983672

research-article2021
ERGXXX10.1177/1064804620983672ergonomics in designergonomics in design

feature

A Framework for Integrating

Ergonomics Into Architectural
Design

By Buthayna Eilouti

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: surrounding them, and the mega level of the

L
e Corbusier (2007) describes the
We spend most of our lives house as a “machine for living in.” As natural environment. The main goal of
inside buildings. Although such, we can view all buildings as integrating ergonomics into architectural
human–building interactions machines for facilitating our activities. design is to help understand human–building
have a substantial impact on
According to this view, buildings act as sys- interactions and their impact on the optimi-
architectural design, there is no
tems that host multiple subsystems (Eilouti, zation of spatial design and formal articula-
comprehensive framework for
addressing buildings as facilita-
2020b). tion of building components. This
tors of such interactions and Ergonomics is defined as “the scientific integration is expected to improve users’
as an interface between users discipline concerned with the understanding satisfaction and buildings performance.
and the environment. I share a of interactions among humans and other Methodologically, it employs a scenario-
framework derived from a project elements of a system” (http://www.iea.cc/ based approach that departs from an
that incorporates principles of whats/index.html) This discipline can help extrapolation of predicted scenarios of
ergonomics into the early stages building design become more human centered postoccupancy to analyze existing settings.
of architectural design process- via understanding human–environment This includes research and analysis of user
ing. The main research objective interactions (Eilouti, 2020a). Within the behavior and its impact on spatial planning
is to outline a holistic approach to
extended scope of ergonomics that includes to improve the quality, functionality, and
ergonomics-aided architectural
the environment as a mega system (Brunoro adaptability of spaces (Eilouti, 2018a, 2018c).
design that addresses interac-
tions between humans, buildings,
et al., 2018; Munguía Vega et al., 2018; All categories of ergonomics are influen-
and their environment. It also Naeini, 2019; Radjiyev et al., 2015), this tial in architectural design. The incorpora-
functions as guidance for design- research describes an ergonomics-aided tion of physical ergonomics aims to produce
ers to generate human-centered architectural design project and proposes a more human-centered spaces, cognitive
environment-friendly designs. framework that can guide similar future ergonomics aims to foster active placemak-
projects in education and practice. ing and social sustainability, and organiza-
KEYWORDS:
tional ergonomics aims to optimize the
scenario analysis, user-centered performance of buildings.
ERGONOMICS IN ARCHITECTURE
performance, responsive build- While applications of ergonomics in
ings, human-centered design, Ergonomics is typically classified into interior and engineering design areas are
task analysis, ergonomics design, three categories: the physical, cognitive, and well-established, examples of ergonomics as a
scenario-based design, sustain- organizational classes (Woodcock, 2011). In generator of architectural forms are less
able solutions this categorization of human–product inter- frequent. Most of the existing applications in
actions, the physical and the cognitive issues architecture focus on the design of health
are related to the human side of the interac- care facilities (Engström et al., 2001; C.
tion. In contrast, the organizational aspects Martin et al., 2000), working environments
are more associated with the side of products (Attaianese & Duca, 2012; Burnard & Kutnar,
and their internal systems (Eilouti, 2010, 2020; Motlagh et al., 2020; Pheasant &
2018b, 2018d). Haslegrave, 2005), intelligent buildings
Henceforth, a system is interpreted as the (Strumillo, 2014), educational built environ-
natural/built environment that directly ments (Sarmento et al., 2019), and sustain-
surrounds humans. It includes the micro able solutions (Gennari, 2000). However, the
level of fixture/furniture pieces, the macro area of incorporating ergonomics principles
level of buildings and the urban fabric into the early phases of schematic spatial

4 ergonomics in design | January 2023

 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

planning and conceptual designing is still underrepresented.

