N REFERENCES WITH AUTHORS RESEARCH PROBLEM OR MAIN FINDINGS LIMITATIONS AND RESEARCH THEMES

o OBJECTIVES GAP ADDRESS WITH WEAKNESS OF RECOMMENDATI

CONCLUSIONS THE SYSTEM ONS AND
SUGGESTIONS
1 Raphael, Santos, Do, Nascimento., - Evaluate - Evaluation of  The study  Further  The study  rationaliz
Cicero, Andre, Gerônimo, Da, Silva., electric electric aimed to research or recommend ation of
Geziele, Mucio, Alves. (2017). power power evaluate the additional s changing electric
Racionalização do uso de energia consumption consumption electric sources may to a blue power
elétrica em uma instituição de ensino in an in an power be required hourly usage in
superior. institution of institution of consumption to identify seasonal an
higher higher in an and tariff and a institution
education education institution of understand new contract of higher
 - Approach  - Need for higher any potential of demand educatio
energy implementati education weaknesses to reduce n.
efficiency on of a and propose or limitations energy
measures photovoltaic energy of the study. expenses.
and solar system efficiency
management measures  It is  The
of electricity and recommend implementati
use management ed to on of a
strategies to critically photovoltaic
optimize evaluate the solar system
consumption methodology is suggested
and , data to
decrease collection, complement
expenses and analysis excess
with energy. techniques charges
used in the during peak
 The study study to and off-peak
demonstrate identify any hours.
d the potential
necessity of weaknesses  It is
changing to or areas for important to
a blue hourly improvemen optimize
seasonal t. energy
tariff and a consumption
new contract and
of demand, implement
as it reduced energy
energy efficiency
 expenses. measures to
decrease
 The expenses
implementati with energy.
on of a
photovoltaic  Utilizing
solar system distributed
in the generation
institution can help
was achieve
recommende economic
d to prospects
complement and reduce
the excess energy
charges, costs.
both during
peak hours  Further
and off-peak. research
and analysis
 The findings may be
suggest that needed to
by identify
implementing additional
energy recommend
efficiency ations
measures, specific to
optimizing the
consumption, institution of
and utilizing higher
distributed education
generation, being
the institution studied.
can achieve
economic
prospects
and reduce
expenses
with energy.
2 Ferdinand, Manegdeg. (2015). - The general - The research - The research - - Conduct a - energy
Academic Building Energy objective of paper conducted thorough audits
Conservation Opportunities. the study is addresses energy profiling of and
to determine the problem audits on student energy
 the electricity of high selected usage and consump
consumption electricity academic technical tion in
of selected consumption buildings at usage of academi
academic in academic the laboratories c
buildings at buildings at University of to further buildings
the the the understand in the
University of University of Philippines their energy Philippin
the the Diliman and consumption es.
Philippines Philippines identified the patterns and
Diliman. Diliman. different identify
- The specific influencing potential
objectives of - The study factors to areas for
the study are aims to electricity energy
to design a identify the consumption. savings .
framework different - The - Explore the
for influencing framework use of
determining factors to developed energy
the energy electricity for efficient
consumption consumption determining lighting
of academic , such as air- academic solutions,
buildings, conditioning building such as LED
audit and lighting energy lights, to
selected loads or data consumption reduce
academic processing, was energy
buildings, in order to discussed, consumption
identify develop and the in academic
factors energy energy buildings .
influencing conservation intensities for - Consider
electricity opportunities different implementin
consumption . areas such g daylighting
, and provide as lecture strategies in
policy - The research rooms, classrooms
options for also conference to optimize
effective highlights the rooms, the use of
energy need for a libraries, natural light
management thorough administratio and reduce
. profiling of n offices, and the need for
- The study student auditoriums artificial
focuses on usage and were lighting .
computing technical established. - Evaluate the
and usage of - A study at feasibility of
improving laboratories the adopting a
 the electricity to further University of centralized
consumption understand the or split-type
intensity of energy Philippines inverter air
various consumption Los Banos conditioning
colleges and patterns. was started system to
schools to predict the improve
within the - The study load profiles energy
university. recognizes of power and efficiency in
- The research the energy of academic
activities importance different buildings .
include of energy buildings, - Implement
reviewing management based on minimum
energy policies for actual data energy
management both future from 2005 to performance
requirements and existing 2012. standards
, developing buildings to - The research (MEPS) to
an energy ensure activities ensure that
audit effective included energy-
framework, energy reviewing efficient
auditing conservation energy equipment
buildings, . management and systems
computing requirements are used in
and - The research , developing academic
evaluating paper an energy buildings .
data, provides audit - Consider the
understandin recommenda framework, use of
g influencing tions for auditing building
factors to energy buildings, simulation
electricity conservation computing software to
consumption measures and further
, and and policies evaluating examine the
formulating to be data, effects of
policies for implemented understandin building
effective in the next 5 g influencing design,
energy years to factors, and mechanical,
management address the formulating and
. problem of policy for electrical
- The research high energy effective systems on
activities consumption energy power
required 6 in academic management consumption
man-months buildings. . .
to complete. - The - Conduct
 estimated error
energy analysis to
savings on improve the
the fifth year methodolog
for 10 y and
institutions is accuracy of
346,764 future
KWh, energy
representing audits .
