PART B and PART C questions

Degree, Semester & Branch: VII Semester B.E., ECE

Regulation: Anna University R 2021
Course Code & Title: OPE353 Industrial Safety
UNIT 1
1. Discuss the need for developing robust Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS)
systems in workplaces.
Hints:

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Developing robust EHS systems in workplaces is essential for several reasons:
1. Legal Compliance: Ensures adherence to national and international laws and
regulations, avoiding legal penalties and enhancing the company’s reputation.

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2. Worker Safety and Health: Reduces the risk of workplace injuries and illnesses,
leading to a healthier workforce.
3. Productivity and Efficiency: Healthy and safe work environments enhance
employee morale and productivity.
4. Financial Benefits: Reduces costs associated with accidents, including medical
expenses, legal fees, and compensation claims.
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5. Sustainable Practices: Promotes sustainable practices, minimizing environmental
impact and ensuring long-term business viability.
Challenges include resistance to change, initial setup costs, and continuous monitoring and
updating of systems.
2. Analyse a well-known industrial accident case study. Discuss the causes, immediate
consequences, and long-term impacts of the accident.
Hints:
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A well-known case study is the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984:

1. Causes: Poor maintenance, lack of safety systems, and inadequate training of
personnel.
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2. Immediate Consequences: Over 3,000 immediate deaths and long-term health issues
for thousands more.
3. Long-term Impacts: Persistent environmental damage, ongoing health issues, and
loss of trust in industrial safety practices.
Lessons learned include the importance of stringent safety protocols, regular maintenance and
inspections, proper training, and the implementation of emergency response plans.
3. Explain the status and relationship of various Acts related to industrial safety in
India. How do these Acts complement each other in ensuring a safe and healthy work
environment?
Hints:
In India, several Acts work together to ensure industrial safety:

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 1. Factories Act, 1948: Regulates labor in factories concerning safety, health, and
welfare.
2. Mines Act, 1952: Ensures the safety and health of miners.
3. Environment Protection Act, 1986: Controls pollution and manages hazardous
substances.
4. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020: Consolidates
various labor laws, enhancing worker protection.
These Acts complement each other by addressing different aspects of industrial safety, from
working conditions to environmental impacts, providing a comprehensive safety framework.
4. Discuss the role of regulations and codes of practice in maintaining workplace safety.
How do these regulations influence the behavior of organizations and employees?
Hints:
Regulations and codes of practice provide detailed guidelines on maintaining workplace
safety. Their roles include:

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1. Standardization: Establishing uniform safety standards across industries.
2. Accountability: Holding organizations accountable for safety breaches.
3. Guidance: Offering practical solutions and best practices for safety management.

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4. Behavioral Influence: Encouraging proactive safety cultures and continuous
improvement.
Regulations influence organizational behavior by mandating compliance, which drives the
adoption of safer practices, and employee behavior by raising awareness and fostering a
safety-first mindset.
5. Evaluate the role of trade union safety representatives in promoting workplace safety.
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What are their key responsibilities, and how do they contribute to a safer work
environment?
Hints:
Trade union safety representatives play a crucial role in workplace safety:
1. Key Responsibilities: Conducting safety inspections, representing workers’ safety
concerns, participating in safety committees, and ensuring compliance with safety
regulations.
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2. Contribution: They act as a bridge between employees and management, ensuring

workers’ voices are heard. They help in identifying hazards, suggesting
improvements, and fostering a collaborative safety culture.
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Their presence encourages proactive safety measures and enhances communication, leading
to a safer and more inclusive work environment.

6. Discuss the significance of international initiatives in enhancing workplace safety and

health. How do ergonomic principles contribute to creating safer and more efficient
work environments?
Hints:
International initiatives, such as ISO 45001, OSHA, and ILO conventions, play a significant
role in standardizing workplace safety globally. They provide frameworks for:
1. Best Practices: Sharing and implementing best practices across borders.
2. Compliance: Helping countries and organizations comply with international safety
standards.

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 3. Continuous Improvement: Encouraging ongoing evaluation and improvement of
safety systems.
Ergonomic principles contribute by:
1. Designing Safe Workspaces: Reducing physical strain and preventing
musculoskeletal disorders.
2. Improving Efficiency: Enhancing productivity by optimizing work processes and
environments.
3. Enhancing Comfort: Creating workspaces that cater to workers’ physical needs,
reducing fatigue and increasing job satisfaction.
By integrating ergonomic principles, organizations can significantly reduce workplace
injuries and improve overall worker well-being.

