Rosary Sisters’ High School

Lab Manual

9th Grade

Section: ______

2019-2020

Name:____________________________

Partner’s Name:____________________

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Exp # Title Page

1. Signs of chemical reactions ……………………………….....…..….……..……...….…3

2. Properties of ionic compounds ……………………..………………………..…………..6

3. Solubility ……………………………………………………………………….………..….....…11

4. Electroplating……….. …………….…………………………………………..……….….....15

5. Detecting the presence of three types of sugar in your food ……….........19

6. Detection of proteins; Detection of vitamin C ……………………….…………..22

7. Detection of salivary enzyme (amylase) action ...……………………………….26

8 Preparation of stomata slide………………………………………….......................29

9. Investigating Ohm’s Law………………………………………………………………….…33

10. Investigating the emf and Internal Resistance of an electrical cell….....39

11. Index of Refraction …………………..………………………………………………….….43

12. Focal length of a Lens ……………………………………….…………….…

48

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 Exp. #1

Title: Signs of chemical reactions

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

 Students will identify the 6 signs that indicate a chemical reaction is

occurring.

 HYPOTHESIS:

 Different reaction give different signs..

3
 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

Test tubes Test tube rack

Spatula Pipette
Avinger Lighter
Sodium bicarbonate Test tube holder
Magnesium ribbon Balloon
iodine Beakers
starch Flask
Sodium hydroxide Tongs

Copper sulfate
Water
Silver nitrate
Sodium chloride

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 PROCEDURE:

First reaction: Place 2 ml of silver nitrate and then add 2 ml of a sodium

chloride in a test tube, then observe what will happen.

Second reaction: place 3ml of water then add 1 spatula of sodium hydroxide in
a test tube, then observe what will happen.

Third reaction: place 5 ml of vinegar in a flask then add 4 spatula of sodium

bicarbonate, after that put the balloon on the top of a flask, observe what will
happen.

Fourth reaction: place 1 ml of iodine and then add 2 ml of starch in a test tube,
then observe what will happen.

Fifth reaction: place 2 ml of sodium hydroxide then add 5 drops of copper

sulfate in a test tube, then observe what will happen.

Sixth reaction (teacher will do this reaction): hold the magnesium ribbon with
the tong and then burn it, then observe what will happen.

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6
 DATA & RESULTS :

(Write six equations for each chemical reaction and then indicate the signs next
each reaction).

 CONCLUSION

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 Exp. #2
Title: Properties of ionic compounds

 OBJECTIVES:

 Determine the general properties of ionic compounds and compare those

properties to the properties of a covalent compound.

 HYPOTHESIS:

 Ionic compounds will conduct electricity only as solution or if being molten.

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  Increasing temperature increases the solubility. Solid compounds.

 Different ionic compounds will give different flame color

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

Samples of compounds Distilled water

Microscope Conductivity testers

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50mL graduated cylinder Plastic mini cups & tops

Metal loop Sugar

Samples of compounds Bunsen burner

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 PROCEDURE:

Station 1: Test for conductivity of solid ionic compounds

Materials: 4 Petri dishes, copper strip, conductivity tester, samples of solids

1. At the station, you will find 5 small mini cups each with the different solids to
investigate.

2. Turn the conductivity tester on and ensure that it is working by testing the
conductivity of a copper strip. Red light only = tester is working, red & green
together = conducts electricity.

3. Test the conductivity of your solids by placing the tester into each pile. Clean
the ends of the tester between each test. Record your findings on Data Table1.

Station2: Flame test

Materials: small beaker with hydrochloric acid, metal loops, Bunsen burner,
matches, 5 solids

1. Locate the five metal loops and corresponding solids to test

2. Turn on the gas to the Bunsen burner and light carefully with a match
3. Dip one loop into small beaker containing HCl and then place into the
corresponding solid (be sure to check the labels). Hold loop over the flame
and observe the color of the flame above the loop.
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 4. Record color on Data Table 1
5. Turn the gas off.

Station 3: Solubility

Materials: digital scale, distilled water, samples of various ionic compounds, 50

mL graduated cylinder, mini cups, and stopwatch

1. Measure 1.0 grams of each sample into five small labeled mini cups
2. Add 15 ml of distilled water to each.
3. Place on the top and slowly shake. Time how long it takes the substance to
dissolve, using a stopwatch. Repeat for all substances. Record the time in
Data Table 2
4. Record the solubility level as either: Completely / partially / Insoluble in
Data Table 2.
5. Bring mini cups with you to station 5.

