Scribd
Upload
7 views

Chapter 10 Notes F12

Uploaded by

roby roby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Chapter 10 Notes F12

Uploaded by

roby roby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

1

Chapter Ten

Chemical Bonding ll
Molecular Geometry and
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
2

Molecular Geometry
3

The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)


Method based on the idea that pairs of valence
electrons in bonded atoms repel one another.
Assumes electron pairs try to get as far apart as possible
Each electron pair or bond takes up ~ same amount of space
# of bonds or pairs determines molecular geometry

Molecular Geometry:
The shape of a molecule that
describes the location of nuclei
& the connections between them.
4

Molecules with No Lone Pairs


Bond angles due to # of repulsions
Each bond takes up space of 1 electron pair
AB2 AB3 AB4
Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

AB5 AB6
Trigonal bipyramid Octahedral
5

Molecules with Lone Pairs: Know table 10.2


Lone pair electrons not seen but take up space
Act as “invisible bond”
Count electrons as E’s
Single, double or triple bonds count as 1 bond
To determine molecular geometry
Add up all the B’s and E’s on the molecule
 

H O  H

B A

B AB2E2
The sum equals number of spaces needed
2B + 2E = 4 # spaces = 4
Match to table of geometries without lone pairs
Electron pair geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular Geometry: Bent
6
7

Molecules with More than 1 Central Atom


VSEPR must be done separately for each atom
May result in a different molecular geometry around each one

Methanol CH3OH
C: 4 spaces: tetrahedral
O: 4 spaces: bent
H

H C O H

H
Oxoacids: Hydrogen goes on oxygens
HNO3, H2SO4, etc. will also use this method
8

Dipole Moments
9

Dipole Moments and Polar Molecules

electron rich
electron poor
region
region

H F

 

= Q x r
Q is the charge
r is the distance between charges
1 D = 3.36 x 10-30 C m
10

Predicting Polarity: CO2


Predict molecular shape
VSEPR AB2
Linear O=C=O
Predict bond dipoles
C less electronegative than O C-O O=C=O

Bond dipoles cancel or combine?


Cancel Nonpolar =0
11

Predicting Polarity: NH3


Predict molecular shape.
VSEPR AB3E
Tetrahedral

Predict bond dipoles.


H less electronegative than N N-H
lone pair more electronegative than N

Bond dipoles cancel or combine?


Combine: Polar molecule
 >0
12

Polarity of different Molecules


Isomers: Dichloroethylene: C2H2Cl2
Same molecular formula 2 possible isomers
Different structure

Cis Cis-dichloroethylene
Large groups on same
side of double bond plane

Trans Trans-dichloroethylene
Large groups across
plane of double bond
13

Valence Bond Theory


and
Hybridization
14

Valance Bond Theory: Formation of H2(g)


Covalent bond formation
Electrons in 1s atomic orbitals pair
Opposing spins occupy the overlap
region between 2 atoms
Shield nuclei from each other

Delocalization
Area of high electron density (red)
Lowers energy, provides stability
Bonding electrons are found in the
overlap region (covalent bond)
15

Carbon Bonding
Electronic configuration
C should have 2 bonds
2 half-filled orbitals on C [He] 2s22px12py12pz0

Experimentally
C has 4 identical bonds: CH4
Implies 4 half-filled orbitals [He] 2s12px12py12pz1
Excite 2s1 electron to 2pz orbital
Problems with Theory
4 bonds, but orbitals of differing energies, bond lengths
3 bonds: H 1s C 2p Higher energy
1 bond: H 1s C 2s Lower energy
16

Hybrid Orbitals
Model that predicts shape based on atomic orbitals
Allows use of electrons in s, p and d orbitals in bond
Creates several identical bonds
“Averages” orbital energies to equalize bonds

Used for central atoms in covalent bonds


# hybrid orbitals = # combining atomic orbitals

Use VSEPR and Lewis theory to predict geometry


Determine Lewis structure and VSEPR notation
Orientation of determines electron geometry
Determine hybridization based on VSEPR model
Electron pairs may occupy 1 or more of the hybrid orbitals
17

sp3 Hybridization
4 equivalent orbitals
1part s to 3 parts p: sp3 CH4 : 4 valence electrons
NH3 : 5 valence electrons
Orbitals point toward corners of tetrahedron
18

sp2 Hybridization
3 sp2 hybrid orbitals in a plane
1 2s orbital & 2 2p orbitals
Forms 3 sp2 hybrids with 1 empty 2p orbital
Trigonal planar geometry: 120o angles.
Often involves double bonds
sp Hybridization
19

Two sp orbitals in a plane


1 2s orbital & 1 2p orbitals
Forms 2 sp hybrids and 1 empty 2p orbital
Linear geometry: 180o angles
Triple bonds may be present

BE: 2 2s valence electrons


2 sp hybrid orbitals
20

Hybrid Orbitals Involving d Subshells


Allows for expanded valence shell compounds

3s electron promoted to 3d subshell


Five sp3d hybrid orbitals.
Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

3s & 3p electrons promoted to 3d subshell


Six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals
Octahedral molecular geometry.
21

Hybrid Orbitals: d and f Subshells


Allows for expanded valence shell compounds

A 3s and a 3p electron are promoted to 3d subshell


Makes 6 sp3d2 hybrid orbitals
22

Bonding Scheme for Iodine Pentafluoride


(IF5)
VSEPR
AX5E
Electron Geometry
Octahedron
Molecular Geometry
Tetragonal Pyramid
Bonding
5 sp3d2 I - F bonds
1 electron pair in sp3d2 orbital
23

Hybrid Orbitals and Geometric Orientations


24

Hybridization
of
Double and Triple Bonds
25

Carbon Bonding: sp2 Hybridization of CH2O

10.5
26

Sigma and Pi Bonding in Ethylene


Ethylene

Sigma Bonding () C: 3 sp2 orbitals


End to end H: 1s orbital
s,p (or d) orbitals
Single bonds
C: 1 p orbital
Pi Bonding () Double bond
Parallel side to side 1e- from each C
27

Bonding in Acetylene, C2H2


sp
HC  CH
Hybridization

Sigma Bonding Pi Bonding


End to End Side to Side
C: 2 sp orbitals 2 p orbitals per C
H: 1s orbital
28

Molecular Orbital Theory


29

Molecular Orbitals and Bonding In H2 (1s orbitals)


Molecular orbitals (MOs)
Orbitals that result from the interaction of atomic orbitals
Interaction can stabilize or destabilize molecule

Higher energy than atomic orbitals


No electron density in center.

Bonding Orbital
Lower energy than atomic orbitals: High charge density in center
Antibonding Orbital
Higher in energy, designated with a *
30

Molecular Orbitals From 2p Atomic Orbitals


6 atomic orbitals 6 molecular orbitals
31

Bond Order: Can the Molecule Exist?


BO = ½ (# bonding electrons - # antibonding electrons)

You might also like