an average - Explore the
savings of potential of
almost 14. implementin
g distributed
generation,
such as
photovoltaic
solar
systems, to
optimize
electricity
consumption
and
decrease
expenses
with energy
3 Neil, Stephen, Lopez., Jeremias, A., - Conduct an - The research - The energy - The sources - Implement
Gonzaga., Laurence, A., Gan, Lim. energy audit addresses audit of the do not energy-
(2017). Energy audit and analysis of of an the problem educational explicitly efficient
the electricity consumption of an educational of high building in mention the lighting and
educational building in the building in electricity the limitations exploit
Philippines for smart consumption. the consumption Philippines and daylighting
doi: 10.1109/HNICEM.2017.8269505 Philippines in revealed that weaknesses to reduce
to analyze educational the majority of the electricity
and buildings in of electricity research consumption
understand the consumption conducted in
its electricity Philippines, is attributed on the classrooms
consumption with a focus to air electricity and
patterns. on identifying conditioning consumption laboratories
- Identify energy (51%), of the .
energy efficiency followed by educational - Consider
efficiency opportunities equipment building in adopting a
opportunities without use (35%) the centralized
 in the negatively and lighting Philippines. or split-type
building that affecting (14%) . - The sources inverter air
will not building - The annual primarily conditioning
negatively operations. carbon focus on system to
impact its - The study dioxide presenting improve
operations aims to fill emissions the results, energy
and output. the gap in resulting findings, and efficiency .
- Determine knowledge from recommend - Implement
the main regarding the electricity ations of the minimum
contributors specific consumption energy energy
to electricity energy in the audit, performance
consumption consumption building were without standards
in the patterns and estimated to discussing (MEPS) to
building, temporal be 433 tons . any potential ensure
such as air patterns of - Recommend limitations or energy-
conditioning, educational ations for weaknesses efficient
equipment buildings in improving of the study. equipment
use, and the energy usage .
lighting. Philippines. efficiency - Conduct
- Estimate the - The research include using further
annual also energy- research on
carbon addresses efficient scheduling
dioxide the need for lighting, strategies to
emissions recommenda exploiting optimize
resulting tions and daylighting, energy
from strategies to adopting a consumption
electricity improve centralized in
consumption energy or split-type educational
in the efficiency in inverter air buildings .
building. educational conditioning - Explore the
- Provide buildings, system, and use of
recommenda such as implementing modern
tions for using minimum technologies
improving energy- energy such as LED
energy efficient performance lighting as a
efficiency, lighting, standards substitute
such as exploiting (MEPS) . for
using daylighting, - The study conventional
energy- and emphasizes light sources
efficient implementin the to improve
lighting, g minimum importance energy
exploiting energy of scheduling efficiency .
 daylighting, performance in managing - Conduct
adopting a standards the smart regular
centralized (MEPS). consumption energy
or split-type - The study of audits to
inverter air highlights the educational monitor and
conditioning importance buildings . assess the
system, and of scheduling - The research effectivenes
implementin in managing highlights the s of energy-
g minimum the smart unique case saving
energy consumption of an measures .
performance of educational - Collaborate
standards educational building in with
(MEPS). buildings, terms of its technology
- Highlight the indicating a consumption companies,
importance potential gap and temporal research
of scheduling in patterns, institutions,
in managing understandin addressing a and
the smart g and gap in universities
consumption implementin knowledge . to leverage
of g effective - The study their
educational scheduling provides expertise in
buildings. strategies. insights into conducting
- Analyze the - The research the specific cleaner
unique case also energy production
of an addresses consumption assessment
educational the need for patterns and s and
building in more contributors identifying
terms of its efficient use in energy
consumption of lighting in educational efficiency
and temporal classrooms buildings, opportunitie
patterns. and addressing a s.
- Present the laboratories, gap in
results, considering understandin
recommenda that these g.
tions, and areas - The research
conclusions contribute contributes
of the energy significantly to the
audit. to lighting growing
- Explore the expenses. concerns of
potential of - The study climate
LED lighting explores the change
and natural potential of mitigation by
 daylighting LED expressing
for energy technology energy audit
savings. as a results in
- Evaluate the substitute for terms of
feasibility of conventional carbon
implementin lighting dioxide
g motion- sources, emissions .
activated suggesting a - The findings
sensors and potential gap underscore
time-delayed in the the need for
controls for adoption of the
lighting and energy- development
air efficient and proper
conditioning. lighting implementati
solutions in on of energy
educational efficiency
buildings. standards to
ensure
sustainable
economic
development
.
- The study
compares
the actual
electricity
consumption
data with the
bottom-up
estimate,
indicating an
error of
11.8% .
- Overall, the
research
provides
valuable
insights into
the electricity
consumption
patterns of
an
 educational
building in
the
Philippines
and offers
recommenda
tions for
improving
energy
efficiency.
