio of the energy reflected at port one to the incident signal placed on port one. S21
is defined as the ratio of the energy transmitted through the DUT present at port two to the incident signal
placed on port one. Both of these quantities, S11 and S21 , are referred to as forward S-parameters because the
incident signal originates from the RF source on port one. With the incident source on port two, S22 becomes
the ratio of the energy reflected by port two, divided by the incident source energy at port two, and S12 is the
ratio of the energy transmitted through the DUT present at port one to the incident signal placed on port two.
These are the reverse S-parameters.
S-parameters that describe transmission, such as S21 , are analogous to other familiar terms including gain,
insertion loss, or attenuation. S-parameters that describe reflection, such as S11 , correspond to voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, or reflection coefficient. S-parameters also have other advantages. They
are widely used and understood in modern RF measurements. They are easily translated into H, Z, or other
parameters. You can cascade S-parameters for multiple devices to produce a composite result. More importantly,
S-parameters are ratios. As a result, you do not need to precisely set the incident source power to some absolute
value. Any offset in the input is reflected in the DUT response and canceled out when the ratio of the incident
and transmitted or reflected signals is calculated.

6.1.3 Network Analyzer Architectures

Network analyzers are available as both scalar (magnitude only) and vector (magnitude and phase) instruments.
Scalar instruments were once widely used because of their simplicity and lower cost. Vector instruments offer
better error correction and more complex measurement capability. With advances in technology, integration,
computing power, and cost reduction, vector network analyzers are increasingly common.
Network analyzers have four basic functional blocks, as shown in Figure 4
A signal source, which produces the incident signal, is either swept or stepped in frequency and you can
adjust the power level. This source feeds into the DUT input via the signal separation section, also known as a
 57

Figure 4: Modern Network Analyzer Basic Functional Blocks.

test set. At this stage, the reflected and transmitted signals are separated into components. For each frequency
point the processor measures the individual signals, and computes the parameter value (for example S21 or
VSWR). User calibration, discussed in more detail later, provides error correction that is applied to the data.
Finally, when you interactively use a network analyzer, you can view these corrected values on a display, which
shows the parameters and offers other user functionality, such as scaling.
Depending on performance level and cost, network analyzer architectures offer several ways to achieve the
four block diagrams. Test sets are designed as either transmission/reflection (T/R) or full S-parameter. The
most fundamental implementation, the T/R test set, is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Network Analyzer T/R Test Set Architecture.

T/R architecture includes a stable source that supplies a sine wave signal at a given frequency and power. A
reference receiver, R, connected with a power divider or directional coupler, measures incident signal magnitude
and phase. The incident signal exits the network analyzer via port one and enters the DUT input. The A
receiver directional coupler measures (in magnitude and phase) any signal reflected back to port one. With
their functions being similar, you can use either directional couplers or resistive bridges to separate signals,
based on performance, frequency range, and cost requirements. The signal transmitted through the DUT enters
network analyzer port two, where the B receiver measures signal magnitude and phase.
Receivers have different architectures, depending on the desired characteristics. They can be thought of as
narrowband receivers with a down converter, IF bandwidth filter, and vector detector, similar to a vector signal
analyzer. They produce real and imaginary signal components from which magnitude and phase can be derived.
In addition, all receivers share the same phase reference with the source, allowing you to measure their phase
with respect to the source incident signal.
T/R architectures are cost-effective, simple, and offer good performance. They measure in only the forward
 58

direction, for example, S11 and S21 . To measure reverse parameters, you need to disconnect and reverse the
DUT or rely on external switching. Because you cannot switch the source (incident signal) to port two, error
correction on port two is limited. If your project requirements are compatible with the performance of a T/R
architecture, they are an accurate and cost-effective choice.
In full S-parameter architecture, as shown in Figure 6, there is a switch embedded in the signal path after
the reference receiver coupler.

Figure 6: A Full S-Parameter Network Analyzer.

