SUCCESS IN HISTORY P2 VOL 2 (2019 – 2023 G.C.

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SUCCESS IN HISTORY
PAPER 2 VOLUME TWO
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GRADE 10 – 12 2019 – 2023

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

HISTORY 2167/2
Paper 2
NOVEMBER 2019
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 -1945 (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section.
1 (a) study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

Questions
(i) Name the region marked P on the map which was declared a demilitarized zone.
Rhineland

(ii) Why was the region marked P declared a demilitarized zone?

It was a defensive mechanism for France

(iii) Which one of the named towns on the map is the capital of Germany
Berlin

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(iv) According to map evidence, which two regions were reclaimed back by Poland at the
Versailles Treaty?
Posen
Silesia

(v) Name the country marked R.

Austria

(vi) what term was used to refer to the union between Germany and the country marked
R on the map?
Anschluss
[6 marks]
(b) Study the chart below and answer questions that follow.

Questions
(i) Name the organization represented by the chart above.
The League of Nations
(ii) In which year was the organization mentioned in (i) formed?
1919/1920
(iii) State two social problems the special commissions dealt With.
Drug addiction
Health
slavery
Refugees crisis

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(iv) Explain two other functions of the secretariat apart from the ones mentioned in the
chart.
Writing reports
Sending circulars
Writing minutes
Providing translators

(v) Why did the organization named in (0) fail to achieve its aims?
The absence of super powers like the USA.
The closer link between the league and the Versailles
Treaty
Lack of an army
The rise of dictators undermined its operation.
The league was Euro- centric.
[8 marks]

(c) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

Questions
(i) In which year did the USA experience the situation represented by the diagram above?
1929

(ii) What term was used to refer to the situation depicted on the diagram?
Economic depression
Economic Slump
Economic Crunch

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(iii) Explain three measures undertaken to solve the situation mentioned in (ii)
Emergency banking act
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AA)
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Civilian Conservative Corps (CC)
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
National Industrialization Recovery Act (NIRA)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
The National Housing Act (NHA)
The Wegner Act

(iv) Name the American leader who undertook the measures mentioned in part (iii).
Frankline Delamo Roosevelt

(v) State two results of the measures undertaken in question (IV). 12

Millions of jobs were created
The banking system was established
There was an improved standard of living
New schools, roads and power stations were built

(d) Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

Questions
(i) To which organization did the people in the picture belong?
Nazi party
(ii) Who was the leader of the organization mentioned in question (i)?
Adolf Hitler

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(iii) why did the people in the picture took to the streets by 1933? Give three reasons.
High prices
Food shortages
Unemployment
Inflation
Currency lost value
Paying of reparations

(iv) What name was given to the symbol shown on the flag carried by the people in the
picture?
Swastika

(v) Name two groups of the secret police introduced by the organization in the picture
when they came to power by 1933.
A Created as a private army
SS created to be Halter's personal body 9uard.
The Gestapo
[8 marks]

SECTON B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section

2 (a) Study the map below and answer the following questions.

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Questions
(i) What do the acronomy COMESA Stand for?
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

(ii) Describe two aims of COMESA

To create a large market for members
To promote trade in the region
To corporate in the training and exchange of man power.

(iii) From which of the named COMESA member countries on the map are the
Headquarters found?
Zambia

(iv) identify the COMESA members labelled A, B and C on the map. 3]

A-Libya
B-Egypt
C-Sudan

(v) Explain two ways in which Zambia benefits for being a member of COMESA.
Affordable tariffs in the movement of goods and services.
Market for its products
Enjoys bilateral relations with member states
Cooperation in many technical areas
Regional integration

(b) Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

United Nations (UN) forces stormed ashore at Inchon in September 1950. At the same time,
other UN forces and South Korean troops advanced from Pusan.
The North Koreans were driven back beyond their original boarder (the 38 parallel) within
weeks. MacArthur had quickly achieved the original UNO objective of removing North Korean
troops from South Korea. But the Americans did not stop. Despite warnings from China's
leader Mao Tse Tung, that pressing on would mean China joining the war. The UNO approved
the plan to advance into North Korea. By October, USA forces had reached the Yalu River and
the border with China. The nature of the war had now changed. It was clear that MacArthur
and Truman the USA president were striving for a bigger prize to remove communism from
Korea completely.

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Question
(i) Which cold war incident is referred to in the passage?
Korean Crisis (War)
(ii) When did the incident referred to take place?
1950 -1953
(iii) Who was the leader of South Korea at that time?
Syngman Rhee
(iv) Name the American force commander referred to in the passage.
General MacArthur
(v) Why did Mao Tse Tung join the war?
He did not want an attack on North Korea which was a communist state.
Scared the war would spill over into China
(vi) Name the leader of the USA named in the passage.
President Truman
(vii) How was this conflict resolved?
They resolved that the 38 parallel would be the boundary between North Korea and
South Korea.

(c) Study the structure of the United Nations Organisation (UNO) below and answer the
questions that follow.

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Questions
(i) Name the organs labelled A and B on the chart.
A -Security Council
B-General Assembly

(ii) Who heads the Secretariat?

Secretary General

(iii) Name the current head of the Secretariat.

Antonio Guterez

(iv) Name any two specialized agencies of the UNO.

WHO, ILO, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNHCR, World Bank, FAO, IMF

(v) State one duty of the economic and social council.

Coordinates the social and economic work of the United Nations.
Coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies.

(vi) Where is the Headquarters of the International Court of Justice?

Hague -Netherlands

(vii) Give one function of the Secretariat.