Station 4: Conductivity

Materials: Distilled water, Samples of various solids, Conductivity set up, 50 mL

graduated cylinder, mini cups, paper towel.

1. Fill a sixth small mini cup with 15 mL of distilled water.

2. Test the conductivity of distilled water by turning the tester on and
lowering it into the beaker of distilled water. Red light only = tester is
working, red & green together = conducts electricity
3. Record below whether or not it conducted electricity in Data Table 2
4. Test the solutions you made at station 5 for conductivity.
5. Be sure to dunk and dry the metal contacts between each test with the
mini cup of distilled water.
6. Record below whether conductivity as high, low or none in Data Table 2.
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7. Rinse mini cups out with water and return them to station 3.

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  Data and Observations

TABLE 1: Conductivity and Flame test color

Compound Name Solid Conductivity Flame Test Color

Sodium Chloride

Potassium Chloride

Copper (II) Sulfate

Magnesium Sulfate

Sugar

TABLE 2: Solubility and Conductivity Observations of Ionic Compounds

Compound Name Time To dissolve Solubility Conductivity

15
 Distilled water

Sodium Chloride

Potassium Chloride

Copper (II) Sulfate

Magnesium Sulfate

Sugar

 CONCLUSION:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Exp. #3
Title: Solubility
 OBJECTIVES:

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  Learn to measure the solubility of potassium nitrate and potassium
chloride. in water, at 40° c.

 HYPOTHESIS:

 Different compounds have different solubility at a specific temperature.

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

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Bunsen burner. Potassium nitrate (solid)
Tripod with gauze. Weighing balance
Water bath (beaker) Stirring rod
Test tube (36 ml) Evaporating basin
Thermometer

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 PROCEDURE:

1. Weight an evaporating basin. (Record the reading)

2. Fill the test tube with water (3 quarters) and heat the tube in a water bath to
just above 40 degrees.
3. Add potassium nitrate to the water in the tube and stir rapidly until no more
of it will dissolve and there is undissolved solid left over.
4. Take the tube out of the bath and allow the solution to cool to exactly 40
degrees.
5. Pour off some of the solution into the evaporating basin (it is important that
you only pour off solution and no solid).
You don’t have to pour off all the solution.
6. Weight the evaporating basin and contents.
7. Heat the evaporating basin and contents gently t evaporate off all the water.
(Put the basin over a water bath. Do not heat directly)
8. When it looks as if all the water has evaporated weigh the evaporating basin
and contents.

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 DATA & CALCULATIONS:

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Results:
1. Mass of evaporating basin (g):
2. Mass of evaporating basin + solution (g):
3. Mass of evaporating basin + dry crystals (g):

 Calculations:

1. Mass of crystals: (result 3 - result 1)

2. Mass of water: (result 2 - result 3)
3. Solubility (g/100g): (mass of crystals/mass of water) x 100

 CONCLUSION:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Exp. #4
Title: ELECTROPLATING

 OBJECTIVES:

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  To investigate the use of electrolytic cells to cause chemical changes.

 HYPOTHESIS:

 The increase in voltage increases the rate of electroplating.

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

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1 M copper(II) sulfate

copper strip

silver foil

Steel wool

12 V power source

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 PROCEDURE:

As your instructor performs the experiment, record observations in Data Table

1. Clean a small piece of the object to be plated with steel wool. Attach wire to
the object.
2. Clean a small strip of copper with steel wool. Attach a wire to the copper
strip.
3. Add 1 M CuSO4 to a beaker and set up a system as shown in Figure
4. Connect the wire attached to the object to the negative terminal of the
power source. Connect the wire attached to the copper strip to the positive
terminal. The object and the copper strip should not touch. Record your
observations after several minutes have elapsed.
5.Repeat the steps with three different voltage. (3,6,9 V)

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27
 Data & observation

Data Table 1. Observations of Electroplating

Time of Observation (5 minutes)

After 3min. of current flow

Observations of the Object being plated

 EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS:

1. What is oxidized in this experiment?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What is reduced in this experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. State the changes you have noticed on the object you plated?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. State the changes you have noticed on the copper strip?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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  CONCLUSION:

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31
 Exp. #5

Title: Detecting the presence of three types of sugar in your food

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

 Distinguish between disaccharides and monosaccharide

 Detect polysaccharides

 HYPOTHESIS:

 Iodine interacts with polysaccharides.

