ζ ZETA

EXAMINATION
MATERIALS

Mathematics Extension 1 Trial - Marking

Guidelines

Section I
Multiple Choice Answer Key

Question Answer
1 C
2 C
3 D
4 D
5 B
6 B
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 A

1 Zeta Examination Materials

Section II
Question 11 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct answer 1

Sample answer:
2 1 4
(3) + 2(−5) = (−7)

Question 11 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly writes out dot product formula, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:

proj𝒖 𝒗 = 𝒗∙𝒖 𝒖 = − 13 2 = −2
𝒖∙𝒖 13 (3) (−3)

Question 11 (b)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly re-writes the integral in terms of 𝑢, or equivalent merit 1

Sample answer:
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒2𝑥 𝑢−1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 = (1 − ) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥 − ln|1 + 𝑒𝑥 | + 𝐶
∫1+ 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑢 ∫ 𝑢

2 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 11 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly writes the co-efficient of 𝑥3 in terms of 𝑘 1

Sample answer:

The co-efficient of 𝑥3 in this expansion is (8)𝑘5 = 56𝑘5 ⇒ 𝑘 = √1792

5
=2
3 56

Question 11 (d)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly integrates to find the general solution before 1
substituting the point

Sample answer:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦2 𝑒𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥

− 1𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

Sub 𝑥 = ln 4, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ −1 = 𝐶 + 4 ⇒ 𝐶 = −5

∴ − 1𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = − 𝑒𝑥1−5

3 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 11 (e)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Correctly obtains two equations in 𝑎 and 𝑏 2
• Attempts to use the remainder theorem 1

Sample answer:
Using the remainder theorem,
𝑃 (2) = −8 ⇒ 20 − 12𝑎 + 𝑏 = −8 ⇒ 12𝑎 − 𝑏 = 28
𝑃 (−1) = −11 ⇒ −1 − 6𝑎 + 𝑏 = −11 ⇒ 6𝑎 − 𝑏 = 10
Subtracting the second equation form the first yields 6𝑎 = 18 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3
Substituting this into either of the above equations yields 𝑏 = 8

Question 11 (f)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Attempts to shuffle the friends around each table, or equivalent 2
merit
• Chooses friends to sit at each table, without re-shuffling them 1
around the tables, i.e. writes (11) or (11)
7 4

Sample answer:

Choose 7 friends for the first table and arrange them ⇒ (11) × 6!
7
The remaining friends go to the second table and are arranged in 3! ways

Total number of arrangements is (11) × 6! × 3! = 1425600

7

4 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 12 (a)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Proves that if the statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, then it is true for 2
𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1, or equivalent merit
• Proves the statement true for 𝑛 = 1 1

Sample answer:
First prove true for 𝑛 = 1
1
LHS = 1×3 = 13

RHS = 34 − 2×2×3
2+3
= 34 − 12
5 4
= 12 = 13 = LHS ⇒∴ true for 𝑛 = 1

Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘

I.e. assume that 1 ×1 3 + 2 ×1 4 + 3 ×1 5 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘1+ 2) = 34 − 2(𝑘 +2𝑘1)(𝑘

+3
+ 2)

We now prove the statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

I.e. that 1 ×1 3 + 2 ×1 4 + 3 ×1 5 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘

1
+ 3)
= 34 − 2(𝑘 +2𝑘2)(𝑘
+5
+ 3)

LHS = 1 ×1 3 + 2 ×1 4 + 3 ×1 5 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘1+ 2) + (𝑘 + 1)1(𝑘 + 3)

= 34 − 2(𝑘 +2𝑘1)(+𝑘3 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)1(𝑘 + 3) , by our assumption

(2𝑘+3)(𝑘+3)−2(𝑘+2)
= 34 − 2(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)

2
= 34 − 2𝑘 +9𝑘+9−2𝑘−4
2(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)

2
= 34 − 2(𝑘+1
2𝑘 +7𝑘+5
)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)

= 34 − 2(𝑘+1
(2𝑘+5)(𝑘+1)
)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)

= 34 − 2(𝑘+2
(2𝑘+5)
)(𝑘+3)
, as required

By the principle of mathematical induction, the proof is complete.

5 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 12 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds both 𝐸(𝑋) and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) 2
• Correctly finds one of 𝐸(𝑋) or 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) 1

Sample answer:
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝 = 500 × 0.07 = 35
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) = 500 × 0.07 × 0.93 = 32.55

Question 12 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Finds the correct 𝑧-score 1

Sample answer:
Using a normal approximation, we find the 𝑧-score corresponding to 42
42−35
𝑧= ≈ 1.23
√32.55

∴ 𝑃 (𝑋 > 42) = 𝑃 (𝑍 > 1.23) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝑍 < 1.23) = 1 − 0.8907 = 0.1093

Question 12 (b) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
The score 𝑋 = 42 has a 𝑧-score of 1.23, i.e. it is 1.23 standard deviations above 𝐸(𝑋)
∴ The campaign won’t go ahead

6 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 12 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Finds the value of 𝐴 (the co-efficient of the exponential term – 2
equivalent to the constant of integration)
• Correctly integrates with respect to both 𝑄 and 𝑡 1