Administrative functions
Minuting and translation
Publishes UNO reports
Broadcasts UNO documentaries and information

(d) Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
Nationalism was the consciousness, feeling or desire to obtain independence. During the
Second World War (WW2), the colonial powers recruited a number of Africans to fight in the
war. After the war, the service men realized that it was wrong for one foreign country to rule
another. They therefore, started to agitate for independence. The colonial powers Britain and
France were too weak to suppress serious African revolts for self-rule. In this way,
nationalistic movements rapidly grew after the Second world War. In addition to this, the two
super powers, USA and USSR were every hostile to colonialism, so they gave assistance to
nationalist leaders in form of money, equipment and training. The United Nations with its
principal of self-determination offered a platform to nationalist leaders to appeal for world
support.

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Questions
(i) What do you understand by nationalism?
The feeling, consciousness and desire to become independent.

(ii) Name the two leading colonial powers in Africa.

Britain
France

(iii) Mention two forms of support the two super powers, USA and USSR gave to
nationalist leaders.
Money
Equipment
Training
[5 marks]
SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 (20 MARKS)
Answer only one essay question from this section

3 What were the causes and effects of the partition of Africa? [14:6)

CAUSES/REASONS
 Desire by European nations to open fresh markets where to sell their industrial
output. They could not sell these in Europe because of the introduction of protective
tariffs which raised prices of imported goods.
 Many areas in Africa offered raw materials needed in the multiplying factories of
Europe e.g. cotton, rubber, cocoa, coffee, etc.
 They were looking for areas where to invest surplus capital as was the case for:
Britain occupying Rhodesia because of minerals.
France taking over Morocco because of iron deposits.
 Strategic considerations made Britain take over the strategic navy base of the Cape.
 Activities of the explorers and adventurers like:
De Brazza in Equatorial Africa.
Stanley Henry Molton in Congo Basin.
Karl Peters of Germany in East Africa.
 Christian missionaries who were seeking for protection from their mother counties
against the ant-Christian forces also helped to spread colonialism eg. David
Livingstone.
 The French sought compensation or their defeat of 18/1 by Germany by acquiring
Tunisia.

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 Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect lives, property and for Strategic reasons to
control the Suez Canal.
 The work of administrators and soldiers Such as Lord Luggard of Britain in Nigeria.
 Prestige i.e. some countries thought big as they were, they could not be left out in the
partition e.g., Germany.
 Settlement of excess population which was rendered unemployed because of the
introduction of machines in factories
 Humanitarian reasons i.e. to abolish slave trade and introduce legitimate trade.
 Recruitment of soldiers e.g. France.
 Ambitious men e.g. Ceil Rhodes who opened mines in South Africa and King Leopold
of Belgium who acquired Congo as a personal property.
 The role of African Chiefs e.g. Khama of Botswana and Lewanika of Barotseland.
 Discovery of quinine contributed
 Discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa encouraged colonialization.

EFFECTS/IMPACT
 Politically African chiefs lost power and were replaced by White administrators.
 Economically the barter system was replaced by the money economy which brought
capitalist made of production.
 The partition was followed by the creation of artificial boundaries.
 New cultures were introduced while traditional dances and clothes were suppressed.
 Neo-colonialism i.e. this is the system or situation in which most third world countries
nave found themselves in. they thought and won independence but have failed to
liberate themselves economically.
 Problems of decolonialism i.e. liberation wars have brought untold problems because
people fighting for freedom have been Killed and spend time crossing boundaries of
other countries. This retards development because it brings psychological fear among
the people.
 Loss of fertile land to white setters.
 Racial discrimination was entrenched.
 Disregard of African religions and tradition
 Whiteman's disease
 Population increase in Africa
 Spread of Christianity
 Introduction of hut tax and poll tax

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4 Why did Britain adopt the policy of splendid Isolation. Why did she abandon it by 19147?
(10:10)
Why Britain adopted the policy
The policy meant Britain's non-involvement in European affairs. This was possible because Britain
was commanding à position of strength and did not need allies because:
 Geographical isolation-She could easily defend herself being an island
 Britain had a very huge empire from which one could get various resources.
 It was pointless to spend money and other resources on European affairs.
- The British capital, London, was the Centre of World trade and banking.
 She had the strongest navy in the world. No two, navies could equal the number of warships
in the British navy (the two-power standard)
 She had a huge merchant fleet - half the merchant shipping of the world was British.
 Britain was busy with colonial annexation.
 Her empire spread into every continent and included one quarter of the world's populations.
 In the 1880s she was still producing more coal and steel than any other country.
 The 1854 -56 Crimean war made some British statesmen to think that no British soldier
should die for causes that were not clear, She was too busy expanding her royal navy.
 She was too busy with colonial annexation.
 Separated by the Anglian channel she did not feel part of main lead Europe.
 She was too busy trading with other nations and London became financial capital of the
world.
 Queen Victoria of England was grandmother of Kaiser William II of Germany.
 Britain had strong ant-Russian feelings due to fear of Russian’s expansion in the Balkans and
the Persian Gulf.

(b) Why she abandoned the policy

 The Dual Alliance of France and Russia was publicly announced in 1895. These were the other
two main colonial powers at the time. The British Empire was therefore at stake. There were
many colonial rivalries e.g Fushoda.
 1894 dual entente between France and Russia seemed to be against the British.
 1895 the Jameson raid made Britain to realize that countries like Germany did not support
her activities in Africa.
 1895 here was a border dispute between British Guyana and Venezuela which almost led to
war with the USA.
 After 1895 Britain was no longer a supreme power In Europe. She began to be challenged by
other countries e.g. Germany in trade naval and Colonial competition.
 1896 - Armenians massacre showed that the British could not persuade other European
powers to agree and help in stopping the Turkish authorities who were massacred the
Christians of Armania.