4 Maxine, Chan., Emmanuel, Arriola., - Maximize - The study - The research - - Conduct a
Reynaldo, Cuevas., Joseph, Gerard, efficiency of addresses conducted thorough
T., Reyes. (2021). Development of electricity the energy energy profiling of
an energy audit working procedure usage within consumption audits on student
for an academic university office the eight and selected usage and
building in the philippines. doi: representativ efficiency of academic technical
10.11113/AEJ.V11.16669 e offices in an academic buildings at usage of
the office the laboratories
academic building in University of to further
university the the understand
office Philippines. Philippines their energy
building. - It focuses on Diliman and consumption
- Evaluate the evaluating identified the patterns and
performance the major factors identify
of existing performance influencing potential
lighting of lighting electricity energy-
fixtures to fixtures and consumption, saving
attain the air such as air opportunitie
minimum conditioning conditioning, s.
acceptable units in lighting, and - Explore the
standard of achieving the equipment use of
300 lux for minimum use . building
offices. acceptable - The study simulation
- Evaluate the standards for found that air software to
performance offices. conditioning examine the
of existing air - The study units effects of
conditioning aims to accounted building
units to identify the for the design,
achieve a major highest mechanical,
recommende contributors electricity and
d room to energy consumption electrical
temperature consumption in the offices, systems on
 of 24 in the offices, followed by power
Celsius. with air lighting and consumption
- Analyze the conditioning equipment , and to
energy units found use . further
consumption to be the - The research optimize
of other highest highlighted energy
equipment energy the need for efficiency
within the users. energy- measures .
offices. - The research saving - Consider
- Establish an also measures, implementin
Energy highlights the such as the g daylighting
Efficiency need for use of strategies in
Index (EEI) energy- energy- classrooms
as a baseline saving efficient to maximize
for creating a solutions, lighting and the use of
minimum such as the inverter natural light
efficiency use of LED technology and reduce
requirement lights and for air the reliance
for the inverter conditioning, on artificial
normal technology to improve lighting,
operation for lighting energy thereby
conditions of and air efficiency saving
the offices. conditioning, and reduce energy .
- Compare respectively. electricity - Investigate
proposed - The study consumption the
alternatives provides a . feasibility of
to the working - The study using LED
baseline to procedure estimated lights as a
identify for the potential more
energy- conducting energy energy-
saving energy savings from efficient
solutions. audits in implementing alternative
- Contribute to office energy- to
the buildings, saving conventional
establishmen including policies and lighting
t of a data changes in fixtures,
national collection, air which can
baseline for analysis, and conditioning, lead to
office recommenda lighting, and significant
enclosures in tions. data energy
the - It processing savings in
Philippines. emphasizes equipment office
- Provide a the over a five- buildings .
basis for the importance year period . - Evaluate the
adoption of of - The research potential
the energy establishing emphasized benefits of
audit a baseline the adopting a
procedure in for energy importance centralized
the efficiency of proper or split-type
Philippine and energy inverter air
Energy comparing auditing conditioning
Efficiency alternative practices and system,
and solutions to the which can
Conservation identify establishmen improve
Act of 2018. energy- t of a energy
saving baseline efficiency
opportunities scenario for and reduce
. effective electricity
- The research energy consumption
also management in academic
mentions the . buildings .
use of - The study - Explore the
energy provided a implementati
modeling framework on of
software and for minimum
the need for determining energy
error energy performance
analysis in consumption standards
future energy in academic (MEPS) to
audits. buildings and ensure that
- The study formulating new and
contributes energy existing
to the management buildings
development policies . meet certain
of a national - The research energy
baseline for findings can efficiency
office be utilized to requirement
enclosures in establish a s, thereby
the national promoting
Philippines baseline for effective
and supports office energy
the enclosures in managemen
implementati the t.
on of energy Philippines - Consider the
efficiency and perspectives
measures. contribute to of building
the occupants
implementati through
on of energy surveys or
efficiency interviews to
measures . gather
- The study insights and
concluded feedback on
that energy
scheduling consumption
plays a patterns and
crucial role in potential
managing energy-
the smart saving
consumption measures .
of - Conduct
educational further
buildings, research on
and proper the impact
energy of
management scheduling
can lead to on energy
economic consumption
prospects in
through the educational
use of buildings
distributed and explore
generation . strategies
for
optimizing
energy use
during
different
time periods
.
- Investigate
the potential
for
implementin
g distributed
generation,
 such as
photovoltaic
solar
systems, to
complement
the energy
needs of
academic
buildings
and reduce
reliance on
the grid .
5 F., G., Manegdeg., Ferdinand, G., - Design a - Incomplete - A framework - The study - Conduct a
Manegdeg. (2015). Applicability and framework or outdated was faced thorough
Implications of the Use of Real Time for building developed to challenges profiling of
Kinematic GNSS for Property determining information, determine due to student
Surveys in the Philippines. the energy such as as- academic incomplete usage and
consumption built plans building or outdated technical
of academic and electrical energy building usage of
buildings. wiring data, consumption, information, laboratories
- Conduct posed and energy such as as- to optimize
energy challenges audits were built plans energy
audits on during the conducted and usage and
selected energy audit on selected electrical prioritize
academic process . academic wiring data, energy-
buildings at - Lack of buildings at which saving
the complete the hindered the measures .