 Benedict's solution reacts with reducing sugars (ex. Glucose) and does not
react with non reducing sugars (ex. Sucrose).

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 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

Glucose solution Water bath

Sucrose solution Benedict's solution

Starch solution I2KI solution

6 Test Tubes Test tubes rack

Lemon juice

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 PROCEDURE:

 Part 1:

1. Prepare 4 test tubes.

2. Add 3ml of water to test tube 1; add 3ml of glucose to test tube 2; add 3 ml of
sucrose to test tubes 3 and 4.
3. Add 2ml of Benedict's solution to each test tube.
4. Put the 4 test tubes in a water bath for two minutes.
5. Add two drops of lemon juice to test tube number 4.

 Part 2:

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1. Prepare 2 test tubes.
2. Add 3ml of water to test tube 1 and add 3ml of starch to test tube 2.
3. Add 2ml of I2KI solution to each test tube.
4. Put the 2 test tubes in a water bath for two minutes.

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 DATA & Results:

Tube Result
1
2
3
4
4 After adding the lemon juice:

5
6

 CONCLUSION:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Exp. #6

Title: Detection of proteins; Detection of vitamin C

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

 To detect proteins in egg white.

 To detect vitamin C in orange juice.

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 HYPOTHESIS:

 The blue color of Biurets solution change to violet if protein is present.

 Vitamin C in orange juice reacts with indophenol producing a colorless
compound.

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

Protein detection Vitamin C detection

Egg white Fresh orange juice
Biurets reagent Fresh apple juice
1 Test tube Indophenol reagent
Test tubes rack 4 Pipettes
3 test tubes
Test tubes rack

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 PROCEDURE:
 Part 1: Protein detection

1. Add 2ml of water in test tube 1 and 2ml of egg white in test tube 2.
2. Add 2ml of Biurets test in each test tube.

 Part 2: Vitamin C production

1. Add 3ml of indophenol in the 3 test tubes.

2. Add orange juice to test tube number 1 until having a colorless
compound.

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3. Add apple juice to test tube number 2 until having a colorless
compound.
4. Add water to test tube number 3 and observe what happens.

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 DATA & RESULTS
 Part 1:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 Part 2:

Name of substance Number of drops added

Orange juice
Apple juice
water

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 EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS

1. Which substances contain vitamin C?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. In which test tube does the color disappear first? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Does egg yolk contain Proteins? Why?

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 CONCLUSION:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Exp. #7
Title: Detection of salivary enzyme (amylase) action

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

 To detect the action of salivary amylase

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 HYPOTHESIS:

 Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down starch
into maltose.

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

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 2 test tubes

Starch solution (2%)

4 Pipettes

I2KI solution

Saliva

Test tubes rack

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 PROCEDURE:
1. Add 2ml of the 2% starch solution in test tubes 1 and 2.

2. Add 2ml of water in test tube number 1.

3. Wash your mouth then Collect around 3ml of saliva.

4. Add 2ml of saliva in test tube number 2.

5. Leave both test tubes for 20 minutes.

6. Add few drops of the I2KI solution to the 2 test tubes.

DATA & Results:

Test tube Result

number

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 EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS

1. Where does starch destruction start?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Where does starch destruction continue?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 CONCLUSION:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Exp. #8

Title: Preparation of stomata slide; Making stems cross section

by hands

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 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

 To be able to prepare two slides and examine them under the

microscope; the first with a leaf peal to observe stomata and the
second with a thin plant stem to see its structure.

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Needle Dish of water Gloves

Brush Mountant (distilled water) Pipettes

Glycerine Cover slips Filter paper

Cover slips Glass slides Forceps

A fresh leaf Tissues Toluidine Blue O stain

Glass slides Razor blade Distilled water

Watch glasses Dissecting needles

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Safranin solution A thin stem

 MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

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 Procedure ( Stomata Slide Preparation)

1. Pluck a fresh leaf from a plant.

2. Fold the leaf and carefully tear along the bruised area on the lower
side of the leaf.
3. A membranous transparent layer appears; pull it from the lower
epidermis using a forceps.
4. Put the epidermis into the watch glass containing the distilled water.
5. Take few drops of safranin and put them in another watch glass.
6. Use a brush to transfer the epidermis into the watch glass containing
the safranin solution.
7. Wait for 30 seconds until the epidermis is stained.
8. To remove any excess safranin, transfer the epidermis to the watch
glass containing distilled water.
9. Transfer the peel to a clean glass slide using the brush.
10.Add few drops of glycerine to the peel using a dropper (pipette).