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 The Germany king, Kaiser William II sent a telegram of congratulations to the Transvaal
President, Paul Kruger after the Jameson raid of 1895.
 This made the British statesmen realise that isolation was dangerous.
 Construction of Berlin-Baghdad railway line threatened Britain’s interests in the far east.
 As from 1898 Germany was building up her-navy and thus challenging the British naval
supremacy. In fact a naval race in building 'super battleships called dreadnoughts developed
as from 1906 between Britain and Germany.
 1989 the Fshoda incident let to a near clash with France.
 1899-1902 Second Anglo - Boer war made the British to get condemned by the other
Europeans, particularly Germany.
 Far Eastern interests were seriously challenged.
 Following, Armeman massacre British efforts to lobby for intervention by international
community failed.
 Kaiser William II decided to carry out plans to build the Berlin Baghdad Railway a challenge to
British trading interests.
 Kaiser William II went ahead to enlarge his navy, a challenge to the British royal navy
 Kaiser William II sent a telegram to Paul Kruger leader of the Boers in South Africa,
congratulating him for the defeat of the British.
 The French gave in at Fashoda improving the relationship between the French and the British.
 Britain and Russia solved their problems in the Persian Gulf improving the relationship
between Britain and Russia. The Anglo-Germany colonial rivalry.

5 State the aims of the League or Nations. why did the League fail to achieve some of its aims?
(4:16)
Aims of the League
 To prevent an outbreak of another war. Hence any country threatening world peace was to
be punished collectively by economic or military sanctions.
 To settle international disputes but no interference in domestic affairs.
 To discourage any secret diplomacy 1.e. secret treaties (alliances and ententes) and
encourage open diplomacy and disarmament.
 To encourage the granting of self-government to German and Turkish colonial territories
through the Leagues mandates.
 To encourage international co-operation in various fields including disarmament and
combating of ignorance, disease and poverty.
 To improve the living and working conditions of people in all parts of world.
 To run the mandates system through which the colonies of the defeated states would be
controlled.

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Why the League of Nations failed to achieve some of its aims.

 It was considered as an instrument of enforcing unjust treaties because it was linked to the
Treaty of Versailles.
 The League was closely associated with the Versailles Treaty so it was hated by many
countries.
 The League had no army of its own so it had no military strength for quick and effective action
when disputes arose.
 Most of the great powers like USA never joined (due to senate, rejection); Germany was not
allowed to join initially; Russia joined later;
 Japan and Italy withdrew with acts of aggression. This caused the League to be down since
there wasn't enough financial assistance.
 The League had serious weaknesses making it difficult to take decisive action e.g. decisions
were to be made unanimously and also the assembly was not meeting regularly. It met only
once a year.
 The rise of dictatorship in Germany, Russia and Japan made the ruling against the big powers
difficult as they ignored the League.
 The conference of ambassadors in Paris took up cases which were supposed to be handled by
the League of Nations thus rendering it useless e.g. the Corfu incident (Greek-Italian case of
1921).
 There was no co-operation among member states as the nationalistic feelings and operations
outweighed international peace especially over disarmament.
 The League was created to maintain the 1919 situation and not to adapt to changing
situations in the world.
 Big powers started withdrawing e.g. Germany withdrew after the disarmament conference of
1932-1933 chaired by the League of Nations.
 The policy of appeasement adopted by Britain and France of not wanting to antagonize
Germany and Italy i.e. Hitler and Mussolini encouraged their behaviour. They became
aggressive and dictated to the League.
 The depression caused unemployment, a situation that led to rise of dictators.
 The League looked like the winner's organisation hence defeated nations were not under
obligation to abide by the League of Nations covenant.
 It failed to persuade nations to disarm.
 Failure by the League to take action when some big powers invaded other countries e.g. Italy
invasion of Greece (1923), Japan invasion of Manchuria (1931), Italy invasion of Ethiopia
(1935)

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6 Discuss the career of Joseph Stalin under the following sub headings

Collectivization of agriculture.
 Stalin wanted to modernize Russian agriculture as from 1928.
 Peasant farms could not produce enough agricultural produce needed for exports so as to buy
machinery for industrialization.
 Stalin was against the Kulaks (class of the rich peasants) who were compatible with his policy
of socialism. S0 Kulaks had to be eliminated.
 In 1929 two types of collective farms were set up that:
State farms (SOVKHOZY)- government owned farms. The workers were government
employees and they got monthly salaries and the second types of farms were collective farms
(KOLKHOZ). These were large farms owned by peasants brought together by government
officials.
 The peasants were allowed small private plots near their homes for Keeping chickens and
other animals, and for growing vegetables.
 The bulk of the farmland was jointly owned and cultivated by the peasants under the
leadership of an elected management committee.
 Machine and tractor stations (MTS) were set up in the countryside to provide agricultural
machinery for hire to the collective farms.
 Each collective farm or state farms was given annual production targets by the government in
terms of amount of grain, pigs, Sheep, Chickens, etc
 Kulaks resisted collectivization and were unwilling surrender their cattle, chickens and horses
to the collective farms.
 Kulaks opted to slaughter their animals and millions of cattle were killed causing a critical
shortage of draught animals.
 Stalin's agents rounded up Kulaks and sent them to concentration camps in Siberia. 13 million
Kulaks died.
 The result of collectivization was agricultural decline, crop failures, and the great famine of
1932- 1933 Which was worsened by bad weather.