University of equipment University of energy audit - Gather
the data, the process . complete
Philippines including Philippines - Lack of and
Diliman. information Diliman . complete accurate
- Identify on purchase - Factors equipment building
factors dates, influencing data, information,
influencing repairs, electricity including including as-
electricity replacement consumption, information built plans
consumption s, and such as air- on purchase and
in academic additions, conditioning dates, electrical
buildings. hindered and lighting repairs, wiring data,
- Provide accurate loads, were replacement to improve
policy assessment identified . s, and the accuracy
options for of energy - Energy additions, of energy
effective consumption intensity for limited the audits .
 energy . different accuracy of - Ensure
management - Incomplete areas within assessing comprehens
in academic or missing academic energy ive and up-
buildings. records of buildings, consumption to-date
- Compute electric bills including . equipment
and improve in some lecture - Incomplete data,
the electricity institutions rooms, or missing including
consumption limited the conference records of information
intensity of availability of rooms, electric bills on purchase
various data for libraries, in some dates,
colleges and analysis . administratio institutions repairs,
schools - Dilapidated n offices, and restricted replacement
within the air auditoriums, the s, and
university. conditioners, was availability additions, to
- Establish the incorrect established . of data for enhance the
energy installation, - Policies for analysis . assessment
intensity for hindered air- future and - The study of energy
different flow for heat existing focused consumption
areas within transfer, and buildings primarily on .
academic heat were electricity - Explore the
buildings, infiltration in formulated to consumption impact of
such as walls, ensure and did not other energy
lecture ceilings, effective explore sources, in
rooms, windows, energy other energy addition to
conference and doors management sources and electricity,
rooms, were , including a their impact on overall
libraries, observed, recommenda on overall energy
administratio indicating tion for a energy consumption
n offices, potential thorough consumption in academic
and areas for profiling of in academic buildings to
auditoriums. energy student buildings, gain a
- Formulate efficiency usage and indicating a holistic
policies for improvement technical potential understandi
future and s. usage of research ng of energy
existing - The research laboratories . gap . usage .
buildings to activities - The study - The - Streamline
ensure required 6 aimed to research and improve
effective man-months determine activities the
energy to complete, the electricity required 6 efficiency of
management suggesting consumption man-months the energy
. the need for of selected to complete, audit
- Thoroughly efficient and academic suggesting process to
profile streamlined buildings at the need for reduce the
student processes the more time
usage and for future University of efficient and required for
technical energy the streamlined completion .
usage of audits . Philippines processes
laboratories - The Diliman and for future
to optimize framework focused on energy
energy for energy computing audits .
usage, audit and
space focused on improving
allocation, electricity the electricity
laboratory consumption consumption
priorities, , indicating a intensity of
and future potential various
energy research gap colleges and
loads. in exploring schools .
other energy - The study
sources and also aimed to
their impact provide
on overall policy
energy options for
consumption effective
in academic energy
buildings . management
and identified
factors
influencing
electricity
consumption
in academic
buildings .
- The research
highlighted
the need for
accurate
building
information,
complete
equipment
data, and
streamlined
processes
 for energy
audits .
- The study
concluded
that
implementing
energy-
saving
policies and
optimizing
energy
usage in
academic
buildings
could result
in significant
energy
savings over
time .
Christina, Birch., Rodger, Edwards., The research Based on the 1. The electrical Based on the Based on the
Sarah, Mander., Andy, Sheppard. objective of the context, the problem consumption context, some context provided,
(2020). Electrical consumption in the study is to assess or gap that is being patterns in the limitations and here are some
Higher Education sector, during the how unregulated addressed is the engineering building weaknesses of the recommendations
COVID-19 shutdown. doi: energy consumption need to understand varied significantly study include: and suggestions:
10.1109/POWERAFRICA49420.202 changed following and analyze the between different
0.9219901 the closure of the patterns of electrical types of rooms and 1. Limited 1. Implement
university campus consumption in a between different timeframe: The sufficient shut-down
buildings during the building during the years. study only covers a procedures across
COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 three-week period all buildings: This
The study focuses shutdown period. 2. During the during the COVID- includes creating a
on an engineering The study aims to COVID-19 shutdown 19 shutdown. This list of equipment
building and aims to compare the period, there was a may not provide a that needs to be
analyze the consumption noticeable decrease comprehensive turned off and a list
electrical patterns during the in electrical understanding of of equipment that
consumption shutdown to consumption in the long-term energy should be left on. A
patterns and previous periods building, particularly consumption checklist and
reductions during and identify any on Tuesday, March patterns. specific timings for
the shutdown period significant 17th, when staff turning off the
compared to reductions in members were 2. Lack of control equipment should
previous years. consumption. notified of the group: The study also be
Additionally, the building closure. does not compare implemented.
study aims to the energy
assess the 3. Comparisons consumption during 2. Conduct further
effectiveness of the between different the COVID-19 research and
shutdown period in sub-meters within shutdown to a correspondence
reducing energy the building showed control group or a with building
consumption and that some rooms similar period in managers: This will
explore the had a much larger previous years help in
differences in decrease in without a shutdown. understanding how
consumption consumption than This makes it the building is
patterns among others, even though difficult to determine typically used and
different types of they measured the the specific impact provide insights into
rooms in the same room but of the shutdown on occupancy levels
building. different equipment. energy and equipment
consumption. usage.