With the switch in the port-one position, the analyzer measures forward parameters, and in the port-two
position, it measures the reverse parameters without the need to disconnect or switch to reverse the DUT. The
B receiver on the port-two directional coupler measures the forward transmission parameters and the reverse
reflection parameters. The A receiver measures the forward reflection parameters and the reverse transmission
parameters.
The switch is inside the network analyzer measurement path, so user calibration accounts for the switch
uncertainty. However, there may be slight differences in the two switch positions. Additionally, switch contacts
may wear over time, requiring more frequent user calibration. To resolve this, you can move the switch to the
source output and use two reference receivers, R1 and R2, for the forward and reverse paths respectively, as
shown in Figure 7. This higher-performance architecture comes with additional cost and complexity.
The fundamental network analyzer architectures are mostly implemented in the test set where signal sep-
aration occurs. Once the analyzer measures both magnitude and phase for the incident signal (R reference
receiver) and transmitted or reflected signals (A and B receivers), it computes the four S-parameter values, as
shown in Figure 8.
In selecting the proper network analyzer architecture, you should consider the application, performance,
required accuracy, and cost among other factors.
 59

Figure 7: A Full S-Parameter Network Analyzer with Dual-Reference Receivers.

Figure 8: Four S-Parameters in a Full Two-Port Network.

6.2 Getting started

Please, refer tutorials & documentation in https://cloud.u-bourgogne.fr/index.php/s/zJFZpkTdFC8f0XL/*.pdf
 60

6.3 Measurements
For response, please use https://cloud.u-bourgogne.fr/index.php/s/zJFZpkTdFC8f0XL/response.doc. Save
it to your own project directory.

6.3.1 Cable
1. Measure the delay τ and the attenuation ∆ of the cable with the following parameters:

♣ Answer question 1. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Frequency centering: 20 MHz - Span: 20 MHz.

• Frequency centering: 200 MHz - Span: 200 MHz.
• Frequency centering: 2.5 GHz - Span: 200 MHz.
2. Take a screen shot of the magnitude frequency in the frequency range : 10 Hz to 2.5Ghz.

♣ Answer question 2. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

3. What is the frequency range where the losses are less then 1 dB ?.

♣ Answer question 3. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

6.3.2 Attenuator
1. Measure the delay τ and the attenuation ∆ of the attenuator with the following parameters:

♣ Answer question 4. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Frequency centering: 20 MHz - Span: 20 MHz.

• Frequency centering: 200 MHz - Span: 200 MHz.
• Frequency centering: 2.5 GHz - Span: 200 MHz.
2. Take a screen shot of the magnitude frequency in the frequency range : 10 Hz to 2.5Ghz.

♣ Answer question 5. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

3. What is the frequency range where the losses are less then 1 dB ?.

♣ Answer question 6. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

6.3.3 Amplifier
1. Measure the delay τ and gain of the board with the following parameters:

♣ Answer question 7. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Frequency centering: 20 MHz - Span: 20 MHz.

• Frequency centering: 200 MHz - Span: 200 MHz.
• Frequency centering: 2.5 GHz - Span: 200 MHz.
2. Take a screen shot of the magnitude frequency in the frequency range : 10 Hz to 2.5Ghz.

♣ Answer question 8. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

3. Give the frequency cutoff of the board.

♣ Answer question 9. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

4. What is the frequency range where the losses are less then 1 dB ?.

♣ Answer question 10. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

 61

RFF

BTS

Rx Tx

On-frequency MS
repeater

Figure 9: The Radio Frequency Echo (RFE) phenomenon.

6.4 Radio Frequency Echo

The Radio Frequency Echo (RFE) occurs when the insulation is insufficient between the antennas of an on-
frequency repeater, as shown in Figure 9. A weak RFE increases digital transmission errors.
While a strong RFE creates power oscillations in the closed-loop system, it could compromise the system
stability of the on-frequency repeater because of the growing power in the closed-loop.
Figure 10 shows how reproduce this phenomenon in the Lab. Use:

• Generator.
• Network analyzer.
• ADL5205 board.
• Attenuators.

• Cables.
• Splitters.
• Transitions.

To realize the scheme of the Figure 10. Please, ask for checking the configuration before running.
 Wrong configuration may damage devices!