Industrialization of Russia. [12:8]

 western countries (Britain, France, USA and Germany) had fought against communist Russia
in the 1918 to 1921 Civil war.
 Stalin claimed that Russia had to industrialize and become a great power within ten year or be
crushed by the western powers.
 Stalin hoped to industrialize Russia through a series of five year plans.
 Western countries would not help communist Russia with loans for economic development.
 Stalin insisted that Russia had to pay for industrialization from their own internal resources.
 Emphasis was put on heavy industry at the expense of consumer industries

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 To be encouraged to be built were; iron and steel industries, coal production and the building
of power stations.
First five-year plan, 1928-1932
Second five-year plan, 1933 1937
Third five-year plan, 1938-1942 (interrupted by the outbreak of World War Two)
 The GOSPLAN, that is the state planning commission was set production targets in various
industries
 Young communist workers - gave examples of hard work to others.
 Labour discipline tightened; late comers could be sentenced to
 FORCED LABOUR CAMPS is Siberia if one came late on more than two occasions.
 Results of these industrialization policies was amazing: Russia became an industrial power by
1940 through consumer industries were still highly under developed.

SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from his section

7 What are some of the common features of the Arab states? show why and how relations
between Israel and the Arab States have resulted in any two wars fought between 1948 and
1973. [4:8:8]

Common features of Arab states

 Common religion - Islam
 Common language - Arabic
 Common culture (dressing, council keepers)
 Common History: Ruled by the Ottoman Empire and later either Britain
 and France (except Libya a former Italian Colony)
 Common economic systems dependent on oil expert.
 Members of the Arab league and the organisation for oil producing and exporting countries
(OPEC).
 Geographical similarities-located in arid deserts in the middle East and North Africa.

Reasons for hostility in Israel - Arab relations

 For many years the Jews had been scattered in Europe and other parts of the world.
 Nazi presentation of the Jews in Germany after 1933 caused flood of Jewish refugees to
migrate to Palestine.
 Arabs in Palestine resented the arrival of the Jews and fighting broke out.
 The Second World War worsened the situation as NAZI persecution of the Jews intensified. 6
million Jews were killed.

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 As Palestine was a British mandate state since 1919, Britain played a major role in resettling
the Jews in Palestine at the end of the second World War.
 In 1948 Britain withdrew from Palestine and handed the problem to the UNO.
 On 14th May, 1948, the Jewish state of Israel was proclaimed.

Wars fought
The 1948 -49 Arab - Israel war
 The state of Israel was created on May 4th, 1998.
 On May 15, armies of Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria attacked Israel.
 The Jewish forces were better armed, and led and defeated the attackers;
 and occupied most of the areas given to Arabs by the U.N.
 Israel refused to re-admit 700,000 Palestinian refugees of this war and the Arab States
declared their intention to destroy the State Israel.

The Suez Crisis of (1956)

 In September 1955 Nasser shocked the West by agreeing to buy Russian Arms from
Czechoslovakia.
 However, Britain and America thought they could still control Nasser because he depended
on them for money to build the Aswan High Dam.
 Suddenly in July, 1956 Britain and America refused to lend Egypt any more money, perhaps to
make Nasser more co-operative.
 This annoyed Nasser who, before a huge crowd, announced the nationalization of the Suez
Canal.
 Nasser said profits from Suez Canal would be used to finance the construction of Aswan Dam.
 Britain and France were furious and the two Withdrew their pilots who guided ships through
the canal but E9Ypt kept t running and the traffic increased.
 On October 24 the British and French foreign Ministers secretly met the Israeli Prime
Minister, David Ben Gurion in France.
 Ben Gurion wished to teach the Egyptians a lesson, to end border raids from Gaza and to
force Egypt to recognise the state of Israel and to end the Egyptian blockade of Tiran Straits
which prevented ships from reaching the Israel port of Eilat.
 After this meeting Israel forces invaded the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and advanced towards
the Suez Canal.
 Britain and France ordered Egypt and Israel to cease fire and withdraw 16kms from the canal
if not force was to be used.
 Israelis were still tar from the Canal and agreed to withdraw but Nasser refused.
 On October 31st French and British planes bombed Egyptian airfields and destroyed most or
the air force.

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 On November 5 British and French troops landed at Port Saic and advanced along the Canal.
Egypt responded by sinking shin to block the Canal.
 Nasser became a hero in the Arab world. in the United Nations there was massive opposition
to Anglo-French action and Russia threatened to intervene.
 On November 6 the U.N. proclaimed a cease-fire and sent an Emergency Force to the Canal.
British and French troops withdrew.

The Six Days War of 1967

 Arab-Israel relations since 1956 were Dad. Nasser’s influence was clearly a threat to Israel.
 He and other Arab leaders constantly repeated their desire to destroy Israel jointly.
 The Palestinian Liberation Front brought immediate threat to peace in the Middle East.
 In 1966 Hussein got jet fighters from Britain and America to strengthen his forces. A hard line
was adopted towards Israel and there were major clashes along the Israel-Syria boarder.
 Early 1967 clashes intensified. In April 1967 Syria and Egypt declared destruction of Israel as
their main policy. Israel replied by massing troops on the Syrian border.
 On May 22 Nasser closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping denying Israeli’s access to their
only southern port of Eilat.
 He was now demanding a return to the pre-1948 position and was joined by Hussein in a five-
year military pact.
 On June 5, 1967, Israel struck first and put airfields in Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq out of
action destroying many planes on ground.
 Israel forces drove through Sinai to the Suez Canal by June 8.
 In the meantime, all towns on the west bank of Jordan were captured from Jordanians
including the Arab area of Jerusalem.
 On June 8 Hussein and Nasser accepted the cease-fire.
 On June 9 the Syrians who had been driven from the Syrian heights capitulated. The Arabs
Suffered a humiliating defeat and accused Britain and America of aiding the Israelis

Yom Kippur War (1973)

 On October 6 Egypt and Syria attacked.
 It was a day of the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur.
 Many Israeli soldiers were on leave and Israel radio was closed down.
 The Israelis were caught by surprise.
 The Egyptians crossed the Suez Canal and took back part of Sinai from the Israelis.
 Syrian tanks over-whelmed Israel forces on the Golan Heights.
 Israeli air force retaliated but discovered that the Arabs had very effective Soviet missiles
 It took Israelis three days to become fully mobilized. By October 12 they had pushed the
Syrians back and on October 15 they thrust across the Suez Canal and cut off Egyptian third
army.