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11.Use the needle to put the cover slip over the epidermis gently.
12.Drain out the extra glycerine using a blotting paper.
13.Examine the slide under the microscope.

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 PROCEDURE: ( Stem section slide preparation)

1. Prepare the slide over the bench.

2. Put some drops of the mountant (D.W.) over the slide.
3. Soak the stem in water.
4. Use a moisten double-side razor blade to make thin cross sections.
5. Accumulate your sections over the blade.
6. Use the dissecting needle to transfer the sections onto two slides.
7. Leave the first slide unstained and put the cover slip.
8. Add extra water to keep the sections moist.
9. Stain the second slide using two drops of Toluidine Blue O (TBO).
10.Leave the dye for 3 minutes.
11.Remove the extra stain using tissue paper.
12.Use 15% ethanol solution to rinse the stem sections.
13.Add the mountant to the stained slide.
14.Put the cover slip.
15.Add extra water to keep the sections moist.

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16.Examine under the microscope.

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DATA & RESULTS

CONCLUSION:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Exp. #9

Title: Investigating Ohm’s Law

The effect of resistance on Voltage and Current

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:

In any electric circuit, there is a relationship between current, voltage and

resistance. In this experiment, this relationship will be investigated for a
conductor provided that the temperature remains constant. The following
question will be answered:
- How does current change when voltage across a fixed resistor is changed?

 Hypothesis

Ohm’s Law states that: if the voltage across a fixed resistor is increased, the
current will increase, provided that temperature remains constant.

 Materials:

1. Multi-meters
2. Batteries
3. Resistors
4. Crocodile Wires

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 Procedure:

1. Color Code:
1. Determine the resistance of two different resistors according to
color-code method.
2. Use the Multimeter to measure the value of the resistance.
3. Record the results in table 1.1.

2. Voltage Current Relationship:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1), by connecting a resistor of

known value R1 with one 1.5 V battery.

Figure (1)
2. Measure the voltage across the resistor and the current in the circuit
using the Multi-meters.
3. Record the results in table 1.2.
4. Increase the voltage by adding another 1.5 V battery.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until the circuit contains 4 batteries.
6. Replace resistor R1 with resistor R2, and repeat steps 1 to 5.
7. Draw V- I graph for each resistor readings.
8. Calculate the slope for each V-I graph.

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 Data and Calculations:

Table 1.1 - Color Code

Colors Resistance (Color code) Resistance (Multi-meter)

R1

R2

Table 1.2: Voltage Current Relationship

Measurements for R1 Measurements for R2

Number of Measured Measured Number of Measured Measured
Batteries Voltage Current Batteries Voltage Current
(volts) (mA) (volts) (mA)

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

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 Graphs:
Graph 1: V vs. I for R1

The slope equals

__________________________________________________________
The V-I graph shows a
__________________________________________________________

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 Graph 2: V vs. I for R2

The slope equals __________________________________________________________

The V-I graph shows a ______________________________________________________

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 Experimental Questions:

Q1. Specify the maximum, minimum and nominal value for each
resistor.

Q2. Calculate the percentage error for the resistance value from each V-I
graph.

Q3. Compare the slopes for each V-I graph with the resistors' values.

 Conclusion:

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 Exp. #10

Title: Investigating the emf and Internal Resistance of an electrical cell

 OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS:
Batteries and cells have a certain electromotive force (emf, ɛ) and an internal
resistance (r). When they are connected to an external load resistor (R),
current flows through the closed circuit. The internal resistance of the cell
itself resists the flow of current and so thermal (heat) energy is wasted in the
cell.
In this experiment, the unknown value of emf(ɛ) and the internal resistance
(r) of a cell will be determined.

 Hypothesis
When a cell with a certain emf is connected to a load resistor, the voltage
across the load resistor will drop by Ir.