UNIT 2
1. Define the terms "occupational health" and "occupational hygiene." Discuss the key

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differences and similarities between these two fields and their importance in the workplace
Hints: (Provide a detailed definition of both terms, highlight their importance, and elaborate
on how they work together to ensure a safe and healthy work environment.)

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2. Identify and explain the different categories of health hazards present in the workplace.
Provide examples for each category and discuss the potential health impacts on workers.
Hints: (Discuss physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards,
providing examples and explaining their potential effects on worker health.)
3. Describe the various exposure pathways through which workers can come into contact
with hazardous and toxic substances. How does the human body typically respond to these
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exposures?
Hints: (Explain inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and injection as exposure pathways, and
detail the acute and chronic responses of the human body to these exposures.)
4. What are the advantages and limitations of environmental monitoring in the workplace?
How does environmental monitoring contribute to occupational health and hygiene?
Hints: (Discuss the benefits of identifying and controlling hazards through monitoring, as
well as the challenges and limitations, such as cost and the need for continuous monitoring.)
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5. Explain the concept of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Discuss how OELs are
determined and their role in protecting workers' health.
Hints: (Provide a detailed explanation of OELs, including the criteria used for setting these
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limits and their importance in minimizing health risks.)

6. Outline the hierarchy of control measures for managing occupational health risks. Provide
examples of each level of control and discuss their effectiveness.
Hints: (Describe elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and
personal protective equipment, with examples and an evaluation of their effectiveness.)
7. Discuss the role of personal protective equipment (PPE) in occupational health and safety.
What criteria should be considered when selecting appropriate PPE for workers
Hints: (Elaborate on the importance of PPE, the types available, and the factors to consider,
such as the nature of the hazard, comfort, and compatibility with other equipment.)
8. Examine the effects of occupational noise exposure on human health. What are the control
methods and reduction strategies to mitigate noise hazards in the workplace?

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Hints: (Discuss the health impacts of noise, including hearing loss and stress, and outline
control methods like engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE.)
9. Analyze the health effects of occupational exposure to radiation. What strategies can be
implemented to control and reduce radiation exposure in the workplace?
Hints: (Describe the types of radiation, their health impacts, and control measures such as
shielding, time reduction, and proper PPE.)
10. What are the effects of excessive workplace stress on employees? Discuss the strategies
that can be implemented to reduce and manage stress in the workplace.
Hints: (Explain the physical and psychological effects of stress, and provide strategies such
as workload management, support systems, and promoting work-life balance.)
11. Describe various environmental monitoring techniques used to detect hazardous
substances in the workplace. Discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of these
techniques.
Hints: (Detail techniques like air sampling, biological monitoring, and direct-reading

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instruments, along with their advantages and limitations.)
12. Discuss the importance of an integrated approach to occupational health and hygiene.
How can organizations effectively combine various strategies to ensure a comprehensive
safety program?

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Hints: (Highlight the need for combining different strategies like engineering controls,
administrative controls, PPE, and regular training to create a holistic safety program.)
These questions cover various aspects of occupational health and hygiene, providing a
comprehensive understanding for students studying Industrial Safety.
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Unit 3
1. Describe the key features of a satisfactory and safe design for work premises. How do
these features contribute to overall workplace safety and employee well-being?
Hints: (Discuss elements like layout, accessibility, emergency exits, safety signage, and
ergonomic design. Explain how each feature contributes to reducing accidents and promoting
a healthy work environment.)
2. Explain the importance of good housekeeping in maintaining a safe workplace. What
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practices should be implemented to ensure effective housekeeping?

Hints: (Discuss the role of cleanliness, organization, proper storage, waste management, and
regular inspections. Highlight how these practices prevent hazards and improve safety.)
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3. Analyze the impact of lighting and colour on workplace safety and productivity. What
considerations should be made when designing lighting systems and choosing colours for a
work environment?
Hints: (Describe the importance of adequate illumination, reducing glare, and using colour
coding for safety and efficiency. Provide examples of best practices.)
4. Discuss the significance of ventilation and heat control in maintaining a safe and
comfortable workplace. What methods can be used to achieve effective ventilation and
temperature regulation?
Hints: (Explain the health impacts of poor ventilation and excessive heat, and describe
solutions such as HVAC systems, natural ventilation, and thermal insulation.)
5. Outline the key principles of electrical safety in the workplace. What measures should be
taken to prevent electrical hazards and ensure safe operation of electrical systems?