Applications of human factors in architecture transcend the
scope of static anthropometry, where a designer follows
principles of anthropometrics for optimizing buildings
dimensions. They include considerations of motion, emotion,
and behavior patterns that help ensure producing comfortable
environments. As a result, considerations of smooth accessibil-
ity, circulation, maneuverability, and way-finding in and
around buildings can inform architectural designing during its
early stages. Similarly, the needs of the elderly, children, people
with mobility/disability issues, and wheelchair users should be
considered in the early stages of problem solving. The study of
sick building syndrome and its impact on occupants’ health,
comfort, and well-being represents another domain where
architecture and ergonomics converge (Park et al., 2016).

KINETIC BUILDINGS AS ERGONOMIC STRUCTURES

Ergonomics can be expressed as kinetic structures that
enable users to interact with them within variable scenarios
and for multiple purposes. They enhance human/system
interactions where multifunctional products are designed
Figure 1. The extended definition of ergonomics.
(Asefi, 2010; Eilouti, 2007; El Razaz, 2010). Note. Image sources: https://clas.berkeley.edu/research/human-
The rapid growth of digital applications and related environment-interaction-pre-hispanic-lake-cocibolca-nicaragua-
technologies has helped create more kinetic products historical-ecology
https://www.archdaily.com/935202/witklipfontein-eco-lodge-glh-ar
(Kolarevic, 2015; Kronenburg, 2014; Moloney, 2011). These chitects/5e66139b6ee67ebb0a00011a-witklipfontein-eco-lodge-glh-
include movable artifacts, adjustable structures, intelligent architects-photo?next_project=no
systems, flexible spatial configurations, and responsive https://www.archdaily.com/642352/exhibiton-snohetta-world-arc
hitecture/557eefb5e58ecee980000042-exhibiton-snohetta-world-
building components (Eilouti, 2009; Friedman & Farkas, 2011; architecture-image
Lienhard, 2014; Osório et al., 2014). Development of kinetic
solutions requires knowledge in many disciplines to produce
flexible structures, adaptable systems, sensitive materials, each space and during transition between different spaces
convertible envelope compositions, and metamorphic façade represented a point of departure for this project. Space
engineering (Eilouti, 2019; Fox, 2003; Moloney, 2011). planning was expected to be derived by applying task analysis,
user analysis, and an empathetic cognitive walk-through of
each user/action by systematically describing their interaction
THE ERGONOMICS-DRIVEN HOUSE
with space (Brookhuis et al., 2005). This required studying all
DESIGN PROJECT
possible scenarios of each user’s behavioral tendencies and
I asked 85 students of architectural engineering sophomore movement patterns and solving any predicted conflict in
level to design a house that integrates ergonomics, anthropo- users’ interactions. The empathetic part was conducted by
metrics, and kinetics into the house design. The students were taking each user’s place by the student herself or by the
distributed into six sections with various instructors. The instructor if the behavior/scenario was ambiguous. Moreover,
project duration was 6 weeks. The house was for a family with considering sustainability issues, where the house was viewed
special needs that consists of a tall professional man (190 cm, as an interface between users and the environment, was
musician), a short wife (145 cm) who owns a home business required.
(preparing desserts and delivery meals on request using social Study of interactions between people and their built
media), an elderly grandmother whose hobby is gardening, a environments was applied within the extended scope of the
daughter who is interested in fashion design (clothes, shoe, trifold mutual relationships between humans, buildings, and
and accessories) and online marketing, and a disabled artist environment (Figure 1):
son who likes painting. The husband frequently helps his wife
in the kitchen, which is supposed to be adaptable for all user 1. Interaction between humans and buildings (e.g., Costa
heights. Similarly, the house envelope was expected to be et al., 2012; Engström et al., 2001; Pheasant & Haslegrave,
adaptable to variable environmental forces. 2005).
Considering each user’s requirements based on his or her 2. Interaction between humans and environment indoors and
circulation patterns, needs, desires, and experiences within outdoors (e.g., Duca, 2014).

January 2023 | ergonomics in design 5

 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

Table 1. Ergonomics-Based Architectural Design Process and Competencies

Stage Competency

1. The first stage focuses on the analysis of each user’s needs and behavior patterns. Research and analytical thinking
It applies the scenario-based approach, where all possible scenarios are predicted,
portrayed, and documented.