Figure 10: Scheme to generate RFE.

1. Choose frequency centering:200 MHz with span:200 MHz on the network analyzer.

2. Generate a sine wave from the generator with the following parameters:
• Power=-30 dBm.
• Frequency=150 MHz.
3. Sweep manually the frequency values from 150 MHz to 175 MHz.
 62

4. Explain why the maximum of power changes over the frequency?

♣ Answer question 11. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

5. Replace generator by network analyzer output. Measure:

♣ Answer question 12. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• The period on these oscillations ρ ? Give the unit ?

• The magnitude (differences between the max an the min) of the oscillations R? Give the unit?

6. What ρ and R represent ?

♣ Answer question 13. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

7. According to the scheme of the Figure 10, and the previous measurements, try to find R and ρ by
calculation ?
• What is the transfer function of this system ?
♣ Answer question 14. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Give the power (P) expression in the system ?

♣ Answer question 15. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Define the maximum and the minimum functions of P by calculating its derivative ( ∂P
∂ω ).

♣ Answer question 16. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

• Express R in terms of the gain and attenuation.

♣ Answer question 17. Refer to NETWORK_ANALYZER/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc
 Topic VII
Software Defined
Radio (SDR)
 64

7 Software Defined Radio (SDR)

7.1 Overview
Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components that have been typically
implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead
implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system. While the concept of SDR is
not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render practical many processes which used to
be only theoretically possible.
Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/Software-defined-radio.pdf

Figure 11: Software defined radio concept.

The ideal receiver scheme would be to attach an analog-to-digital converter to an antenna. A digital signal
processor would read the converter, and then its software would transform the stream of data from the converter
to any other form the application requires.
An ideal transmitter would be similar. A digital signal processor would generate a stream of numbers. These
would be sent to a digital-to-analog converter connected to a radio antenna.
The ideal scheme is not completely realizable due to the actual limits of the technology. The main problem
in both directions is the difficulty of conversion between the digital and the analog domains at a high enough
rate and a high enough accuracy at the same time, and without relying upon physical processes like interference
and electromagnetic resonance for assistance.2
♣ Answer question 1. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio
 65

7.2 DVB-T+DAB+FM
7.2.1 Overview
rtl-sdr fm+dab dvb-t stick dongles based on the Realtek RTL2832U can be used as a cheap SDR, since
the chip allows transferring the raw I/Q samples to the host, which is officially used for DAB/DAB+/FM
demodulation.

Figure 12: rtl-sdr fm+dab dvb-t stick.

7.2.2 Hardware description

7.2.2.1 RTL2832U The RTL2832U supports tuners at IF (Intermediate Frequency, 36.125MHz), low-IF
(4.57MHz), or Zero-IF output using a 28.8MHz crystal, and includes FM/DAB/DAB+ Radio Support. Embed-
ded with an advanced ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), the RTL2832U features high stability in portable
reception.
The state-of-the-art RTL2832U features Realtek proprietary algorithms (patent-pending), including superior
channel estimation, co-channel interface rejection, long echo channel reception, and impulse noise cancellation,
and provides an ideal solution for a wide range of applications for PC-TV, such as USB dongle and Mini-
Card/USB, and embedded system via USB interface.3
The RTL2832U outputs 8-bit I/Q-samples, and the highest theoretically possible sample-rate is 3.2 MS/s,
however, the highest sample-rate without lost samples that has been tested so far is 2.56 MS/s. The frequency
range is highly dependent of the used tuner, dongles that use the Elonics E4000 offer the widest possible range.4
Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/RTL2832U .pdf

Figure 13: RTL2832U schematic: AD converter, digital processor, USB slave interface.