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Hints: (Discuss grounding, insulation, circuit protection, safe use of equipment, and regular
maintenance. Highlight the importance of training and emergency procedures.)
6. Evaluate the essential components of a comprehensive fire safety program. How can
organizations effectively prepare for and respond to fire emergencies?
Hints: (Describe fire risk assessments, fire detection and suppression systems, emergency
evacuation plans, regular drills, and employee training.)
7. What are the key elements of a safe system of work for manual handling operations? How
can organizations reduce the risk of injuries associated with manual handling?
Hints: (Explain risk assessments, ergonomic assessments, proper lifting techniques, use of
mechanical aids, and training programs.)
8. Discuss the importance of machine guarding in preventing workplace injuries. What types
of machine guards are commonly used, and how should they be implemented?
Hints: (Describe fixed guards, interlocked guards, adjustable guards, and self-adjusting
guards. Explain the need for regular inspections and maintenance.)

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9. Analyze the safety considerations for working at different levels, such as heights or below
ground. What measures can be taken to ensure safety in these scenarios?
Hints: (Discuss fall protection systems, scaffolding, ladders, harnesses, guardrails, and

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training. Highlight the importance of risk assessments and safety procedures.)
10. Explain the concept of process safety and its importance in industrial settings. What are
the key components of a process safety management system?
Hints: (Describe hazard identification, risk assessments, safety instrumented systems,
emergency planning, and employee training. Provide examples of process safety incidents
and lessons learned.)
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11. Define system safety and discuss its role in preventing accidents in complex industrial
systems. How can organizations implement an effective system safety program?
Hints: (Explain the principles of system safety, including hazard analysis, risk management,
safety assurance, and continuous improvement. Discuss methods like Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).)
12. Discuss the benefits of integrating various safety systems within an organization. How
can a holistic approach to workplace safety enhance overall safety performance?
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Hints: (Highlight the importance of combining physical safety measures, administrative

controls, employee training, and continuous monitoring. Provide examples of successful
integration of safety systems and the resulting improvements in safety outcomes.)
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UNIT 4
1. Explain the concept of safety appraisal in industrial safety. What are the key components
of a comprehensive safety appraisal process, and how does it contribute to workplace safety?
Hints: (Discuss the objectives of safety appraisals, methods used, and key components such
as safety audits, inspections, and performance reviews. Highlight the role of safety appraisals
in identifying hazards and improving safety practices.)
2.
Describe various analysis and control techniques used in hazard and risk management. How
do these techniques help in minimizing workplace risks?

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Hints: (Detail techniques such as Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA),
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and Job Safety
Analysis (JSA). Explain their application and effectiveness in controlling risks.)
3. Discuss the importance of plant safety inspections in maintaining industrial safety. What
are the key steps involved in conducting an effective safety inspection?
Hints: (Outline the planning, execution, and reporting phases of a safety inspection. Discuss
the role of checklists, observation, interviews, and documentation in identifying and
mitigating hazards.)
4. Explain the process of accident investigation in an industrial setting. What are the main
objectives of accident investigation, and how can it help prevent future incidents?
Hints: (Describe the steps of accident investigation, including data collection, analysis, root
cause identification, and corrective actions. Highlight the importance of learning from
accidents to improve safety measures.)
5. What methods are used to analyze and report accidents in the workplace? How do

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accurate analysis and reporting contribute to enhancing safety standards?
Hints: (Discuss methods such as root cause analysis, trend analysis, and incident reporting
systems. Explain how thorough analysis and transparent reporting can lead to better safety
practices and preventive measures.)

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6. Evaluate various hazard and risk management techniques employed in industries. How do
these techniques help in ensuring a safe work environment?
Hints: (Detail techniques such as risk assessments, control measures, safety audits, and
continuous monitoring. Explain their role in identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards to
reduce risks.)
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7. Discuss the strategies for controlling major accident hazards in industrial settings. What
measures can be implemented to prevent and mitigate the impact of major accidents?
Hints: (Explain the use of safety barriers, emergency response plans, safety management
systems, and regular training. Provide examples of major accidents and how effective control
measures could have prevented or mitigated their impact.)
8. Describe the components and importance of an onsite emergency plan in an industrial
facility. How should organizations prepare and implement these plans to ensure readiness
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during emergencies?
Hints: (Discuss the elements of an onsite emergency plan, such as emergency procedures,
communication protocols, evacuation plans, and roles and responsibilities. Highlight the
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importance of drills and training.)

9. Explain the concept and components of an offsite emergency plan. How do offsite
emergency plans differ from onsite plans, and what are their key objectives?
Hints: (Detail the coordination with external agencies, community awareness, and resource
mobilization involved in offsite emergency plans. Discuss the importance of these plans in
managing large-scale emergencies affecting surrounding areas.)
10. Discuss the benefits and challenges of integrating hazard management systems within an
organization. How can an integrated approach improve overall safety performance?
Hints: (Highlight the advantages of a holistic approach that combines various hazard
management techniques, safety systems, and continuous improvement. Discuss potential
challenges such as complexity and resource allocation.)