2. Such scenario-based analysis is assumed to lead to the design of a space for each Space planning
family member.

3. The design of each space based on the needs of its expected user/s is followed Zoning and spatial organization
by an analysis of the spatial relationships among all spaces. This stage considers
the circulation spaces that are needed to connect all other spaces vertically and
horizontally. It also considers the interpersonal and social interactions between the
designated building’s occupants.

4. The functional layout derived thus far is then supported by a design concept that Aesthetic and artistic compositional
helps form the overall compositional theme and appearance of the house. skills

5. Final mapping of the concept into the functional solution is finalized and represented in Translation of conceptual thinking
two-dimensional (2D) and 3D drawings and in a physical operable model of the house. into tangible products

3. Interaction between buildings and environment. This prototyping, where incremental and recursive design cycles
includes considerations of contextual, environmental and were applied and evaluated until a satisfactory product was
urban fitting in building design (e.g., Attaianese, 2017; generated.
Gennari, 2000; K. Martin et al., 2013).
PROJECT EXAMPLES
The participants were encouraged to consider these relation-
ships to integrate the sustainability issues in their designs. To produce design solutions, the human-centered study
The scope of sustainability was limited to aspects of green was based on detailing each user’s needs and expectations.
buildings and their passive/active responses to climate and This was communicated by conceptual diagrams and sche-
context. matic models to objectify the conceptual ideation proposals.
As a subsequence, iterative design proposal processing was
incrementally generated to control the coherence of the func-
THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
tional solutions and compliance with the users’ needs.
Well-being of a building’s occupants is conditioned by the As a result of the project implantation, the instructors
quality of their activities and their physical and psychological observed that the ergonomics-driven approach had improved
satisfaction with their direct and indirect built environments. the designers’ competencies to analyze, synthesize, and
The design of spaces may hamper or foster user’s activities due evaluate design products. Besides, the participants produced
to physical environment configurations or cognitive percep- efficient and effective solutions that satisfied complex perfor-
tions about them. The participants were reminded continu- mances and innovation criteria.
ously to design spaces that foster occupants’ activities and Figure 2 illustrates examples of the designs produced by the
well-being. participants. In Figure 2A, the student studied the needs of
The human-centered design of the built environment each expected user and designed the spaces accordingly. The
represents a holistic approach that can be structured by three core of the central space is a spiral ramp that enables all family
macroactivities (Attaianese & Duca, 2012). The first activity members to use all spaces on all levels without barriers. The
aims to design a satisfactory environment for users by ramp surrounds a central courtyard that hosts a green
identifying the end-users and their expected physical and environment with natural lighting and ventilation. The
organizational needs. The second is to produce creative design kitchen has two sinks of various heights to adapt to the
solutions in which conceptual diagrams and mock-up models various users. In Figure 2B, the central atrium houses a
express responses to users’ needs. The third is a follow-up sustainable courtyard and a ramp. It has a rotational roof that
assessment of the human-related building performances. interacts with the solar motion and has an adaptable service
Adapting the aforementioned activities, the design process- counter in the kitchen to match the various heights. This
ing of this project consists of five main stages. Each stage design applies kinetics and uses animation to illustrate the
requires a particular competency of design processing. The various scenarios of space usage. In Figure 2C, adaptations to
stages and associative competencies in the developed model the internal users’ needs and external environmental require-
are illustrated in Table 1. The process used iterative ments shaped the layout and forms of the spaces.

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 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

Figure 2. Example of ergonomics-aided house.