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 Two days later Arabs produced unexpected weapon-oil. The West received much of it from
the Middle East.
 The Arabs decided to reduce oil production until the Israelis withdrew from the lands, they
had occupied in 1967.
 The richest oil state, Saudi Arabia went further by banning all oil exports to the U.S.A. and
Netherlands which were accused of helping Israel most.
 U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. were involved; however, the two were keen to solve the problem. The
cease fire finally came on 24 October. U.N. sent troops to Egypt.

8 why did Britain decide to give independence to her colonies? What common problems did
most African countries face after independence? (10:10)

Why Britain decided to give independence to her colonies

 Nationalist aspiration increased by World War II, especially the defeat of the white man by
the Japanese, so colonize has wish to return to pre-war situation.
 in Africa there were many more educated indigenous leaders to run government the outset of
industrialization also created an urban working-class no were very receptive to the ideas of
nationalism.
 The labour government of 1945 -1951 was ideologically sympathetic to the aspiration or
independence.
 Indian independence was a great boost forward
 The Eden conservative government recognised the legitimacy of nationalist aspirations.
 Macmillan's 1960 wind of change speech.
 Socialist countries pressurized decolonization by training guerrilla campaigns i.e. in Zimbabwe
 Colonies were expensive to run.
 The UNO gave platform to nationalist leaders (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

Problems
 Economically, most independent states are weak, most of them depended upon a single crop
or single extractive industry e.g. copper
 The terms of trade have been against primary produces of raw materials
 Industries are most poorly developed and there is no industrial discipline amongst the work
force.
 There has been lack of investment.
 Lack of administrative skills by the new states
 Dangers of tribalism and different cultures hamper development.
 Problems of urban drift leaving rural areas underdeveloped
 Corruption
 Drought and famines

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 Military coups
 Civil wars based on ethnic differences
 Religious conflicts
 Manipulation of constitutions by African leaders to perpetuate hold of power
 Substandard communication system.

9 What were the aims of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)? Describe the
organizational structure of SADC. (4:16)

Introduction
 SADC was established on April 1, 1980 in Lusaka. It started as the Southern African
Development Co-ordination Conference (SADC) to co-ordinate the economic activities
in the region.
 Later the organisation changed to the Southern Africa Development Community
(SADC) in August 1992 after the heads of state signed the Declaration and treaty in
Namibia.

Aims
The aim of SADC is to bring economic co-operation among member
states. However, the main aims of SADC include the following
 To achieve development and economic growth in order to reduce poverty and
enhance the standard and quality of life throughout the region.
 To encourage common political values, systems and institutions.
 To promote and defend peace and security.
 To promote the proper use of resources in the region and to protect the environment
effectively.
 To strengthen and consolidate the long standing historical, social and cultural values
and links among the people in the region.
Members include Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and south Africa.

Organizational Structure of SADC

The Summit of Heads of State or Government
This is the highest policy making organ of SADC which consists of Heads of state and
Government. Any Head of State or government from any member state can De chairperson of
the summit, whose term of office varies from time to time. The meetings are held once a
year. Some of the functions of the summit are to establish commissions and other
institutions, to appoint the Executive Secretary and Deputy Executive Secretary whose duties

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it is to administer the secretariat. To formulate policies for SADC, make policies for SADC
operations.

Council of Ministers
Minsters from member states responsible for finance and economic planning make up the
council. ne council supervises the operations and development of SADC and make decisions
on sectoral areas of co-operation. It meets at least once a year.

Sectoral Committees and Commissions

Guidance and co-ordination of regional policies and programmes in a specific area is done
through commissions. A member state is given an area of responsibility which it co-ordinates
and provide leadership.
However, sectoral activities are supervised by sectoral committees of ministers. Commissions
are regional institutions which may be set up whenever necessary.

Standing Committee of Officials

It advises the Council on technical matters and meets once a year.
It is composed of permanent secretaries responsible for finance and planning drawn from
each member state.

Secretariat
It is Chief Administrative organ of SADC which plans and manages SADC programmes. It is
headed by the Executive Secretary who is appointed by the summit.
The secretariat implements decisions made by the summit and the council of ministers;
organizes SADC meetings and takes charge of financial and general administration of the
community.

Tribunal
It was set up to make sure that member states follow and interpret SADC rules.
It also settles disputes which are referred to it.

10 Answer any two questions.

(i) Comment on the rural-urban population drift. [10]
(ii) Does Zambia have a good or bad work culture? [10]
(iii) Describe gender violence. Explain the forms and effects of gender violence. [10]

(i) Comment on the rural-urban population drift. [10]

 Social services are more in towns
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 More employment in towns usually it is just farming found in rural places and it is
done on a subsistence level and requires family members as workers.
 More activities of an entertainment nature are found in towns.
 As more young people drift to town, there are only a very elderly people who remain
in rural areas
 Some people who move to town do not usually find jobs and hence get involved in
various vices like abuse of drugs, crime and prostitution.
 Growth of population in towns does not match with the services available and hence
growth of shanty compounds
 However, in some countries there is an urban- rural didn’t when services like
electricity, tarred roads, schools and clinics are built in rural places.

