Scribd
Upload
5 views

ADVM

Uploaded by

3st3b1n Z1fir0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

ADVM

Uploaded by

3st3b1n Z1fir0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Kevin Dennie

ART_HISTORY

ART_HISTORY_269_EXAM

In the mathematical field of topology, a hyperconnected space or irreducible space is a

topological space X that cannot be written as the union of two proper closed subsets

(whether disjoint or non-disjoint).The name irreducible space is preferred in algebraic

geometry.For a topological space X the following conditions are equivalent:

No two nonempty open sets are disjoint.X cannot be written as the union of two proper

closed subsets.Every nonempty open set is dense in X.The interior of every proper closed

subset of X is empty.Every subset is dense or nowhere dense in X.No two points can be

separated by disjoint neighbourhoods.A space which satisfies any one of these conditions is

called hyperconnected or irreducible.Due to the condition about neighborhoods of distinct

points being in a sense the opposite of the Hausdorff property, some authors call such

spaces anti-Hausdorff.The empty set is vacuously a hyperconnected or irreducible space

under the definition above (because it contains no nonempty open sets).However some

authors, especially those interested in applications to algebraic geometry, add an explicit

condition that an irreducible space must be nonempty.An irreducible set is a subset of a

topological space for which the subspace topology is irreducible.== Examples ==

Two examples of hyperconnected spaces from point set topology are the cofinite topology

on any infinite set and the right order topology on


R

{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }

.In algebraic geometry, taking the spectrum of a ring whose reduced ring is an integral

domain is an irreducible topological space—applying the lattice theorem to the nilradical,

which is within every prime, to show the spectrum of the quotient map is a

homeomorphism, this reduces to the irreducibility of the spectrum of an integral

domain.For example, the schemes

Spec

(
Z

+
z

{\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {Z} [x,y,z]}{x^{4}+y^{3}+z^{2}}}\

right)}

Proj

(
C

x
(

{\displaystyle {\text{Proj}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {C} [x,y,z]}{(y^{2}z-x(x-z)(x-2z))}}\

right)}

are irreducible since in both cases the polynomials defining the ideal are irreducible

polynomials (meaning they have no non-trivial factorization).A non-example is given by the

normal crossing divisor


Spec

x
y

{\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {C} [x,y,z]}{(xyz)}}\right)}

since the underlying space is the union of the affine planes

y
2

{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} _{x,y}^{2}}

2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} _{x,z}^{2}}

, and

{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} _{y,z}^{2}}


.Another non-example is given by the scheme

Proj

]
(

{\displaystyle {\text{Proj}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {C} [x,y,z,w]}{(xy,f_{4})}}\right)}

where
f

{\displaystyle f_{4}}

is an irreducible degree 4 homogeneous polynomial.This is the union of the two genus 3

curves (by the genus–degree formula)

Proj

C
[

w
)

Proj

,
z

)
)

{\displaystyle {\text{Proj}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {C} [y,z,w]}{(f_{4}(0,y,z,w))}}\right),{\

text{ }}{\text{Proj}}\left({\frac {\mathbb {C} [x,z,w]}{(f_{4}(x,0,z,w))}}\right)}

== Hyperconnectedness vs. connectedness ==

Every hyperconnected space is both connected and locally connected (though not

necessarily path-connected or locally path-connected).Note that in the definition of hyper-

connectedness, the closed sets don't have to be disjoint.This is in contrast to the definition

of connectedness, in which the open sets are disjoint.For example, the space of real numbers

with the standard topology is connected but not hyperconnected.This is because it cannot

be written as a union of two disjoint open sets, but it can be written as a union of two (non-

disjoint) closed sets.== Properties ==

The nonempty open subsets of a hyperconnected space are "large" in the sense that each

one is dense in X and any pair of them intersects.Thus, a hyperconnected space cannot be

Hausdorff unless it contains only a single point.

You might also like