♣ Answer question 2. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

7.2.2.2 R820T2 The R820T2 is a highly integrated silicon tuner that builds in low noise amplifier (LNA),
mixer, fractional PLL, VGA, voltage regulator and tracking filter, eliminating the need for external SAW filters,
LNA, balun, and LDO. Thanks the LNA architecture, R820T offers the lowest cost and high performance
3 http://www.realtek.com.tw/products/productsView.aspx?Langid=1&PFid=35&Level=4&Conn=3&ProdID=257
4 http://sdr.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/rtl-sdr
 66

Tuner Frequency range

Elonics E4000 52 - 2200 MHz with a gap from 1100 MHz to 1250 MHz (varies)
Rafael Micro R820T 24 - 1766 MHz
Rafael Micro R828D 24 - 1766 MHz
Fitipower FC0013 22 - 1100 MHz
Fitipower FC0012 22 - 948.6 MHz
FCI FC2580 146 - 308 MHz and 438 - 924 MHz (gap in between)

Table 1: RTL2832U features.

solution for digital TV application. On-chip LDO, high performance LNA, and small package enable R820T
the perfect solution for both cost and font factor sensitive applications.5
Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/R820T-Rafael-Microelectronics.pdf
♣ Answer question 3. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

5 http://www.datasheetcafe.com/r820t2-datasheet-digital-tuner/
 67

7.3 Airspy SDR#

Airspy is a popular, affordable SDR based communication receiver with the highest performance and the smallest
form factor. It is a serious alternative to both cost sensitive and higher end scanners while featuring the best
radio browsing experience of the market thanks to the tight integration with the de facto standard SDR# software.
The Airspy series offer continuous spectrum coverage and blazingly fast and accurate scanning anywhere between
24MHz and 1.8GHz with 10 or 6MHz instantaneous view. External GPS or Rubidium clocks are also supported
for professional usages in the R2 version. With its powerful architecture, careful implementation and open API,
Airspy is the weapon of choice for professionals and advanced radio enthusiasts seeking cutting edge performance
at the lowest cost.6

1. Run SDR# by clicking on the desktop icon.

2. Click on I to start.

♣ Answer question 4. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

Figure 14: SDR# user interface.

According the Table 2, change the frequency to listen to 3 FM radios.

♣ Answer question 5. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

1. Click on RTL-SDR Controller . change Sample Rate value

2. Do the same with RF Gain.

♣ Answer question 6. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

According to Table 3, sweep the frequency to locate the following ranges:

1. Digital television.
2. GSM mobile communication.

♣ Answer question 7. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

6 http://airspy.com/
 68

98.3 / 103.7 FRANCE BLEU BOURGOGNE

87.9 VIRGIN RADIO BOURGOGNE
99.2 FRANCE MUSIQUE
88.3 RCF EN BOURGOGNE
99.6 RFM
88.9 MOUV
100.0 RADIO CULTURES DIJON
90.7 FUN RADIO BOURGOGNE
100.6 NRJ
91.8 RIRE & CHANSONS
101.2 FRANCE INFO
92.2 RADIO CAMPUS DIJON
101.6 K6 FM
93.7 FRANCE CULTURE
102.5 CHERIE FM DIJON
94.1 RADIO FG
104.2 RTL
94.8 RMC
104.7 EUROPE 1
95.4 FREQUENCE PLUS
105.1 FRANCE MAGHREB 2
95.9 FRANCE INTER
105.8 RADIO CLASSIQUE
97.1 RADIO SHALOM DIJON
106.3 JAZZ RADIO
97.5 NOSTALGIE DIJON
107.1 SKYROCK

Table 2: Dijon FM radios list.

Frequency range Usage

[MHz]
0.01 - 30 Broadcasting Waves, Medium Waves and Short Waves - Avalanche victim detectors
- Amateur traffic - Anti-theft detection systems (RFID) - Non-contact card readers
(RFID) - Medical applications
30 - 87,5 Analogue and digital broadcasting (band I) - Professional networks (taxis, fire
brigades, national gendarmerie, independent radio networks, etc.) - Radio amateurs
- Wireless microphones - Radiolocation aeronautics - Radars - Medical applications
87,5 - 108 Radio-frequency modulation (FM band)
108 - 136 Aeronautical traffic
136 - 400 Analogue and digital broadcasting (bands II and III) - Professional networks (po-
lice, firefighter, SAMU, etc.) - Frequencies reserved for free flight (talkies-walkie) -
Amateur traffic ("2 meter" band) Marine) - Paging systems ERMES
400 - 470 Professional networks (gendarmerie, SNCF, EDF, etc.) - Amateur traffic ("432"
band) - Remote controls and telemetry - Control systems (automotive (RFID) -
TETRA and TETRAPOL cellular networks - Medical applications
470 - 860 Broadcasting IV and V bands (analog and digital)
860 - 880 ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, Medical): low-range devices such as alarms, remote
controls, domotics, wireless sensors, RFID
880 - 960 Mobile telephony GSM 900: up and down links
960 - 1710 Digital broadcasting - Private networks - Hertzian beams
1710 - 1880 Mobile telephony GSM 1800: up and down links