Similarly, Figure 2D illustrates internal and external The reflections are based on observations of the instructors
responses to users and context presented in diagrammatic of the various sections, jury discussions, unstructured
sketches. Figure 2E illustrates the task analysis of some spaces interviews with the students, and the students’ feedback. The
and the environmental study of the context. In these exam- main findings can be summarized into the following points:
ples, the three levels of human, building, and environment
interactions are addressed. A thorough study of human–space x The finished products consisting of sketches, drawings, and
interactions generated the final forms, and a study of build- physical models demonstrated that each participant had
ing-environment interactions derived the sustainable solu- understood the basics of ergonomics-aided designing in
tions and roof/court garden designs. four dimensions. The students came up with various
Figure 3 illustrates examples of task analysis, user move- solutions based on different articulations of functionality,
ment patterns, and building responses to the environment operability, flexibility, adjustability, metamorphism,
presented in schematic diagrams. portability, and mobility. Their solutions demonstrated an
understanding of the significance of the time element as a
fourth dimension (Hancock, 2018; Sheridan, 2020) and the
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
multifaceted incorporation of various kinetic solutions into
As a result of the project implementation, reflections and spatial design.
findings are mainly related to the exploration and understand- x Most participants expressed that they fully understood and
ing of new concepts, the significance of the problem interpre- applied the bottom-up, in-out approach to designing. In
tation to the potential solutions, and the interdisciplinary this approach, architectural design departs from interior
incorporation of systemic principles into architectonic solu- space design, where each furniture piece is analyzed in
tions. The observations are also related to the emphasis on terms of its measurements, function and usage, and moves
different problem-solving competencies, integration of mul- into morphological design where aesthetics and modelling
tiple areas of interdisciplinary knowledge transformation, and techniques are considered.
on the power of applying different media and multiple com- x The design approaches to this problem solutions oscillated
munication methods. Furthermore, a higher level of enthusi- between bottom-up methods of designing the interior
asm and active involvement of the students was observed. spaces and top-down methods for the articulation of the
This can be explained by the challenging problem and the new exterior form and its response to the environmental forces
learning experience. and influences.
January 2023 | ergonomics in design 7
 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

Figure 3. Example of adaptive solutions analysis.

x The anthropometrics-driven approach helped emphasize started with the analysis of each user’s physical and
the sense of scale and proportion of spaces and furniture psychological needs.
pieces. x The instructors noted unusual high levels of enthusiasm by
x The participants addressed the sustainability consider- the participants. The concentration and excitement
ations within the building–environment interaction scope. generated by this project was higher than usual.
This helped shaping the external envelop of the house in x The ambiguity and complexity of the design problem
terms of form, orientation, materials, and fenestrations. posed a challenge that encouraged the students to keep
x The participants realized the strong relationships between trying new solutions. They had to overcome many previ-
interior and exterior, user and space, and buildings and ously unforeseen barriers that emerged during the process.
urban contexts. x Most participants expressed in the informal interviews that
x The problem interpretation was vital to its potential the new design methodology was informative and helpful.
solutions. Students’ reflections revealed that they had to x The negative responses to the proposal of rolling out more
revisit and reinterpret the problem to their understanding similar ergonomics-driven projects into the future design
many times during the recursive processing cycles within pedagogy focused on the difficulty of the task and the
the iterative prototyping process. students’ concerns about the increased workloads placed
x The participants indicated that the integration of the on them. Another concern was related to the technical
theoretical knowledge from different resources into design knowledge needed to communicate the adaptable
processing significantly improved the quality of their structures.
products.
x Significance of technology incorporation into design
A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR AN ERGONOMICS-
processing was clear in this project. The students used
DRIVEN DESIGN APPROACH
different media to communicate their projects and used
multiple graphic software. A few tools for ergonomics applications in architectural
x Vocabulary such as physical fit, comfort, health, safety, fun, design were described. However, they cover parts of the
flexibility, adaptation, energy and vibes, psychological ergonomics-based design approach such as user involvement in
satisfaction, emotional attachment, social interaction, building design (e.g., Remijn, 2006). As a result of the project
sustainable compatibility had taken new dimensions, implementation, it is possible to propose a new framework for
denotations, and connotations. an ergonomics-driven design approach to architectural design.
x The predesign research phase was conducted by groups The framework consists of two parts. The first emphasizes new
with various approaches. However, all research processes venues of interaction between the three major components of

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 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

Figure 4. Framework scope of ergonomics-driven architectural design.

