Assignment 1:

a) 192.168.1.0/24 borrows 2 bits

- Initial subnet mask: /24

- New subnet mask: /24 + 2 = /26
- Number of subnets: 22=42^2 = 422=4
- Number of hosts per subnet: 26−2=622^6 - 2 = 6226−2=62
(since 8 bits in the original host field, 6 remain after borrowing 2)

Subnets:
Increment = 64 (since 2 remaining bits can have 64 possible
combinations)

Subn Network Broadcast

First Host Last Host Subnet Mask
et Address Address
Subne 192.168.1. 192.168.1. 255.255.255.19
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.63
t0 1 62 2 (/26)
Subne 192.168.1. 192.168.1. 192.168.1.12 255.255.255.19
192.168.1.64
t1 65 126 7 2 (/26)
Subne 192.168.1.12 192.168.1. 192.168.1. 192.168.1.19 255.255.255.19
t2 8 129 190 1 2 (/26)
Subne 192.168.1.19 192.168.1. 192.168.1. 192.168.1.25 255.255.255.19
t3 2 193 254 5 2 (/26)

b) 172.16.0.0/16 borrows 2 bits

- Initial subnet mask: /16

- New subnet mask: /16 + 2 = /18
- Number of subnets: 22=42^2 = 422=4
- Number of hosts per subnet: 214−2=16,3822^{14} - 2 =
16,382214−2=16,382

Subnets:
Increment = 64 in the third octet (since 14 bits remain in the host portion)

Subn Network First Broadcast

Last Host Subnet Mask
et Address Host Address
Subne 172.16.0. 172.16.63.2 255.255.192.0
172.16.0.0 172.16.63.255
t0 1 54 (/18)
Subne 172.16.64 172.16.127. 172.16.127.25 255.255.192.0
172.16.64.0
t1 .1 254 5 (/18)
 Subn Network First Broadcast
Last Host Subnet Mask
et Address Host Address
Subne 172.16.12 172.16.191. 172.16.191.25 255.255.192.0
172.16.128.0
t2 8.1 254 5 (/18)
Subne 172.16.19 172.16.255. 172.16.255.25 255.255.192.0
172.16.192.0
t3 2.1 254 5 (/18)

c) 192.168.2.0/24 borrows 5 bits

- Initial subnet mask: /24

- New subnet mask: /24 + 5 = /29
- Number of subnets: 25=322^5 = 3225=32
- Number of hosts per subnet: 23−2=62^3 - 2 = 623−2=6

Subnets:
Increment = 8 (since 3 remaining bits)

Subne Network Broadcast

First Host Last Host Subnet Mask
t Address Address
Subnet 192.168.2. 192.168.2. 255.255.255.2
192.168.2.0 192.168.2.7
0 1 6 48 (/29)
Subnet 192.168.2. 192.168.2. 255.255.255.2
192.168.2.8 192.168.2.15
1 9 14 48 (/29)
Subnet 192.168.2.1 192.168.2. 192.168.2. 255.255.255.2
192.168.2.23
2 6 17 22 48 (/29)
... ... ... ... ... ...
Subnet 192.168.2.2 192.168.2. 192.168.2. 192.168.2.25 255.255.255.2
31 48 249 254 5 48 (/29)

d) 192.168.12.0/24 borrows 3 bits

- Initial subnet mask: /24

- New subnet mask: /24 + 3 = /27
- Number of subnets: 23=82^3 = 823=8
- Number of hosts per subnet: 25−2=302^5 - 2 = 3025−2=30

Subnets:
Increment = 32 (since 5 bits remain)

Subn Network Broadcast

First Host Last Host Subnet Mask
et Address Address
Subne 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12.3 255.255.255.2
 Subn Network Broadcast
First Host Last Host Subnet Mask
et Address Address
t0 0 1 30 1 24 (/27)
Subne 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12.6 255.255.255.2
t1 32 33 62 3 24 (/27)
Subne 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12.9 255.255.255.2
t2 64 65 94 5 24 (/27)
... ... ... ... ... ...
Subne 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12. 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.2
t7 224 225 254 55 24 (/27)

e) 172.16.2.0/24 borrows 2 bits

- Initial subnet mask: /24

- New subnet mask: /24 + 2 = /26
- Number of subnets: 22=42^2 = 422=4
- Number of hosts per subnet: 26−2=622^6 - 2 = 6226−2=62

Subnets:
Increment = 64 (since 6 bits remain)

Subne Network First Broadcast

Last Host Subnet Mask
t Address Host Address
Subnet 172.16.2. 172.16.2. 255.255.255.19
172.16.2.0 172.16.2.63
0 1 62 2 (/26)
Subnet 172.16.2. 172.16.2. 255.255.255.19
172.16.2.64 172.16.2.127
1 65 126 2 (/26)
Subnet 172.16.2. 172.16.2. 255.255.255.19
172.16.2.128 172.16.2.191
2 129 190 2 (/26)
Subnet 172.16.2. 172.16.2. 255.255.255.19
172.16.2.192 172.16.2.255
3 193 254 2 (/26)

Assignment 2:

The prefix /28 means that the first 28 bits are used for the network
portion, and the remaining 4 bits are for the hosts. The corresponding
subnet mask for /28 is:

255.255.255.240

This mask can also be written in binary as:

11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

- Find the range of possible subnets

The network address space for 192.168.1.0/24 is split into smaller subnets
based on the /28 prefix. Each /28 subnet has 16 IP addresses (14 usable
for hosts, excluding network and broadcast addresses), calculated as
24=162^4 = 1624=16.