Table 3: Frequency allocations in France.

 69

7.4 GNU Radio

7.4.1 Overview
GNU Radio is a framework that enables users to design, simulate, and deploy highly capable real-world radio
systems. It is a highly modular, "flowgraph"-oriented framework that comes with a comprehensive library of
processing blocks that can be readily combined to make complex signal processing applications.
GNU Radio has been used for a huge array of real-world radio applications, including audio processing,
mobile communications, tracking satellites, radar systems, GSM networks, Digital Radio Mondiale, and much
more - all in computer software.7

7.4.2 Getting started: sine wave

Figure 15: GNU Radio user interface.

1. Open GNU Radio by clicking on the desktop icon.

2. Insert blocks as shown in Figure 15
 Check blocks output type: complexe or float.

• Signal Source: Waveform Generators . Signal Source . click on this block . enter parameters.
• Audio Sink: Audio . Audio Sink . click on this block . enter parameters.

3. Save the project to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/cw.grc

4. Check your computer sound settings . click on icon to execute the flowgraph (wait).

5. Stop GNU Radio . click on Instrumentation . QT . QT GUI Time Sink . connect this block to Signal
Source block . run again. Check that display is matching the entered parameters.
6. Click on Variable Block . set samp_rate value to 1000 . run again . explain this result?

♣ Answer question 8. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

7. Stop GNU Radio . click on Variable Block . set samp_rate value to 1001 . run again . explain this result?

♣ Answer question 9. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

7 http://gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/gnuradio/wiki/Guided_Tutorial_Introduction
 70

8. Stop running . click on Instrumentation . QT . QT GUI Time Sink . connect this block to Signal Source
block . run again. Explain this display.
9. Now, remove Audio Sink and QT GUI Time Sink blocks . click on Instrumentation . QT . QT GUI Sink
. connect the block to the source . check the block parameters . run the flowgraph.

10. Add an amplitude control by adding:

(a) Multiply constant
(b) QT GUI Range
11. Add a frequency control by adding QT GUI Range.

♣ Answer question 10. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

 71

7.5 FM Radio receiver with RTL2832U and GNU Radio

7.5.1 Theoretical introduction
The simplest FM radio consists of few elements:

1. signal source - in our case it would be RTL-SDR dongle

2. low pass filter

3. WBFM demodulator
4. Audio output - your PC’s sound card.

7.5.2 New environment

1. Open new project and set sample rate value to 2 MHz, as shown in Figure 16.
2. Save the project to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/fm.grc

Figure 16: New project.

See Figure 16

7.5.3 RTL-SDR Source

We can find this block in Sources category on the right sidebar of GRC. Our signal input. We need to set its
sample rate to 2 MHz. It can be done by editing samp_rate variable and setting its value to 2e6. Here we will
also set the frequency of the station we want to receive. See Figure 17

Figure 17: RTL-SDR Source configuration.

Add a Variable block with :

• ID: freq
• Value: 107.1e6
 72

7.5.4 Low pass filter

The next step is to filter out frequencies other than the one we centered in th previous step. In that task we
will use a low pass filter block. It can be found on filters category. See Figure 18

Figure 18: Low pass filter configuration.

Add two Variable blocks as following :

• Block 1:
– ID: cutoff
– Value: 100e3
• Block 2
– ID: transition
– Value: 1e6

7.5.5 WBFM Receive

Place the FM demodulator. Its block can be found on modulators menu, its quadrature rate equals 500kHz.
See Figure 19

Figure 19: WBFM receiver configuration.