4. The COVID-19
shutdown period 3. Uncertain data 3. Consider the
resulted in a lower for 2019: The data impact of
level of electrical for 2019 does not unregulated energy
consumption include the Easter devices:
compared to period, which Specifically, focus
previous Christmas makes it difficult to on devices like S-
shutdown periods compare the 107 (Passenger lift)
and the typical consumption that have a high
Easter weekend. patterns accurately. baseload
This uncertainty consumption even
5. Overall, there was limits the ability to when the building is
a significant draw conclusions unoccupied. Further
decrease in about the impact of research should be
electrical the shutdown on conducted to
consumption on energy understand the
both a building-scale consumption. effect of such
and a room-level devices during the
scale during the 4. Limited focus on COVID-19
COVID-19 shutdown unregulated energy shutdown period.
period. sub-meters: The
study primarily 4. Recognize the
6. Certain focuses on the correlation between
unregulated energy analysis of unregulated energy
devices, such as regulated energy and occupancy
passenger lifts, sub-meters, while levels: Staff
showed consistently the analysis of members have
high baseload unregulated energy immediate control
consumption even sub-meters is not over their
when the building conducted in-depth. environment,
was unoccupied, This limits the indicating that
indicating the need understanding of unregulated energy
for further the overall energy consumption is
investigation into consumption user-related.
their energy usage. patterns in the Rooms with high
building. energy
Based on these consumption, such
findings, the study 5. Lack of as comms rooms or
recommends consideration for server rooms, may
implementing HVAC values: The not be directly
sufficient shutdown study related to
procedures across acknowledges that occupancy levels
all buildings, HVAC values were but are necessary
including a checklist not included in the for sustaining the
and specific timings sub-meter readings, university's
for turning off which could campuses.
equipment. Further significantly impact
research is also energy 5. Assess the
suggested to consumption during effectiveness of the
understand how the different seasons. COVID-19
building is typically This omission limits shutdown period:
used and to align the comprehensive Compare the
floorplan designs analysis of energy reduction in
with sub-metering consumption consumption during
information for more patterns. the COVID-19
accurate shutdown to other
measurements. The 6. Lack of shutdown periods
study also highlights explanation for like Christmas. The
the correlation certain findings: data suggests that
between The study mentions the COVID-19
unregulated energy some unexpected shutdown period
and occupancy findings, such as has resulted in a
levels, with certain the complete larger reduction in
rooms, such as absence of consumption
comms rooms and electrical readings compared to
server rooms, in one room during previous shutdown
requiring high the shutdown periods.
energy consumption period. However, it
to sustain the does not provide a 6. Further analyze
university's clear explanation specific sub-meters:
campuses. for these findings, Analyze the
leaving room for consumption
speculation and patterns of specific
uncertainty. sub-meters, such
as S-25 (Research
7. Limited Lab 1) and S-107
generalizability: The (Passenger lift), to
study focuses on a understand the
specific engineering reasons behind
building and may significant
not be reductions or
representative of minimal
energy consumption.
consumption
patterns in other 7. Consider the
types of buildings or variability in room-
industries. The level electrical
findings may not be consumption:
applicable in Different types of
different contexts. rooms within the
building may have
8. Lack of future substantially
projections: The different
study does not consumption
provide any patterns. Take this
projections or variability into
recommendations account when
for future energy analyzing overall
consumption consumption
patterns or potential trends.
energy-saving
measures. This 8. Continue
limits the practical monitoring and
implications of the assessing the
study's findings. impact of the
COVID-19
shutdown period:
Track the ongoing
effects of the
shutdown on
unregulated energy
consumption and
equipment usage to
 gain further insights
and inform future
decision-making.

It's important to
note that these
recommendations
and suggestions
are based on the
provided context
and may not cover
all possible
considerations.
Further research
and analysis may
be required for a
comprehensive
understanding of
the situation.
Vincent, M., Dimaunahan., The research aimed The research The energy audit of Conduct a thorough
Ferdinand, O., Macaspac., to assess and addresses the the Beato Angelico profiling of student
Madeleine, M., Macchetti., Maria, U., evaluate the energy problem of Building at the usage and technical
Pastor., Jeffrey, G., Mercado., consumption of the increasing energy University of Santo usage of
Christopher, L., Razo. (2020). Beato Angelico consumption in Tomas revealed that laboratories to
Energy Assessment, Evaluation and Building, the lone academic buildings, HVAC systems identify specific
Conservation of an Architecture, Fine building for specifically focusing contributed the energy
Arts and Design Building in the architecture, fine on the Beato highest percentage conservation
Philippines. doi: arts, and design Angelico Building at (68.50%) to the total opportunities in
10.18178/IJSCER.9.1.91-94 programs at the the University of energy these areas .
University of Santo Santo Tomas . consumption, Explore the use of
Tomas. The study aims to followed by plug new energy
The study aimed to identify energy equipment (23.30%) conservation
identify energy conservation and lighting technologies and
conservation opportunities and (8.21%) . products to further
opportunities in the propose energy The identified enhance building
building's energy policies and energy activity energy
activity centers, strategies to reduce centers that conservation .
such as classrooms, energy expenses for contributed 80% to Implement energy-
art laboratories, the university . the total power efficient practices
computer The research aims consumption of the and technologies in
laboratories, and to fill the gap in building were academic buildings,
offices. knowledge classrooms, art such as optimizing
The researchers regarding the laboratories, air-conditioning
aimed to propose energy consumption computer settings, using
energy policies, and conservation laboratories, and energy-efficient
strategies, and potential of offices . lighting, and
recommendations to academic buildings, Various energy updating outdated
achieve energy particularly in the conservation equipment .
conservation and field of architecture, opportunities were Continuously
cost savings for the fine arts, and design identified in these monitor and
university. programs . areas, including analyze energy
The research aimed The study optimizing air- consumption data
to determine the addresses the need conditioning to identify areas for
contribution of for energy audits settings, maintaining improvement and
different energy and assessments to air-conditioning track the
systems, such as optimize energy use filters, and updating effectiveness of
HVAC, plug and improve energy outdated energy
equipment, and efficiency in existing equipment . conservation
lighting, to the total buildings . The implementation measures .
