1.

Digital-to-Digital Conversion

1.1 Line Coding Basics

1. What is the purpose of line coding in digital transmission?

o A) To convert digital data to digital signals

o B) To convert analog data to digital signals

o C) To scramble the data for security purposes

o D) To add error-correction codes

o Answer: A

2. In digital-to-digital conversion, what is a data element?

o A) The smallest unit of data, usually a bit

o B) The voltage level of the signal

o C) The rate at which data is transmitted

o D) The bandwidth of the signal

o Answer: A

3. What is the difference between a data element and a signal element?

o A) Data elements are transmitted; signal elements carry the data

o B) Data elements carry the data; signal elements are transmitted

o C) Both represent voltage levels

o D) They are interchangeable in digital transmission

o Answer: A

4. What is the relationship between the data rate and signal rate?

o A) Signal rate is always higher than data rate

o B) Signal rate equals data rate times bandwidth

o C) Signal rate is the number of signal elements per second

o D) Data rate always exceeds signal rate

o Answer: C
 5. Which line coding scheme has no return to zero in the middle of the bit?

o A) RZ

o B) NRZ

o C) Manchester

o D) Differential Manchester

o Answer: B

1.2 Line Coding Schemes

6. What is the characteristic feature of unipolar encoding?

o A) It uses positive and negative voltages

o B) It uses only positive or zero voltage levels

o C) It alternates voltages for each bit

o D) It requires synchronization bits

o Answer: B

7. Which scheme uses positive and negative voltage levels with no return to zero?

o A) NRZ-L

o B) NRZ-I

o C) Unipolar

o D) Bipolar

o Answer: A

8. How does Manchester encoding achieve synchronization?

o A) By maintaining a DC component

o B) Through transitions at the start of each bit

o C) With a transition in the middle of each bit

o D) By using different voltage levels for 0 and 1

o Answer: C

9. In differential Manchester encoding, a transition at the start of the bit indicates:

o B) Bit 1

o C) No data

o D) The end of transmission

o Answer: A

10. Which line coding scheme is best suited for long-distance communication due
to its lack of DC components?

o A) Manchester encoding

o B) NRZ-L encoding

o C) Bipolar AMI encoding

o D) Unipolar encoding

o Answer: C

1.3 Block Coding

11. What is the main purpose of block coding?

o A) To add error detection and synchronization

o B) To reduce signal rate

o C) To scramble data

o D) To increase data transmission speed

o Answer: A

12. In 4B/5B encoding, a block of 4 bits is converted into how many bits?

o A) 3

o B) 4

o C) 5

o D) 6

o Answer: C

13. How does 8B/10B encoding improve on 4B/5B encoding?

o B) By allowing higher bit rates

o C) By adding more redundant bits for error checking

o D) By using fewer signal elements

o Answer: C

14. Which of the following is NOT a feature of block coding?

o A) Error detection

o B) Synchronization

o C) Compression

o D) Redundancy

o Answer: C

1.4 Scrambling Techniques

15. What is the purpose of scrambling in digital transmission?

o A) To maintain synchronization over long distances without increasing

o B) To reduce noise in the transmission

o C) To increase the signal rate

o D) To enhance security

o Answer: A

16. In B8ZS scrambling, eight consecutive zeros are replaced with which pattern?

o A) 000VB0VB

o B) 00000VVV

o C) 111000BBB

o D) B0VB0000

o Answer: A

17. Which scrambling technique is commonly used outside North America?

o B) HDB3

o C) NRZ-L

o D) Differential Manchester

o Answer: B

2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion

2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

18. What is the first step in the PCM process?

o A) Quantization

o B) Encoding

o C) Sampling

o D) Line coding

o Answer: C

19. In PCM, quantization involves:

o A) Sampling the signal

o B) Assigning discrete values to sample amplitudes

o C) Encoding the signal into binary data

o D) Filtering high frequencies

o Answer: B

20. What is the minimum sampling rate according to the Nyquist theorem for a
signal with a 4 kHz maximum frequency?

o A) 2 kHz

o B) 4 kHz

o C) 8 kHz

o D) 16 kHz
 o Answer: C

2.2 Delta Modulation (DM)

21. Delta modulation (DM) primarily tracks:

o A) Absolute amplitude of the signal

o B) Changes in amplitude from the previous sample

o C) Bandwidth requirements

o D) Frequency spectrum

o Answer: B

22. What is a major advantage of adaptive delta modulation (ADM) over standard
DM?

o A) Uses fewer bits per sample

o B) Adjusts to larger signal changes

o C) Reduces bit errors

o D) Lowers bandwidth requirements

o Answer: B

23. What does quantization error refer to in PCM and DM?

o A) The difference between actual and quantized amplitude values

o B) The error in bit rate

o C) The distortion from frequency interference

o D) The phase shift in signals

o Answer: A

3. Transmission Modes

3.1 Parallel Transmission

24. Which mode of data transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously?

o A) Serial Transmission
 o B) Parallel Transmission

o C) Asynchronous Transmission

o D) Synchronous Transmission

o Answer: B

25. A key disadvantage of parallel transmission is:

o A) Low speed

o B) Requires complex circuitry

o C) Susceptibility to crosstalk and signal degradation

o D) Only used for short distances

o Answer: C

3.2 Serial Transmission

26. In serial transmission, bits are sent:

o A) In groups of two

o B) One at a time

o C) In groups of four

o D) Simultaneously on multiple wires

o Answer: B

27. Which serial transmission type sends data without requiring the sender and
receiver clocks to be synchronized?

o A) Asynchronous

o B) Synchronous

o C) Isochronous

o D) Parallel

o Answer: A
28. Isochronous transmission is best suited for:

o A) Data packets with variable lengths

o B) Multimedia data that requires timing accuracy

o C) Random data with no fixed timing

o D) Error-corrected transmission

o Answer: B