Sample answer:
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑘𝑄

∫ 𝑄1 𝑑𝑄 = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡

ln|𝑄| = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑄 = 𝑒𝑐−𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒−𝑘𝑡

Initially, 𝑄 = 8 ⇒ 8 = 𝐴𝑒0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 8

𝑄 = 8𝑒−𝑘𝑡
After 127 years, 𝑄 = 4

4 = 8𝑒−127𝑘 ⇒ −127𝑘 = ln 12 ⇒ 𝑘 = − 127

1
ln 12 = 127
1
ln 2
𝑡
∴ 𝑄 = 8𝑒−127 ln 2

Question 12 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
Let 𝑄 = 0.05 × 8 = 0.4
𝑡
0.4 = 8𝑒−127 ln 2
𝑡
− 127 ln 2 = ln(0.4
8 )
1
= ln(20 ) = − ln 20

𝑡 = 127lnln2 20 ≈ 549 years

7 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 12 (d)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct sketch 3
• Correctly labels at least one of the intercepts 2
• Draws the correct sketch 1

Sample answer:

−𝜋

8 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 13 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly expands cos(𝜃 + 30°) 1

Sample answer:
3 sin 𝜃 + 𝑘 cos(𝜃 + 30°)

= 3 sin 𝜃 + 𝑘 cos 𝜃 cos 30° − 𝑘 sin 𝜃 sin 30°

√3
= 3 sin 𝜃 + 2
𝑘 cos 𝜃 − 12 𝑘 sin 𝜃

√3
= (3 − 𝑘2) sin 𝜃 + 2
𝑘 cos 𝜃

Question 13 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Establishes the correct inequality 1

Sample answer:
The LHS can be written as a single trigonometric function, either 𝑅 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼) or 𝑅 cos(𝑥 − 𝛼), where
2 2
√3
𝑅2 = (3 − 𝑘2) + ( 2 )
𝑘 .

In order for the equation to have solutions, we require that 𝑅 ≥ 7, i.e. 𝑅2 ≥ 49

2 2
√3
∴ (3 − 𝑘2) + ( 2 )
𝑘 ≥ 49

𝑘2
4
− 3𝑘 + 9 + 34 𝑘2 ≥ 49

𝑘2 − 3𝑘 − 40 ≥ 0
(𝑘 − 8)(𝑘 + 5) ≥ 0
𝑘 ≤ −5, 𝑘 ≥ 8

9 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 13 (b)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution (can be in terms ) 4
• Establishes the inequality with sin(2𝛼) > 89 3

• Finds an expression for the range in terms of 𝛼 only 2

• Finds when the particle lands 1

Sample answer:
The time that the particle lands can be found by setting 𝑦 = 0

15𝑡 sin 𝛼 − 5𝑡2 = 0

5𝑡(3 sin 𝛼 − 𝑡) = 0 ⇒ The particle lands at 𝑡 = 3 sin 𝛼
At this time, the particle’s distance away from it’s starting point is:

𝑥 = 15 cos 𝛼 × 3 sin 𝛼 = 45 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 = 45

2
sin 2𝛼

Hence we find when 45

2
sin 2𝛼 > 20

sin 2𝛼 > 89

sin−1 (89) < 2𝛼 < 𝜋 − sin−1(89)

1
2
sin−1 (89) < 𝛼 < 𝜋2 − 12 sin−1 (89)

Note: The solution may be left as the above expression, and receive full marks. Alternatively, the
student may write the approximate solution in degrees:
31° < 𝛼 < 59°

Question 13 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
2𝑡
Using the 𝑡-formulae, sin 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡 2

10 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 13 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Correctly substitutes to form an integral with respect to 𝑡 2
• Writes a correct expression for the volume in terms of 𝑥 1

Sample answer:
𝑥 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0𝑡(1+𝑥2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
= 𝜋 ∫0𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥2 )

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥=0⇒𝜃=0

𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡

−1
tan2 𝜃
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0tan 𝑡
2 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(1+tan2 𝜃)

−1
tan2 𝜃
= 𝜋 ∫0tan 𝑡
2 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(sec2 𝜃)

−1
𝑡 tan2 𝜃
= 𝜋 ∫0tan sec4 𝜃
sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
−1
= 𝜋 ∫0tan 𝑡
sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
−1
= 𝜋2 ∫0tan 𝑡
(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃

Question 13 (c) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Correctly integrates the expression from part ii 1

Sample answer:
−1
𝑉 = 𝜋2 ∫0tan 𝑡
(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃

tan−1 𝑡
= 𝜋2 [𝜃 − 12 sin 2𝜃 ]
0

2𝑡
When 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡, sin 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡 2 from part i

∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋2 [(tan−1 𝑡 − 1+𝑡
𝑡 𝜋
2 ) − (0 − 0)] = 2 (tan
−1 𝑡
𝑡 − 1+𝑡2 )

11 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 13 (c) (iv)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:

As 𝑡 → ∞, tan−1 𝑡 → 𝜋2 and 1+𝑡

𝑡
2 → 0

2
∴ 𝑉 → 𝜋2 × 𝜋2 = 𝜋4

12 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 14 (a) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
𝐴 is the carrying capacity, i.e. 𝐴 = 800

Question 14 (a) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution, to the nearest month 4
• Finds an expression for 𝑁 in terms of 𝑡 alone 3
• Makes progress towards an expression for 𝑁 in terms of 𝑡 2
alone, e.g. mistakenly finds the wrong value for the constant of
integration (𝐾 in the sample answer below)
• Correctly integrates the differential equation on both sides (i.e. 1
with respect to both 𝑁 and 𝑡)

Sample answer:
1 1
∫ 𝑁 (800−𝑁) 𝑑𝑁 = 1000 ∫ 𝑑𝑡

1
∫ 1
800 (𝑁
1
+ 800−𝑁 1
)𝑑𝑁 = 1000 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
ln |𝑁| − ln|800 − 𝑁| = 0.8𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑁
ln|800−𝑁 | = 0.8𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑁 𝑐+0.8𝑡 𝑁
|800−𝑁 | = 𝑒 ⇒ 800−𝑁 = 𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡 , 𝐾 ≠ 0

𝑁 = 800𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡 − 𝑁𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡

𝑁 (1 + 𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡 ) = 800𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡
0.8𝑡
𝑁 = 800𝐾𝑒
1+𝐾𝑒0.8𝑡
= 800
1 −0.8𝑡
𝐾
𝑒 +1

800
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 = 24 ⇒ 24 = 1 ⇒ 1 + 𝐾1 = 100
3
⇒ 𝐾1 = 97
3
1+𝐾

800
∴ 𝑁 = 97 −0.8𝑡+1
= 97𝑒2400
−0.8𝑡+3
3
𝑒

Let 𝑁 = 400 ⇒ 400 = 97𝑒2400

−0.8𝑡+3

3
97𝑒−0.8𝑡 + 3 = 6 ⇒ 𝑒−0.8𝑡 = 97
1 3
𝑡 = − 0.8 ln(97 ) ≈ 4 months

13 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 14 (b) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Notices proj⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑋 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , or equivalent merit
𝐴𝐵
1

Sample answer:

Note that proj⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙𝐴𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (2𝒓)∙𝒙

∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∙𝐴𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (2𝒓)∙(2𝒓) =1
𝐴𝐵 ∙𝐴𝐵

2𝒓∙𝒙 𝒓∙𝒙
4𝒓∙𝒓
= 2|𝒓| 2 = 1

∴ 𝒙 ∙ 𝒓 = 2|𝒓|2

Question 14 (b) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:

Notice that proj𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑃

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙𝐴𝑃
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙𝐴𝑃 (2𝒓)∙(𝜆𝒙)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (𝜆𝒙)∙(𝜆𝒙) =1
𝐴𝑃 ∙𝐴𝑃

2𝜆𝒓∙𝒙 2𝒓∙𝒙
𝜆2 𝒙∙𝒙
= 𝜆|𝒙| 2 = 1

∴ 2𝒓 ∙ 𝒙 = 𝜆|𝒙|2

14 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 14 (b) (iii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
Using Pythagoras’ theorem in ∆𝐴𝐵𝑋,

|𝐵𝑋|2 + |𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝐴𝑃 |2

|𝒃|2 + |2𝒓|2 = |𝒙|2

|𝒃|2 + 4|𝒓|2 = |𝒙|2

Question 14 (b) (iv)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 2
• Performs a substitution with the equations from two of the 1
preceding parts, or equivalent merit

Sample answer:

|𝒃|2 + 4|𝒓|2 = |𝒙|2 , from part iii

|𝒃|2 + 2𝒓 ∙ 𝒙 = |𝒙|2 , from part i

|𝒃|2 + 𝜆|𝒙|2 = |𝒙|2 , from part ii

∴ (1 − 𝜆)|𝒙|2 = |𝒃|2

15 Zeta Examination Materials

Question 14 (c) (i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 1

Sample answer:
If 𝑃 (𝑥) is a cubic with three distinct roots, it must have two distinct stationary points.

Question 14 (c) (ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct solution 3
• Substitutes expressions with the roots of 𝑃 ′ (𝑥) into the 2
inequality, or equivalent merit
• Forms a correct inequality using the discriminant of 𝑃 ′ (𝑥), or 1
equivalent merit

Sample answer:

Let 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

𝑃 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑎𝑥2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

The discriminant of 𝑃 ′ (𝑥) is ∆= (2𝑏)2 − 4(3𝑎)(𝑐) = 4𝑏2 − 12𝑎𝑐

From par I, we know that 𝑃 ′ (𝑥) must have two distinct stationary points, and so this discriminant must be
greater than zero.

4𝑏2 − 12𝑎𝑐 > 0

Multiplying by 4𝑎1 2 on both sides,

𝑏2
𝑎2
− 3𝑐𝑎 > 0

𝑏 2 𝑐
(− 𝑎) − 3(𝑎) > 0
Using the sum/products of roots,

(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 − 3(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾) > 0

(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾) > 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾

𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 > 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾 , as required

16 Zeta Examination Materials