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IT Era Midterm Reviewer

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9 views

IT Era Midterm Reviewer

Uploaded by

Jefferson Diaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

I.

Number Systems Overview

1. Decimal System (Base 10)

o The most commonly used number system.

o Uses digits 0–9.

o Example: 15210152_{10}15210

2. Binary System (Base 2)

o Used in digital computing.

o Uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

o Example: 110121101_211012

o Key Rule: Each place value represents powers of 2.

o Converting Decimal to Binary: Divide the decimal number by 2, record the


remainders, and reverse the order.

3. Octal System (Base 8)

o Uses digits 0–7.

o Example: 57857_8578

o Converting Binary to Octal: Group binary digits in sets of 3 (starting from the right)
and convert each group to octal.

o Converting Decimal to Octal: Divide by 8 and record the remainders.

4. Hexadecimal System (Base 16)

o Uses digits 0–9 and letters A–F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15).

o Example: A316A3_{16}A316

o Converting Binary to Hexadecimal: Group binary digits in sets of 4 and convert


each group to hexadecimal.

o Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal: Divide by 16 and record the remainders.

II. Conversions Between Number Systems

1. Binary to Decimal Conversion


Multiply each binary digit by 2 raised to the power of its position (starting from 0 at the right),
then sum the results.
Example:
10112=(1×23)+(0×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)=11101011_2 = (1 \times 2^3) + (0 \times 2^2) + (1
\times 2^1) + (1 \times 2^0) = 11_{10}10112=(1×23)+(0×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)=1110
2. Decimal to Binary Conversion
Continuously divide the decimal number by 2, noting the remainders, and reverse the order
of remainders.
Example:
4310=101011243_{10} = 101011_24310=1010112

3. Binary to Octal Conversion


Group binary digits in sets of 3 (from right to left) and convert each group to the equivalent
octal digit.
Example:
1010112=(101)(011)=538101011_2 = (101)(011) = 53_81010112=(101)(011)=538

4. Octal to Binary Conversion


Convert each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent.
Example:
538=101011253_8 = 101011_2538=1010112

5. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion


Group binary digits in sets of 4 (from right to left) and convert each group to the equivalent
hexadecimal digit.
Example:
110101012=(1101)(0101)=D51611010101_2 = (1101)(0101) = D5_{16}110101012
=(1101)(0101)=D516

6. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion


Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.
Example:
3A16=0011101023A_{16} = 00111010_23A16=001110102

7. Decimal to Octal Conversion


Continuously divide the decimal number by 8 and record the remainders.
Example:
7810=116878_{10} = 116_87810=1168

8. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion


Continuously divide the decimal number by 16 and record the remainders.
Example:
25510=FF16255_{10} = FF_{16}25510=FF16

9. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion


Multiply each hexadecimal digit by 16 raised to the power of its position, then sum the
results.
Example:
A316=(10×161)+(3×160)=16310A3_{16} = (10 \times 16^1) + (3 \times 16^0) = 163_{10}A316
=(10×161)+(3×160)=16310
III. Key Binary and Hexadecimal Equivalents

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal


0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
IV. Example Problems

1. Convert 78 to binary:

o Divide by 2 and collect remainders:


78÷2=3978 \div 2 = 3978÷2=39 remainder 0
39÷2=1939 \div 2 = 1939÷2=19 remainder 1
19÷2=919 \div 2 = 919÷2=9 remainder 1
9÷2=49 \div 2 = 49÷2=4 remainder 1
4÷2=24 \div 2 = 24÷2=2 remainder 0
2÷2=12 \div 2 = 12÷2=1 remainder 0
1÷2=01 \div 2 = 01÷2=0 remainder 1

o Answer: 100111021001110_210011102

2. Convert 1101 (binary) to decimal:

o Use the binary weights:


(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)(1 \times 2^3) + (1 \times 2^2) + (0 \times 2^1) + (1
\times 2^0)(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)
=8+4+0+1=13= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13=8+4+0+1=13

o Answer: 131013_{10}1310

3. Convert 9A (hexadecimal) to binary:

o 9 = 100121001_210012, A = 101021010_210102

o Answer: 10011010210011010_2100110102

4. Convert 255 (decimal) to hexadecimal:

o Divide by 16:
255÷16=15255 \div 16 = 15255÷16=15 remainder 15 (F in hexadecimal)
15÷16=015 \div 16 = 015÷16=0 remainder 15 (F in hexadecimal)

o Answer: FF16FF_{16}FF16

5. Convert 53 (octal) to decimal:

o Multiply each octal digit by the corresponding power of 8:


(5×81)+(3×80)=40+3=43(5 \times 8^1) + (3 \times 8^0) = 40 + 3 =
43(5×81)+(3×80)=40+3=43

o Answer: 431043_{10}4310

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