7.5.6 Rational Resampler

It can be found in resamplers menu and the second is in math operators category. At first we need to convert
rate from 500k to 48k so we need to decimate by 500 and then multiply by 48. See Figure 20

7.5.7 Audio Sink

Finally we link Audio Sink block (found in Audio). Now its only required to edit its rate and choose 48k from
a drop down list. See Figure 21
 73

Figure 20: Rational Resampler configuration.

Figure 21: Audio Sink configuration.

7.5.8 Final design

See Figure 22

Figure 22: Final design.

 74

1. Run flowgraph.
2. According to Table 2, you should listen SKYROCK radio.
3. Change freq value to listen other radio, refer to Table 2.

4. Change RTL-SDR Source gains to improve sound quality.

7.5.9 Signal analysis

1. Use a QT GUI Sink to display FFT (2048 points) of each output block: from RTL-SDR Source to Rational
Resampler.

♣ Answer question 11. Refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

2. Add a frequency control by adding QT GUI Range to make switching radios easy. Try it!
 Topic VIII
Internet of Things (IoT)
 76

8 Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of things (stylised Internet of Things or IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also
referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items-embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. In
2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the infrastructure of the
information society." The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. When IoT is augmented with
sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems,
which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart
cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate
within the existing Internet infrastructure.8
In this work, CC3200 Simplink Launchpad device is used with the following softwares
• CCS.
• Uniflash
• Putty

to achieve getting temperature from a given place. The architecture of this system is illustrated in Figure 23.

Figure 23: Architecture.

8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
 77

8.1 Getting started with CC3200 Simplink Launchpad

Please, refer to https://cloud.u-bourgogne.fr/index.php/s/zJFZpkTdFC8f0XL/*.pdf

Figure 24: CC3200

♣ Answer question 1. Refer to INTERNET_OF_THINGS/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

8.2 Getting started with CCS

In this section, CCS is used to program the CC3200, let us getting started.

8.2.1 Import a project from SDK templates

1. Open CCS by clinking on the desktop icon.
2. Click on Import CCS Projects as shown in Figure 25.

3. Click on browse to C:\ti\CC3200SDK_1.2.0\cc3200-sdk\example\get_weather (See Figure 26)

4. Click on finish, as shown in Figure 26 (This may take few moment, please wait!).
5. Explore the project to open main.c file.

8.2.2 Compile project

6. Now, the project get_weather is successfully imported. In your CCS right-click on

get_weather [Active - Release] project under the project explorer . click on Rebuild Project (wait).

7. The binary file get_weather.bin is now created in

SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/YOUR_GROUP\get_weather\Release directory, verify by checking the modi-
fying date.
 78

Figure 25: CCS environment.

Figure 26: Browse for project.

 79

8.3 Flashing using uniflash tool

CCS Uniflash is a standalone tool used to program on-chip flash memory on TI MCUs. Uniflash has a GUI,
command line, and scripting interface.
1. Connect CC3200 to you computer by plugin the usb.
2. Click on Uniflash icon in the desktop.
3. Configure by clicking File . New Configuration.
4. Select CC3x Serial(UART) Interface . OK (wait).
5. Click on /sys/mcuimng.bin . Browse, to define the binary file path in the Url field.

6. Check boxes: Erase, Update, Verify.

7. Flash CC3200 Simplink Launchpad by clicking on CC31xx/CC32xx Flash Setup and Control.
8. Then click on Program button to upload the binary file.
9. If any programming issue:
(a) Check hardware configuration.
(b) Check port COM number.
(c) refer to page 11 of the tutorial CC3200 SimpleLinkTM Wi-Fi and IoT Solution with MCU LaunchPad
Hardware tutorial.
(d) Ask for help.

Now, the binary file is loaded the device, it is ready to run.