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11. What are safety performance indicators, and how are they used in hazard and risk
management? Discuss the importance of monitoring and analyzing these indicators to
enhance workplace safety.
Hints: (Explain leading and lagging indicators, such as incident rates, near misses, safety
audits, and employee training metrics. Discuss their role in measuring safety performance and
driving improvements.)
12. Evaluate the role of technology in enhancing hazard and risk management practices.
What technological advancements have significantly impacted industrial safety?
Hints: (Discuss the use of software tools for risk assessments, real-time monitoring systems,
predictive analytics, and automation in safety processes. Highlight examples of technology-
driven improvements in safety management.)

UNIT 5
1. Define the concept of Environmental Health and Safety Management (EHS). Discuss its

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significance in industrial settings and its impact on organizational performance. Hints:
(Explain the definition, objectives, and importance of EHS management. Discuss its role in
protecting workers' health, ensuring compliance with regulations, and improving overall
organizational efficiency.)

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2. What are the key elements of an Environmental Health and Safety Management policy?
Explain how these elements contribute to creating a robust EHS management system. Hints:
(Discuss elements such as commitment and leadership, risk assessment, legal compliance,
communication, training, and continuous improvement. Explain how each element supports a
comprehensive EHS management strategy.)
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3. Describe the methods for the effective implementation of an Environmental Health and
Safety Management policy. What challenges might organizations face during
implementation, and how can they be addressed? Hints: (Outline steps such as setting
objectives, assigning responsibilities, developing procedures, and monitoring performance.
Discuss potential challenges like resistance to change and resource limitations, and suggest
solutions.)
4. Explain the importance of reviewing and updating Environmental Health and Safety
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Management policies. What processes should be in place to ensure continuous improvement?

Hints: (Discuss the need for regular reviews, incorporating feedback, auditing, and
performance evaluation. Highlight the role of continuous improvement practices like Plan-
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Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycles.)

5. Identify and explain the elements of management principles that are essential for effective
Environmental Health and Safety Management. How do these principles guide EHS
practices? Hints: (Discuss principles such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Explain how these principles help in setting EHS objectives, developing strategies, and
ensuring effective implementation and monitoring.)
6. Discuss the role of education in Environmental Health and Safety Management. How can
educational programs enhance the effectiveness of EHS practices? Hints: (Highlight the
importance of training programs, awareness campaigns, and continuous learning. Explain
how education empowers employees to identify hazards, follow safety protocols, and
contribute to a safer work environment.)

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7. Describe the importance of training in Environmental Health and Safety Management.
What are the key components of an effective EHS training program? Hints: (Discuss
components such as needs assessment, curriculum development, delivery methods, and
evaluation. Emphasize the role of hands-on training, simulations, and regular refresher
courses.)
8. Explain the significance of employee participation in Environmental Health and Safety
Management. How can organizations encourage active involvement of employees in EHS
activities? Hints: (Discuss strategies such as involving employees in risk assessments, safety
committees, feedback mechanisms, and recognition programs. Explain how active
participation fosters a culture of safety and shared responsibility.)
9. What methods are commonly used for risk assessment in Environmental Health and
Safety Management? Compare their effectiveness in identifying and mitigating risks. Hints:
(Describe methods such as qualitative risk assessment, quantitative risk assessment, HAZOP,
and FMEA. Compare their applications, advantages, and limitations in different industrial

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contexts.)
10. Discuss the importance of legal compliance in Environmental Health and Safety
Management. How can organizations ensure they meet legal and regulatory requirements?

compliance programs.)
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Hints: (Explain the role of legal compliance in protecting workers and the environment.
Discuss strategies such as regular audits, staying updated with regulations, and developing

11. Analyze the role of communication in Environmental Health and Safety Management.
What strategies can be implemented to ensure effective communication of EHS policies and
procedures? Hints: (Discuss the importance of clear and transparent communication,
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methods such as regular meetings, bulletins, and digital platforms. Highlight the role of
feedback loops and two-way communication channels.)
12. Describe the concept of continuous improvement in Environmental Health and Safety
Management. How can organizations foster a culture of continuous improvement in EHS
practices? Hints: (Explain the principles of continuous improvement, including setting
measurable goals, regular reviews, and employee involvement. Discuss tools like PDCA
cycles, Six Sigma, and Lean principles to drive improvement.)
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