To find the subnets, determine the increments between them:

 Subnet increment: 16 (since 256−240=16256 - 240 =

16256−240=16, where 256 is the total number of addresses in an
octet and 240 is the subnet mask value).

So, the subnets start at every multiple of 16:

 Subnet 0: 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.15

 Subnet 1: 192.168.1.16 - 192.168.1.31
 Subnet 2: 192.168.1.32 - 192.168.1.47
 Subnet 3: 192.168.1.48 - 192.168.1.63
 Subnet 4: 192.168.1.64 - 192.168.1.79
 Subnet 5: 192.168.1.80 - 192.168.1.95
 Subnet 6: 192.168.1.96 - 192.168.1.111
 Subnet 7: 192.168.1.112 - 192.168.1.127
 Subnet 8: 192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.143
 Subnet 9: 192.168.1.144 - 192.168.1.159
 Subnet 10: 192.168.1.160 - 192.168.1.175
 ... (continues)

- Determine the subnet of the given IP

The given IP is 192.168.1.158. This falls between 192.168.1.144 and

192.168.1.159, which means it belongs to Subnet 9.

- Subnet details

For Subnet 9:

 Network address: 192.168.1.144

 First host address: 192.168.1.145
 Last host address: 192.168.1.158
 Broadcast address: 192.168.1.159

Assignment 3:

 Calculate the maximum number of maximum allowed host

addresses:
 - With /24: there are 2^8 = 256 IP addresses in a subnet.
- Subtract the network address (192.168.1.0) and the broadcast
address: there are 254 addresses left that can be provided to hosts.
 Divide the IP addresses into each segment:
- Segment 1 (25 hosts): We can detect from 192.168.1.1 to
192.168.1.25.
- Segment 2 (20 hosts): Starting from the next address of the
previous segment, i.e. 192.168.1.26 to 192.168.1.45.
- Segment 3 (10 hosts): from 192.168.1.46 to 192.168.1.55.

 With the above additional IP address division, we have ensured that

each network segment has enough IP addresses to serve the required
number of computers, along with the network rule 192.168 .1.0/24.

Assignment 4:

1. Calculating the Required IP Addresses

o Subnet 1: 100 computers

Total IPs needed: 100 + 2 (1 for network, 1 for broadcast) = 102

Required subnet: /25 (128 addresses, 126 usable)

o Subnet 2: 50 computers

Total IPs needed: 50 + 2 = 52

Required subnet: /26 (64 addresses, 62 usable)

o Subnet 3: 20 computers
 Total IPs needed: 20 + 2 = 22
 Required subnet: /27 (32 addresses, 30 usable)

2. IP Address Allocation

o Subnet 1 (100 computers): 192.168.1.0/25

Usable IPs: from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.126

Network address: 192.168.1.0

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.127

o Subnet 2 (50 computers): 192.168.1.128/26

Usable IPs: from 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.190

Network address: 192.168.1.128

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.191

o Subnet 3 (20 computers): 192.168.1.192/27

Usable IPs: from 192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.222

Network address: 192.168.1.192

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.223

This allocation ensures that all requirements for the number of computers
in each subnet are met.

Assignment 5
Subnet the network 172.16.5.0/24 based on the specified
requirements. Here's how to approach this:
- Subnet Requirements:
1. Subnet A: 192.168.1.0/25 for 100 hosts.
2. Subnet B: 192.168.1.128/26 for 50 hosts.
3. Subnet C: 192.168.1.192/27 for 20 hosts.
Link networks: 192.168.1.224/30 and 192.168.1.228/30 for point-to-
point connections.

ACalculating Subnets and Assigning IPs:

Subnet A: (/25):

1. Network: 192.168.1.0
2. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.128
3. Range: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.126
4. Broadcast: 192.168.1.127

Subnet B (/26):

1. Network: 192.168.1.128
2. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
3. Range: 192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.190
4. Broadcast: 192.168.1.191

Subnet C (/27):

1. Network: 192.168.1.192
2. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
3. Range: 192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.222
4. Broadcast: 192.168.1.223
1. Point-to-Point Links (/30):

Link 1 (/30):
  Network: 192.168.1.224
 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252
 Range: 192.168.1.225 - 192.168.1.226
 Broadcast: 192.168.1.227

Link 2 (/30):

 Network: 192.168.1.228
 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252
 Range: 192.168.1.229 - 192.168.1.230
 Broadcast: 192.168.1.231