energy consumption of energy Develop and
of the building. conservation implement energy
The study aimed to measures resulted policies and
conduct an energy in a 19.21% strategies for
audit using the reduction in energy effective energy
ASHRAE Level 2 consumption, management in
energy audit method leading to cost academic buildings,
to gather data on savings for the considering factors
energy consumption university . such as building
and identify The research area, human flow,
intervention proposed energy and planning index .
measures for energy policies, strategies, Consider the
efficiency. and integration of
recommendations to renewable energy
further enhance sources, such as
energy conservation solar panels, to
in the Beato reduce reliance on
Angelico Building traditional energy
and other academic sources and further
buildings, enhance energy
contributing to the conservation .
university's goal of Collaborate with
reducing energy energy
expenses . management
The study highlights experts and
 the importance of professionals to
conducting energy conduct regular
audits and energy audits and
assessments in assessments to
academic buildings identify energy
to identify energy conservation
conservation potential and
potential and optimize energy use
optimize energy .
use .
The findings
emphasize the need
for implementing
energy-efficient
practices and
technologies in
academic buildings
to reduce energy
consumption and
contribute to
sustainability goals .
Hafiz, Majid, Hussain., Nadeem, The research aims The research aims The research Further research
Javaid., Sohail, Iqbal., Qadeer, Ul, to propose an to address the findings could focus on
Hasan., Khursheed, Aurangzeb., efficient home problem of reducing demonstrate that the exploring optimal
Musaed, Alhussein. (2018). An energy management electricity expense, proposed efficient values for threshold
Efficient Demand Side Management controller (EHEMC) peak to average home energy and coefficient
System with a New Optimized Home based on the ratio (PAR), and management parameters in order
Energy Management Controller in genetic harmony maximizing user controller (EHEMC) to improve the
Smart Grid. Energies, doi: search algorithm comfort in the based on the results of the power
10.3390/EN11010190 (GHSA) to reduce context of a smart genetic harmony consumption
electricity expense, grid. search algorithm scheduling
peak to average The study focuses (GHSA) effectively approach .
ratio (PAR), and on developing an reduces electricity Future work could
maximize user efficient home expense, peak to involve investigating
comfort in the energy average ratio (PAR), the barriers to home
context of a smart management and maximizes user energy
grid. system (HEMS) that comfort in the management
The study focuses enhances the context of a smart systems (HEMS)
on developing a energy efficiency of grid . adoption, such as
home energy electricity The study shows the cost of smart
management infrastructure in a that the developed appliances and lack
system (HEMS) that residential area. home energy of awareness about
enhances the The research aims management the benefits of
energy efficiency of to address the system (HEMS) HEMS on the
electricity challenge of enhances the demand side .
infrastructure in a classifying modes of energy efficiency of It is recommended
residential area. operation for electricity to continue
The research aims appliances in infrastructure in a advancing wireless
to classify modes of multiple homes residential area . and embedded
operation for based on their The research system
appliances in energy consumption findings highlight the technologies to
multiple homes with varying importance of promote the growth
based on their operation time slots. classifying modes of of home energy
energy consumption The study aims to operation for management
with varying solve the appliances in systems (HEMS),
operation time slots. constrained multiple homes particularly in new
The study aims to optimization based on their residential buildings
solve the problem in HEMS energy consumption .
constrained using heuristic with varying Future studies
optimization algorithms and operation time slots . could explore the
problem using compare their The study concludes integration of
heuristic algorithms performance with that the proposed renewable energy
such as wind-driven the proposed algorithm GHSA sources (RES) and
optimization (WDO), algorithm GHSA. outperforms existing battery storage
harmony search The objective is to algorithms such as systems (BSS) in
algorithm (HSA), fill the gap in wind-driven home energy
genetic algorithm existing research by optimization (WDO), management
(GA), and the proposing an harmony search systems (HEMS) to
proposed algorithm optimized home algorithm (HSA), further optimize
GHSA. energy and genetic energy efficiency,
The objective is to management algorithm (GA) in reduce costs, and
compare the controller (EHEMC) terms of reducing enhance user
performance of the based on the electricity cost, PAR, comfort .
proposed algorithm genetic harmony and maximizing user Further research
GHSA with existing search algorithm comfort . could investigate
algorithms in terms (GHSA) and The research the scalability of the
of reduction in evaluating its findings suggest that energy
electricity cost, peak effectiveness in the optimized home management
to average ratio reducing electricity energy management system in terms of
(PAR), and user cost, PAR, and controller (EHEMC) the number of
comfort. maximizing user based on the appliances and
comfort. genetic harmony explore the impact
search algorithm on energy cost
(GHSA) can minimization and
contribute to the demand side
development of management
more efficient effectiveness .
demand-side Future studies
management could explore the
systems in smart potential of other
grids . heuristic algorithms
The study highlights or hybrid algorithms
the potential of the to further optimize
proposed algorithm the home energy
GHSA to address management
the challenges of controller (HEMC)
reducing electricity and improve its
expense, PAR, and performance in
maximizing user reducing electricity
comfort in the costs and curtailing
context of a smart the peak-to-average
grid, thereby ratio (PAR) .
contributing to the It is recommended
advancement of to continue
smart grid developing and
technologies . refining
optimization-based
demand-side
management
(DSM) schedulers
and energy
management
controllers (SEMC)
for smart homes,
considering user-
centered and
comfort-aware
preferences, to
further improve
energy efficiency,
reduce costs, and
enhance user
comfort .