(ii) Does Zambia have a good or bad work culture? [10]

Favoritism in giving jobs
 A person is given a job not because of his or her qualifications but on tribal or family
grounds i.e. tribalism or nepotism.
 Interviews may be held to pretend that official rules were followed in employing the
person.
Sexual discrimination
 Many organisations prefer to employ men. When women are employed they occupy
low positions in the organisation.
 Sexual harassment is common in places of Work.
Weak enforcement of work rules
 In many organisation e.g. in schools, hospitals, etc. workers absent themselves from
work or report for work late
 They may report for work but Sit and do nothing.
Dependence on others
 Most Zambian prefers to depend on their relatives especially if they are well to do.
 Need to promote self-reliance for individuals

Lack of respect
 In Zambia institutions, vandalism is Common i.e. deliberate destruction of public
property that is meant for the community as a service.
 Theft of public property is also common.

(iii) Describe gender violence. Explain the forms and effects of gender violence. [10]
Definition
 Gender violence is als0 known as violence against women of men.

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 It refers to all forms of violence perpetrated by male against female persons and vice
versa.
 In a broader sense gender violence included violence perpetrated by female against
male persons or by a community against female persons (male persons)
Forms of violence
 Wire/husband battering - beating of wives/ husbands which is also called domestic
violence.
 Wife/husband rape-using threats or force to have sex against his /her will.
 wife/husband cleansing and inheritance-widows/ widowers forced by relative on the
community to undergo traditional cleansing ceremonies.
 Forced marriage- parents forcing their daughter or son to marry someone against their
will.
 Female genital mutilation-common in west and east Africa, often known as female
circumcision.
 Rape of women and girls by any rapist. It includes child and baby rape (it is common in
South Africa and Zambia).
 Trafficking in women-to be used as prostitutes in Harlems/ brothels
 Honour killings-killing women and girls by their relative of the dishonor of having been
raped.
 Property grabbing from widows/ widowers
 Use of verbal/ abusive language
Effects of Gender violence
 Death (dude to wife/husband battering)
 Injuries
 Psychological disorder
 Traumatization
 Dishonor (for example raped women)
 Loss of property and economic Security by women/men

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

HISTORY 2167/2
Paper 2
NOVEMBER 2020
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870-1945 (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section.

1 (a) (i) In which country did Otto Von Bismarck become the Chancellor?
Germany

(ii) When did Bismarck complete the Unification of his country?

1870

(iii) Explain two aims of Bismarck's foreign policy.

Maintain status quo
Make Germany the strongest in politically and economically
Avail war on two parts

(iv) Name the three leaders that Bismarck brought together in 1872 for a treaty of
friendship.
Kaiser William 1
Emperor Franz Joseph
Czar Alexandria

(v) What treaty of friendship was signed according to part (iv) above?
Dreikaiserbund/ The three emperors League

(vi) In which year was he forced to resign as Chancellor?

1890

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(vii) why was he forced to resign?

He quarreled with the new Kaiser over colonies, alliances and socialists.
Kaiser wanted to have colonies while Bismarck thought it was a waste of money.
Kaiser was 28 years younger than Bismarck
He thought Bismarck was old fashioned
Kaiser wanted a big navy while Bismarck did not want to antagonize the British.
Disagreements over social policy
High temper
Believe in domination of the world.
[10 marks]

(b) Study the graph below showing one of the international organisations and answer the
questions that follow.

Questions
(i) which organisation is being referred to in the graph?
League of Nations

(ii) How many countries left the organisation referred to according to the graph?
3

(iii) From the evidence in the graph, why did the organisation referred to collapse
Germany withdrew its membership
Italy withdrew its membership
Soviet Union withdrew its membership
USA never joined

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(iv) which super power country is represented by the letter P on the graph?
The USA

(c) (i) Which country is associated with Franklyn Delano Roosevelt?

The USA

(ii) What is the term given to the economic crisis that Roosevelt dealt with in his country
The Great Depression

(iii) In which year did the problem referred to in part (ii) take place?
1929
(iv) What term was used to refer to the set of measures introduced by Roosevelt to solve
the economic challenges of the country?
The New Deal
(v) State three programmes that were embarked on as a solution to the challenges faced
by the country during this period.
Public works Administration (PWA).
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Tenessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Civilian Conservative Corps (CCC)
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
(vi) Explain two results of the measures referred to in part (iv).
Created jobs/ stabilized the American banking system
Improved the standard of living to deprived parts of the country.
[9 marks]
(d) Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
The people had lost confidence in the entire governance system and were demanding for
democracy and other reforms. Much of the rural peasants had moved into the cities where
the living conditions had deteriorated due to overcrowding. Land was mainly owned by the

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church, Aristocratic family and the Nobles. The peasants had equally wanted to have a share
of land. In 1905, Father Gapon organized people so that some of their grievances could be
heard. unfortunately, the royal troop snot at a number of people Killing up to 500, Days that
followed, people refused to work on farms and the Czar introduced some reforms which were
written in the October Manifesto. The situation became worse during the course of the World
War 1 and eventually two revolutions in 1917 took place and the Monarch was overthrown.

Questions
(i) In which county did the situation described in the passage take place? [1]
Russia / USSR

(ii) What name was given to rich peasants in the passage?

Kulaks

(iii) What term was used to refer to the killing of people referred to in the passage?
The Bloody Sunday

(iv) Explain three causes of the 1917 Revolution referred to in the passage. [3]
The absence of the Tsar during the war
Lack of basic needs in Russia such as grain, bread, etc.
Maladministration by the Tsarina and Rasputin
Disastrous results of during the course of war I
Army was ill equipt
Fuel shortages
Poor wages
[6 marks]

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SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.
2 (a) Study the map below and answer the following questions.