design (Figure 4). In this part, the conventional scope of 2. Design each space in the functional program according to
human–building interaction addresses properties of human its user’s needs.
comfort, health, safety, security, belonging, and satisfaction. It 3. Cluster the individual spaces into zones according to
also stresses criteria of functionality, flexibility, adaptability, and their functional requirements and occupants’
performance of buildings and their associated systems. It also interactions.
adds interactions between buildings and environment that 4. Based on the initial zoning, model the layout internally
highlight the value of reducing the footprint, expanding the into interrelated spaces and externally into balanced
built environment vertically, applying sustainable systems, responsive forms.
adopting responsive environmental strategies, maximizing the 5. Redesign the enclosure between the generated masses to
passive and active green systems, and using the exterior envelop produce usable exterior spaces.
of buildings for ecological solutions, such as using roofs and 6. Refine the exterior spaces to complement the building with
walls for vegetation. In addition, consideration of human– pleasant outdoor areas.
environment interactions emphasizes the values of resource 7. Design the building, its external envelop and landscape as a
preservation, pollution reduction, integrative landscape design, context-sensitive entity to fit its urban fabric.
ecological diversity, social sustainability, and transcending the 8. Although the sustainable and environmental consider-
typical space shaping paradigm into a place-making one. ations require addressing from the start of this process,
Emphasis of the environment as a major driver of building they can be refined and ensured at this stage. This cycle
design in this framework highlights issues of green buildings, may be repeated as needed.
sustainability, and nature-friendly solutions. Considering the
intersection of the three major components of humans, build- The main design skills needed to conduct this process are
ings and environment yields improved building designs that
represent balanced user satisfaction and sustained environmen- 1. Critical thinking, analysis, and research.
tal solutions. Intersection of the three components embodies an 2. Interior design and application of anthropometrics
extended meaning of ergonomics in which humans, buildings, principles to ensure the right measurements, proportions,
and environment have more positive impacts on each other. and scale.
The main domain of this intersection is green ergonomics. It 3. Spatial organization to optimize the flow of spaces.
optimizes human–building–environment interactions. 4. Visualization and modelling skills to transform the
The second part of the framework details a process and two-dimensional (2D) shapes into balanced and creative
skills for ergonomics-aided design (Figure 5). The process of 3D/4D spaces and forms.
the ergonomics-driven design includes the following steps: 5. Sense of place-making to emphasize the social interaction
enhancement in the generated spaces and to ensure the
1. Study and analyze the physical, psychological, and social effectiveness of their layouts and the efficacy of their
needs for each expected user. articulations.

January 2023 | ergonomics in design 9

 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

Figure 5. Framework for ergonomics-driven architectural design process and skills.

6. Landscape design that strengthens and complements the of ergonomics and associates them with a design process and
building design with pleasant exterior environments. set of skills to generate a balanced human-centered architec-
7. Urban design that considers the mutual impact of the tural design. The framework emphasizes the domain of green
building and the surroundings. ergonomics, which can be devised to optimize building
8. Sustainable design skills that help relate the building to its performance and maximize positive human–environment
environment and optimize its impact on and influence by it. mutual impacts. It contributes to knowledge in interdisciplin-
ary design by instrumental guidance that can help designers
These processing phases and their associated design skills are and educators produce more efficient and effective designs.
listed within the three ergonomics levels (micro, macro, and
mega) and the three scopes of interactions between humans,
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Research Institute. 10.18848/1833-1874/CGP/v04i06/37979

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 feature | A Framework for Integrating Ergonomics Into Architectural Design

computation, shape grammars, and Islamic architecture. She has

Buthayna Eilouti is a professor of archi-
published in some of the most prominent international, refereed and
tecture in the College of Engineering, Prince
indexed journals and conference proceedings in the United States
Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
and Europe. ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-7866.
Previous to her current position, she worked
as a chair of Architectural Engineering and
Interior Design in Prince Sultan University,
and in Jordan University of Science and Tech-
nology as a professor and assistant dean of
Engineering. She has a PhD, MSc, and MArch
Copyright 2021 by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States. Her DOI: 10.1177/1064804620983672
research interests include design studies, biomimetics, design Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions

12 ergonomics in design | January 2023