Future research
could focus on
evaluating the
 proposed
algorithms and
frameworks in real-
world scenarios to
validate their
effectiveness and
practicality in
reducing energy
costs, carbon
emissions, and
improving user
comfort .
It is suggested to
explore the
potential of multi-
agent systems and
other energy
optimization
methods in home
energy
management
systems (HEMS) to
further enhance
cost, comfort, and
energy efficiency
optimization .
Further research
could investigate
the integration of
demand response
programs and real-
time pricing in home
energy
management
systems (HEMS) to
optimize energy
consumption,
reduce costs, and
improve user
comfort .
Hongyu, Sun., Lina, Sun., Shan, The research The research The study proposes
Shan, Zhou., Yan, Dong., Xue, Liu. objectives of the problem or gap to a LoRa-based
(2023). Design of LoRa-based power study are to propose be addressed in this power energy
consumption monitoring and design a LoRa- context is the consumption
management system. doi: based power energy unregulated monitoring
10.1109/ICIBA56860.2023.10165238 consumption electricity management
monitoring consumption by system to monitor
management people, which can data changes and
system. The system cause malfunction in abnormalities in
aims to monitor real- the power network voltage, current,
time data changes and lead to power, etc. in real
and abnormalities in electrical fire time and report
voltage, current, accidents. The warnings in time .
power, etc. and proposed solution is The system consists
report warnings in a a LoRa-based of three parts: power
timely manner. The power energy data collection
system consists of consumption nodes, LoRa
power data monitoring gateway, and cloud
collection nodes, a management platform .
LoRa gateway, and system that aims to The power data is
a cloud platform. monitor data collected by the
The nodes collect changes and nodes and uploaded
power data, which is abnormalities in to the cloud platform
then uploaded to the voltage, current, via LoRa gateway .
cloud platform via power, etc. in real The cloud platform
the LoRa gateway. time and report can store, quickly
The cloud platform warnings in time. organize, and
stores, organizes, analyze the real-
and analyzes the time collected
real-time collected electric energy
electric energy information .
information. It also The system can
provides users with display the image
real-time display of data to users in real
the data using Web time with Web
technology, as well technology and
as data query and provide data query
fault alarm and fault alarm
functions. functions .
The proposed
system aims to
prevent malfunction
in the power network
and electrical fire
 accidents by
providing real-time
monitoring and
timely warnings .
R., Mounika., P., Sravanthi., The research The paper The results of the Future works of the
Pashikanti, Ravali., Ch., Hema, objective is to addresses the study show that the system could
Venkata, Siva, Sree., D., Yugandhar. develop a power problem of wastage proposed power include further
(2023). Power Monitoring and control monitoring and of energy and the monitoring and development and
System Using IoT. doi: control system using need for proper control system refinement of the
10.55041/isjem00315 IoT technology. usage of this based on IoT IoT-based power
The objective is to resource. technology is energy monitoring system
address the problem It focuses on the efficient and can for smart grid
of limited increasing power accurately measure applications .
connectivity and requirement and the power consumption There is a need for
real-time monitoring need for low power parameters for the development of
in electric energy systems with smart different loads in a low-cost, easy-to-
metering power management. real-time . install, and accurate
infrastructure. The system utilizes power-monitoring
The aim is to The paper proposes LoRa technology for infrastructure for
measure both the the design of a data communication, energy
quantity and quality smart system for which contributes to conservation at
of electricity in real- energy conservation its energy efficiency various levels, from
time and provide based on distributed and reliability . small household
remote ON/OFF components like The system is appliances to grid-
control functionality. sensors, capable of level wastage .
The objective is to microcontroller, and measuring electrical The system could
validate the Google Sheets. parameters such as be enhanced to
proposed system The system can voltage, current, measure and
through simulations monitor, measure, power factor, and distribute electrical
and hardware and control harmonics in real- energy in real-time,
realization. electricity usage in time . while also providing
real-time. The system provides remote ON/OFF
Users can remote ON/OFF control functionality
automatically and control functionality and monitoring of
manually control and can be power consumption
unwanted real-time accessed through parameters for
electricity usage and an online SCADA different loads .
view it through server . Further research
graphical The proposed could focus on
representation. system was improving the
validated through power management
simulations on system to reduce
 Proteus and energy
MATLAB, as well as consumption and
hardware realization enable real-time
. monitoring,
The study concludes measurement, and
that the developed control of electricity
power monitoring usage .
and control system
using IoT technology
is effective in
addressing the
limitations of
traditional electric
energy metering
infrastructure and
provides real-time
monitoring and
control capabilities .