Questions
(i) Name the city marked M on the map.
Berlin

(ii) What happened to the city marked M according to the map?

It was divided into four zones

(iii) Which countries benefitted from the partition of Germany according to the map evidence?
The USA
Britain
France
The Soviet Union

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(iv) Why did the Soviet Union close all forms of communication into the other zone?
To starve the western countries
To punish the western countries
To prevent access to Berlin

(v) What name was Used to refer to the closure of all forms of communication by the western
Allies?
The Berlin Blockade
[8 marks]

(b) Study the emblem below and answer the questions that follow.

Question
(i) Name the organisation represented by the emblem.
Commonwealth

(ii) Who are members of the organisation represented by this emblem?

Former British colonies

(iii) Explain three functions of the organisation mentioned in (i).

support member Countries in resolving conflicts
Promote democracy
Alleviating poverty
Promoting gender equality
Achieve respect for human rights
Promote basic education for all
Promote proper management of environment
Address issues of climate change
(iv) Mention two organs of the organisation.
Secretariat
Ministerial Action Group
Commonwealth Youth Programme
Commonwealth heads of government meeting

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(c) Complete the following passage by writing correct answers in the another booklet

Questions
COMESA Is one of the regional organisations in Africa. It was established in (i) ……………… [1]
The letters COMESA stands for (ii) …….………….. [1] The organisation has members in North
Africa known as (iii) ………………….. [1] and (iv) ……………………… [1]. In East Africa, some members
include: (v) …………………. [1] and (vi) ………………………….. [1] The main organs of the organisation
are (vii) …………………………… [1], (viii)…………………………. [1] and (ix) ………………….………… [1]
The (x) ………………………. [1] of COMESA are in Lusaka, Zambia.
Answers
(i) 1975 (ii) Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA)
(iii) Libya (iv) Egypt
(v) Kenya (vi) Ethiopia
(vii) Authority (viii) Council of Ministers
(iX)Court of Justice [1] (X) Headquarters [10 marks]

(d) (i) To which country did Chairman Mao Zendong belong?

People's Republic of China (China)

(ii) Name the political part which Chairman Mao Zendong led?
Communist Party

(iii) Which leader did Chairman Mao Zendong overthrow to establish the nation
mentioned in (i)?
Chiang

(iv) Name two reforms Mao Zendong introduced as a leader of the country mentioned in
(i)?
Agricultural
Industrial
Hundred flower campaign
[5 marks]

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SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from this section

3 Why did European powers obtained territories in Africa? Describe the effects or this action
on the African Continent. [14:6]

why European powers obtained territories in Africa

 As countries of Europe became industrialized there was need for raw materials and these
could easily be found in Africa.
 Discovery of Gold and diamonds in south Arica encouraged colonialization.
 Need to acquire markets outside Europe as their Markets became flooded.
 Need to reinvest profits or surplus capitals in Africa.
 Need for protection by European Missionaries which could only come from their countries
of origin. Persuaded their countries to control areas of operation.
 Missionaries wanted to introduce legitimate trade to replace slave trade and combat
diseases.
 Humanitarians saw the evils of slave trade and persuaded their countries to colonize
Africa.
 For prestige i.e. The more colonies they had the better for prestige and power. E.g.
Germany.
 King Leopold of Belgium colonized Zaire for personal glory and prestige.
 France wanted colonies to compensate for lost territories in Europe.
 Germany and Italy wanted to compete with Britain who had acquired many territories in
Africa.
 Discovery or Quinine
 Adventurers and explorers
 Source of troops le. French colonization of Senegal
 Strategic reasons led to the colonization of Morocco, Egypt and South Africa Or
settlement and employment for extra population,
 Desire by European nations to open fresh markets where to sell their industrial output.
They could not sell these In Europe because of the introduction of protective tariffs which
raised prices of imported goods.
 any areas in Africa offered raw materials needed in the multiplying factories of Europe
e.g. cotton, rubber, cocoa, coffee, etc.
 They were looking for areas where to invest surplus capital as was the case
 Britain occupying Rhodesia because of minerals.
 France taking over Morocco because of iron deposits.
 strategic considerations made Britain take over the strategic navy base of the Cape.
 Activities of the explorers and adventurers like:

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 De Brazza in Equatorial Africa.

 Stanley Henry Molton in Congo Basin.
 Karl Peters of Germany in East Africa.
 Christian missionaries who were seeking for protection from their mother
 countries against the anti-Christian forces also helped to spread colonialism e.g. David
Livingstone.
 The French sought compensation for their defeat of 1871 by Germany by acquiring
Tunisia.
 Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect lives, property and for strategic reasons to
control the Suez Canal.
 The work of administrators and soldiers such as Lord Luggard of Britain in Nigeria.
 Prestige i.e. some countries thought big as they were, they could not be left out in the
partition e.g, Germany.
 Settlement of excess population which was rendered unemployed because of the
introduction of machines in factories.
 Humanitarian reasons 1.e. to abolish slave trade and introduce legitimate trade.
 Recruitment of soldiers e.g. France.
 Ambitious men e.g. Cecil Rhodes who opened mines in South Africa and King
 Leopold of Belgium who acquired Congo as a personal property.
 The role of African Chiefs e.g. Khama of Botswana and Lewanika of Barotseland.
 Discovery of quinine contribute
 Discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa encouraged colonialization.