♣ Answer question 2. Please, save this configuration (click on File . Save Configuration As) to the
following path: C:\M2\INTERNET_OF_THINGS\PROJECT\YOUR_GROUP\
 80

8.4 Displaying results in terminal

Any client terminal (Putty, TerraTerm, SecureCRT, ... ) could be used. Putty will be used in this work.
1. Click on the Putty icon in the desktop.
2. Configure as shown bellow:

3. Click on Open.
4. Restart CC3200 Simplink Launchpad by pushing reset button.
5. If nothing is happening, refer to page 11 of the tutorial.
6. Configure a WiFi access point, using a smart phone for example, as following:
• SSID : cc3200demo
• No password (open connexion)
7. Restart CC3200 Simplink Launchpad by pushing reset button.
8. Now CC3200 Simplink Launchpad must be connected to the access point, you should have a logs, as
shown in Figure 27:

Figure 27: Logs from CC3200.

You obtain 401 error from the server, refer to SOFTWARE_DEFINED_RADIO/faq.pdf, modify the file main.c
in CCS to fix this issue (modify #define POST-BUFFER to the appropriate value).
9. If the bug is fixed, repeat previous steps (Compile project, Flashing using uniflash tool) to flash the new
binary file. Now, you should have the logs shown in Figure 28.
10. Close putty.
 81

Figure 28: Logs from CC3200.

♣ Answer question 3. Refer to INTERNET_OF_THINGS/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

 82

8.5 Use Debug mode in CCS

Repeating steps of Project compiling and Flashing using uniflash tool is fastidious. An easier
mode exists in CCS.

1. Click on the debug icon . Answer "Yes" in the Target Configuration box.
2. Rename NewTargetConfiguration.ccxml . cc3200.ccxml.
3. Click on Finish.
4. Edit cc3200.ccxml as following:
• Connection: Stellaris In-Circuit Debug Interface.
• Board or Device: check CC3200 box.
5. Click save on the right side.

6. Click again on the debug icon . Project will now compile.

7. Run putty (DO NOT CLOSE CCS).

8. Click on the Resume button (in CCS).

9. Return to putty, you should now obtain the same logs as in the previous section. Enter some cities to
check.

8.6 Doing some C code

1. In CCS environment, go to main.c, then modify the banner display as follows.

♣ Answer question 4. Refer to INTERNET_OF_THINGS/YOUR_GROUP\response.doc

♣ Answer question 5. For a given city, display temperatures in the following units:
• Fahrenheit (imperial).
• Metric (Celsius).
• Default (Kelvin).
, Kelvin, Celsius.

2. Using debug mode and break points to locate the C function allowing to display data.

♣ Answer question 6. Give a brief description of the C-function allowing to display data.

3. Replace Temperature by humidity value.

♣ Answer question 7. Take a sceen-shot.

4. The server response is as the following XML example:

<current>
<city id="2643741" name="City of London">
<coord lon="-0.09" lat="51.51">
<country>GB</country>
<sun rise="2015-06-30T03:46:57" set="2015-06-30T20:21:12">
</city>
<temperature value="72.34" min="66.2" max="79.88" unit="fahrenheit"/>
<humidity value="43" unit="%">
<pressure value="1020" unit="hPa">
 83

<wind>
<speed value="7.78" name="Moderate breeze">
<direction value="140" code="SE" name="SouthEast">
</wind>
<clouds value="0" name="clear sky">
<visibility value="10000">
<precipitation mode="no">
<weather number="800" value="Sky is Clear" icon="01d">
<lastupdate value="2015-06-30T08:36:14">
</current>

5. Modify the C code of this function TO ADD these parameters:

• Humidity, in %.
• Pressure, in hPa.

♣ Answer question 8. For a given city, take a sceen-shot showing the added informations.

8.7 Go further ..
For documentation, refer to C:\ti\CC3200SDK_1.2.0\cc3200-sdk\docs\example\

1. Use email template C:\ti\CC3200SDK_1.2.0\cc3200-sdk\example\email to send a message to this ad-

dress: [email protected]
2. Use out-of-box template C:\ti\CC3200SDK_1.2.0\cc3200-sdk\example\out-of-box to depoy CC3200
Simplink Launchpad as http server.