74 3.

SOLUTIONS

3.12. Tutorial sheet 12

( 1) (i) On S,
1
z = (4 + y − x) = h(x, y) so that
2
1
Φ(x, y) = (x, y, (4 + y − x)), (x, y) ∈ R2
2
can be chosen as one parametrization. The normal vector is
1 1
Φx × Φ y = ( , − , 1).
2 2

(ii) For S : y 2 + z 2 = a2 , a parametrization is

Φ(u, v) = (u, a sin v, a cos v), u ∈ R, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.
The normal vector is
Φu × Φv = (0, a sin v, a cos v).
(1, 1, 1)
(iii ) If e = √ , then e is a unit vector along the axis of the cylinder.
3
Consider the planar cross-section of the cylinder through the origin O. This
−−→
is a circle C of radius 1. Fix a point P on C. Then OP is a unit vector, say
u. Let v = e × u. Then a point on the cylinder is parameterizable as
Φ(θ, t) = cos θu + sin θv + te, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, t ∈ R.
The normal vector is
Φθ × Φt = cos θu + sin θv.
(2) (a) The area SA of the surface S with projection R on the xy-plane is given by
ZZ
SA = sec γdxdy
R

where γ is the acute angle between n and (0, 0, 1) at a generic point on the surface.
Thus, if this angle is the same at every point on S, we have
ZZ
SA = sec γ dxdy = sec γSAxy ,
R

where SAxy is the area of R. Hence,

SAxy = SA cos γ.
(b) By (a) above, one has (for appropriate α, β and γ)
S1 = S cos α,
S2 = S cos β,
S3 = S cos γ.
Thus S12 + S22 + S32 = S 2 (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ) = S 2 in view of the fact that
cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction cosines of n.
 3.12. TUTORIAL SHEET 12 75

(3) There are two pieces of the surface - one below and one above the xy-plane,
both having the same area. Let S be the upper piece. Then one has
ZZ q
Area(S) = 1 + zx2 + zy2 dxdy,
T
where T is the disc
n a a o
{x2 + y 2 ≤ ay} = x2 + (y − )2 ≤ ( )2 ,
2 2
p
and z = a2 − x2 − y 2 . Since
x y
zx = − andzy = − ,
z z
it follows that
ZZ ZZ
adxdy adxdy
Area(S) = = p .
T z T a − x2 − y 2
2

Now T is described in polar coordinates by

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ; 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ a sin θ.
Therefore, !
Z π Z a sin θ
ardr
Area(S) = √ dθ
0 0 a2 − r2
Z π p
=a [− a2 − r2 ]|a0 sin θ dθ
0
Z π
=a (−a| cos θ| + a)dθ = (π − 2)a2 .
0
Thus the required area is 2(π − 2)a2 .
(4) (i) A point (x, y, z) on the surface satisfies z = x2 + y 2 . (The surface is thus a
portion of a paraboloid of revolution). The given portion lies between the planes
z = 0 and z = 16. u = c gives a horizontal circular section, while v = c gives a
profile curve which is the portion of a half parabola.
(ii) Φu × Φv = (−2u2 cos v, −2u2 sin v, u).
R 2π R 4 R4 √ √
(iii) S = v=0 u=0 |Φu × Φv |dudv = 2π 0 u 4u2 + 1du = π6 (65 65 − 1).
Therefore, n = 6.
(5) The area of the paraboloid x2 + z 2 = 2ay between y = 0 and y = a is given by
s  2  2
ZZ
∂y ∂y
S= 1+ + dxdz
T ∂x ∂z
where T is the region {z 2 + x2 ≤ 2a2 } in the zx-plane. Hence,
ZZ r
x2 z2
S= 1 + 2 + 2 dxdz
T a a
√
Z 2π Z a 2 r
r2
= 1 + 2 rdrdθ
0 0 a
2π √
= (3 3 − 1)a2 .
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 76 3. SOLUTIONS

(6) We choose the coordinate system in such a way that the center of the sphere is
located at the origin and the central axis of the cylinder coincides with the z-axis.
We consider the case when one plane is cutting the sphere at height h above the
xy-plane and the other plane is cutting the sphere at depth k below the xy-plane.
(Other cases can be treated similarly). We compute the surface areas S1 and S2
of the ‘upper’ and ‘lower’ caps of the sphere and subtract their sum from 4πa2 .
We are expected to get the result to be 2πa(h + k).
Note that the plane cutting the sphere at height h above the xy-plane intersects
the sphere in the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 − h2 . A p parametrization for the upper cap
of the sphere is thus given by Φ(x, y) = (x, y, a2 − x2 − y 2 ) with (x, y) ∈ D =
{(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 − h2 }. We have then
ZZ s
−x −y
S1 = 1 + (p )2 + ( p )2 dxdy
a2 − x2 − y 2 a2 − x2 − y 2
D
√
ZZ Z 2π Z a2 −h2
a a
p dxdy = √ rdrdθ
D − − a2 x2 y20 0 a2− r2
= 2πa(−h + a).
Similarly, S2 = 2πa(−k + a); and then 4πa2 − (S1 + S2 ) = 2πa(h + k), as desired.
(7) (i) Note that Φu × Φv = −2(1, 1, 1) has negative z-component. Thus,
F · n|dS| = −F · (Φu × Φv )dudv = 2(x + y + z)dudv = 2dudv,
one has ZZ
F · n|dS| = 2Area(S ∗ ),
S
where S ∗ is the parametrizing region in the uv-plane. As the components of Φ
are affine-linear in u and v, S ∗ is also a triangle whose vertices are pre-images of
1 1 1 1
the vertices of S. Now the vertices of S ∗ are (0, 0), ( , ), and ( , − ) so that
2 2 2 2
1 1
the area of S ∗ is , and hence S F · n|dS| = .
RR
4 2
(ii) The surface S satisfies z = 1 − x − y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. Thus,
F · n|dS| = (x, y, z) · (−zx , −zy , 1)dxdy = (x + y + z)dxdy = dxdy
and S1∗ = {x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} as the parametrizing region, one has
ZZ ZZ
1
F · n |dS| = dxdy = Area(S1∗ ) = .
S ∗
S1 2
(8) A parametrization of S is
Φ(u, v) = (a sin v cos u, a sin v sin u, a cos v), 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ v ≤ π
and
Φu × Φv = a sin v Φ(u,v)
is the outward normal. The integrand is
F · (Φu × Φv ) = a4 sin3 v cos v(1 + cos2 u).
Thus the required integral is
Z 2π Z π
a4 sin3 v cos v(1 + cos2 u)dudv
u=0 v=0
 3.12. TUTORIAL SHEET 12 77

Z π  Z 2π 
= a4 sin3 v cos v dv (1 + cos2 u)du = 0.
0 0
(9) The hemisphere satisfies
p
z= 1 − x2 − y 2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
Using
x y
(−zx , −zy , 1) = ( , , 1)
z z
and
x y (1 − 2xy − 2y 2 )
F · n|dS| = (x, −2x − y, z) · ( , , 1)dxdy = dxdy
z z z
and T = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1} as the parametrizing region, one has
(1 − 2xy − 2y 2 )
ZZ ZZ
F · n|dS| = p dxdy
S T 1 − x2 − y 2
Z 2π Z 1
(1 − r2 sin 2θ − 2r2 sin2 θ)rdrdθ 2π
= √ = .
0 0 1 − r 2 3
(10) The flux through the base T is
ZZ
F · (0, 0, −1)dxdy = 0,
T
as F · (0, 0, −1) = −z = 0 along T . The total flux is therefore the same as in the
2π
previous problem, namely, .
3