Dharam, Buddhi., Pitchaipillai, A., A., he research problem There is a need for Power Network Based on the given
A., Hamad., Atul, Sarojwal., Joel, addressed in the further research on Measuring and context, the future
Alanya-Beltran., M., Kalyan, provided sources is the development Characterization works or
Chakravarthi. (2022). Power System the need for power and refinement of (PSMC) is crucial for suggestions for the
Monitoring, Control and protection system monitoring, IoT-based power the planning and proposed system
using IoT and cyber security. doi: control, and monitoring systems oversight of power would likely involve
10.1109/ICSES55317.2022.9914167 protection using IoT for smart grid transmission, and enhancing the
and cyber security. applications. Electrical Transmit cyber security
The increasing More research is Monitoring and measures for power
frequency of required to develop Management grid networks. The
networks planning a low-cost and provides a study highlights the
and oversight for the accurate power comprehensive increased reliance
transmission of monitoring outline of founding on communication
electrical energy infrastructure that principles and smart networks for
requires effective can be easily sensors for power monitoring and
monitoring and installed at various systems. operating power
control mechanisms. levels, from small The reliance on systems, which in
The reliance on household telecommunications turn increases the
telecommunications appliances to grid- infrastructure for vulnerability to
infrastructure for level wastage. power supply cyber attacks.
managing power Future studies processes Therefore, future
supply processes should focus on introduces a wider works could focus
introduces a wider improving the power attack surface for on developing and
attack surface for management cyber threats, implementing
 cyber threats, system to reduce potentially leading to robust cyber
potentially leading to energy consumption large-scale security protocols
large-scale and enable real-time blackouts. and technologies to
blackouts. The monitoring, The research aims protect power grids
research aims to measurement, and to identify the key from malicious
identify the key control of electricity issues influencing actors. This could
issues influencing usage. power grid computer include measures
power grid computer There is a need for networks and such as
networks and research on develop smart strengthening
develop smart enhancing the sensors, security network encryption,
sensors, security system to measure precautions, and implementing
precautions, and and distribute control mechanisms intrusion detection
control mechanisms electrical energy in for power systems. systems,
for power systems. real-time, while also The study highlights conducting regular
The future works of providing remote the need for further security audits, and
the system could ON/OFF control research on the training personnel
include further functionality and development and on cyber security
development of IoT- monitoring of power refinement of IoT- best practices.
based power consumption based power
monitoring systems, parameters for monitoring systems,
low-cost power different loads. low-cost power
monitoring monitoring
infrastructure, real- infrastructure, real-
time measurement time measurement
and control of and control of
electricity usage, electricity usage,
and energy and energy
conservation at conservation at
various levels. various levels.

The integration of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies in power system monitoring, control, and protection has gained significant attention in recent years. Several studies have
explored the development of IoT-based systems for supervising power safety tools and equipment to enhance electrical security.

## Research on Supervision System of Power Safety Tools and Equipment Based on IoT Technology
Ping He et al. (2023) present their research on a supervision system built using IoT technology for power safety tools and equipment. This complex problem requires energy-
efficient design methods due to its vast size. The study utilizes intelligent cellular terminals, security tools, and multi-source sensing devices for information gathering in the area.
Cloud computing and edge computing are used to analyze extensive data related to security risks. The proposed IoT-based Power safety tools management (IoT-PSTM) system
aims to enhance power security by quickly disconnecting in the event of failure, such as leaking current. The system enables real-time monitoring and alerting of events through a
sophisticated data-concentration architecture communication interface. The study demonstrates that the IoT-PSTM system with IoT module exhibits enhanced performance of
94.7%.

## An Internet-of-Things Design Approach to Real-Time Monitoring and Protection of a Residential Power System
M. Onibonoje et al. (2019) focus on the development of an IoT-based residential power monitoring and protection system (RPMPS). This system is designed to provide
continuous power monitoring, real-time protection, and remote monitoring capabilities for various sections of a dwelling. It offers protection against electrical hazards, voltage
surges, overloading, high temperatures, and other faults on residential distribution lines. Additionally, the system can detect electrical smoke and relay messages remotely. By
combining the role of an energy meter and a traditional distribution fused board, the RPMPS serves as an efficient upgrade for fault detection and protection in electrical wiring.
The authors highlight that this high-tech system facilitates more efficient utilization of electricity in residential settings.

## Design of an Industrial IoT-Based Monitoring System for Power Substations

Long Zhao et al. (2019) present a high-speed Industrial IoT (IIoT)-based monitoring system for power substations. The study emphasizes the importance of low-latency
communication in time-critical applications such as power systems control and monitoring. By implementing a FPGA-embedded controller and utilizing an IIoT platform with
remote visualization capabilities, the authors develop a practical application suited for real power substations. The system incorporates real-time data acquisition, processing, and
high-resolution time synchronization to provide better decision-making support for system operators.

## Power-system Protection Device with IoT-Based Support for Integration in Smart Environments
O. Machidon et al. (2018) propose a power-system protection device designed to integrate IoT technologies into smart environments. The system aims to enhance electrical
safety by quickly disconnecting the power supply in the event of fault events such as leakage current, electrical arc, overcurrent, or overvoltage. Real-time monitoring and
notification events are enabled through an advanced communication interface using a data concentrator architecture. This paper provides detailed information on the design,
implementation, and experimental validation results of the proposed system.

In conclusion, these studies contribute to the field of power system monitoring, control, and protection using IoT technology. The research presents innovative approaches for
enhancing electrical security, enabling real-time monitoring and alerting of events, and improving decision-making support for system operators. These developments have the
potential to increase energy efficiency, reduce downtime due to faults, and optimize power utilization in both residential and industrial settings. Further research is needed to
explore the scalability and practical implementation of these IoT-based systems in larger power systems and smart cities.