 Materials:

1. Multi-meters
2. (1.5V) Battery
3. Resistors
4. Crocodile Wires

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 Procedure:
1. Measure the voltage across one 1.5V battery using the voltmeter. Record
the result.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (1), by connecting a resistor of
known value R1 with the battery.
‘lost emf
volts’

r
ɛ

CELL
I Terminal
Voltage

Figure (1)

3. Measure the voltage across the resistor and the current in the circuit using
the Multi-meters.
4. Record the results in table 1 for R1.
5. Replace resistor R1 with resistors R2 and R3, and repeat steps 3 to 4.
6. Draw V- I graph for resistor readings.
7. Calculate the slope for V-I graph.

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  Data and Calculations:

-Voltage across the battery equals: _____________________

Table 1

Value of R (Ω) Measured Voltage (V) Measured Current (A)

R1

R2

R3

 Graphs:
Graph: V vs. I

Experimental Questions:
65
 Q1. Calculate the value of the internal resistance of the battery from V-I graph.

Q2. It should not matter whether the voltmeter is connected across R or

across the cell even though an ammeter is present. Explain why.

 Conclusion:

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 Exp. # (11)
Title: Index of Refraction

 Hypothesis:

The index of refraction of glass is about 1.5

 Objectives/problems:

To find the index of refraction of glass

 Materials:

Glass Block

Protractor

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 Sheet of white paper

Laser Beam

Ruler

 Procedure

1. Place the block on a piece of white paper.

2. Draw the borders of block on the paper.
3. Mark the angle of incidence as shown in following figure.

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4. Choose the angle of incidence to be 60°.
5. Shine the laser beam such that the beam is exactly on the path.
6. Mark the path of the outgoing beam and label it.
7. Remove the block and draw perpendicular line to the block boundary at
the exit point.
8. Connect the incident point with the exit point.
9. For each boundary measure the angle of incidence and the angle of
refraction
10. For the incident point use i1 as the angle of incidence and i2 as the angle of
refraction
11. For the exit point use i2 as the angle of incidence and i1 as the angle of
refraction
12. User the following formula to find the index of refraction of glass where n
is the index of refraction of glass

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13. Find the sin of each angle using the sin table
14. Find the average index of refraction of glass from the graph.

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 Data & Results:

i1 i2 sin i1 sin i2 n

Incident
point

Exit point

 Graph:
Graph: vs.

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 Experimental Questions:

Q1. In which medium does light travel faster, air of glass?

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Q2. On the incident point, which angle was larger? the angle of incidence or the
angle of refraction?

Q3. On the exit point, which angle was larger? the angle of incidence or the angle
of refraction?

Q4. Depending on the index of refraction you found, what is the speed of light in
glass?

 Conclusion:

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 Exp. # (12):

Title: Focal length of a Lens

 Objective
To determine the focal length of a thin lens and to explore the difference
between convex and concave lenses and to determine their focal lengths

 Hypothesis
The focal point of a lens is found by allowing a bundle of mutually parallel rays
to enter the lens. The lens alters the direction of these rays, making them
emerge as a convergent or divergent bundle. The point to which they
converge is the focal point of a convex lens.

 Materials:

1. Convex Lens
2. Screen
3. Light Source
4. Meter Ruler
5. Lens Holders

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 Procedure:
1. Place the lens between a light source (object) and a screen, as shown in
figure (1). Place the light source one meter far from the screen.

Figure (1)
2. Move the lens to a position until a clear image of the object is formed on
the screen. Measure the image distance (v) and the object distance (u).
3. Record your measurements in table (1).
4. Remove the lens from the system.
5. Let your partner place the lens until a sharp image is clear on the screen.
Do not move the screen neither the light source. Measure the image’s
distance and the object’s distance.
6. Record your partner’s measurements in table (1).
7. Change the position of the screen to 80 cm from the screen, then repeat
steps 2 – 6
8. Repeat step 7, after changing the distance between the object and the
screen to 60cm, 40cm, and 20 cm.
9. Find the focal length then calculate the average focal length.
10. Plot 1/u vs. 1/v for each point then calculate the average focal length.

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  Data and Calculations:

Table (1)

Object distance (u) Image distance (v) Image size 1/u 1/v 1/f

 Graphs:
Graph: 1/u vs. 1/v

 Experimental Questions:
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Q1. Determine the value of the focal length from the graph.

Q2. Can you find the value of magnification of this lens using the
measurements found? Show how.

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 Conclusion:

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