Effects on the continent of Africa

 Politically African chiefs lost power and were replaced by white administrators.
 Economically the barter system was replaced by the money economy which brought
capitalist made of production
 The partition was followed by the creation of artificial boundaries.
 New cultures were introduced while traditional dances and clothes were Neo-colonialism
i.e. this is the system or situation in which most third world countries nave round
themselves in. They fought and won independence but have tailed to liberate themselves
economically.
 Problems of decolonialism i.e. liberation wars have brought untold problems because
people fighting for freedom have being killed and spend time crossing boundaries of other
countries. This retards development because it brings psychological fear among the
people.
 Loss of fertile land to white settlers.
 Racial discrimination was entrenched.
 Disregard of African religions and tradition

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 Whiteman s disease
 Population increases in Africa
 Spread of Christianity
 introduction of hut tax and poll tax, etc

4 What were the factors that led to the rise and downfall of the Weimar Republic? [20]

A Factors that led to the rise of Weimar Republic [10]

 The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1935.
 Came into existence after the defeat of Germany in the First World War.
 Germans were not happy after losing the war,
 Need for a democratic government by the masses and was supported by the
victorious power.
 Effects of the war; many service men became unemployed and displaced people
caused unrest.
 The fear and threat of communism. The land lords feared they would lose land.
 Resignation of Kaiser William II created an opportunity for a new government
 Economic hardship; agriculture and industrial production were at a standstill.
 A democratic government led by Friendrich Ebert was formed on 10th November, 1918
in a rural town of Weimar.
 Bankruptcy and inflation caused by the weak Germany currency.
 Germans were not used to democratic and parliamentary form of government.

Downfall of Weimar republic

 Born out of defeat, the regime was associated with National Humiliation and the
Harsh Treaty of Versailles known in Germany as a "Diktat". It lacked support from the
people.
 As a democracy it gave too much freedom to groups hostile to democracy e.g.
communists and Nazis who had paramilitary groups.
 It lacked the support and loyalty of powerful groups in post war Germany e.g. land
owners, army officers, industrialists and capitalists.
 There were no outstanding leaders after the death of Gustar Stressman in 1929.
 Coalition nature of the government led to political instability especially on the advent
of the depression in 1929.
 The dawn of world economic depression brought suffering among the people. Out of
desperation more Germans supported anti-democratic extremist parties like the
communisis and Nazi who seemed to offer radical solutions to Germany's economic
crisis.

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 Constitutional defects e.g. proportional representation allowing too many political

parties in government. it made governance difficult.
 Reparation payment weakened Germanys economy.
 Choice of small town Weimar was resented by many Germans.
 Bankruptcy and inflation caused by the weak Germany currency.
 Germans were not used to democratic and parliamentary form of government.

5 What factors helped Mussolini rise to power in Italy in 1922? Explain the measures he
undertook to establish a Fascist dictatorship between 1922 and 1930. [20]

Factors which helped Mussolini rise to power

 Italians were disappointed by the allied powers at the Versailles Treaty of 1919. Italy had
hoped to gain Dalmatia, Albania and some other colonies of Germany and Turkey but she only
gained Tyrol, Istria and Trentino. Mussolini's propaganda promise to gain colonies for Italy by
force became popular.
 Rapid population growth and the restriction on emigration to the USA worsened the problem
of land shortage.
 The multi-party system and lack of experience in democracy led to the rise of numerous
political parties.
 Coalition governments which ruled Italy after the First World War lasted for short period.
Mussolini was seen as a strongman who could bring about political stability.
 The dispute between the state and the Catholic Church over church property seized by the
state in 1870 deprived the government of the church's support.
 The Pope urged catholic Christians not to support the government disparity in economic
development between the industrial north and the agricultural south produced political
disunity.
 Inflation, prices rose by 500% from 1915 to 1919.
 Unemployment was worsened by demobilization of the army and the return of ex-soldiers
after the war.
 Industrial unrest striking workers seized factories in 1919 before they were suppressed by the
army.
 Rise in crime and violence, ex-soldiers turned to armed robbers (banditry and gangsterism),
the mafia of Sicily became active and bands of armed guerillas terrorized the rural areas
especially in the southern part of the country.
 Black shirts terrorized opponents of Mussolini and broke up the political rallies of the other
parties.
 Mussolini won the support of the Roman Catholic Church, the business community and King
Emmanuel II who feared a communist revolution in Italy.

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 The 1922 general strike led by the socialist party presented Mussolini with an opportunity to
seize power. The Fascist Black Shirts went on a March to Rome to suppress the general strike.
Fearing a possible civil war between the communists and the fascists, King Emmanuel II
appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister October, 1922.

Conditions in Italy 1919 -1926

 Government failed to get land which it was promised when it joined the war. This made it
unpopular
 The country had borrowed heavily to finance the war and had a high debt at the end of the
war.
 There was no investment in industry and consequently there were shortages of essential
goods and services. Prices of goods and services were high leading to inflation Strikes and
demonstrations were wide spread throughout major towns and cities
 The troops were demobilized and this made the unemployment levels to go up
 The unemployed youth and the ex-soldiers became involved in illegal and banditry activities.
Crime rose sharply in Italy.
 As a result of democracy, there was the emergence of many rival political parties. Post war
governments were short lived coalitions.
 Italy lost her traditional markets to other countries at the end of the First World War.
 High tax ruined the middle working class.

Measures he took to establish facism

 To strengthen his political power, Mussolini formed a coalition government with the liberal
party in 1922. He kept the important posts of Prime Minister, Minister of Home Affairs and
Minister of Foreign Affairs for himself.
 He introduced a new electoral law in 1923. Any party which got 25% of the votes could get s
of the parliamentary seats.
 He rigged the elections of 1924 and his fascist party got % of the seats in the parliament.
When socialist MPs protested he expelled them from parliament.
 He changed the constitution in 1926 and banned all political parties, except his fascist party.
 Another election law in 1926, gave Mussolini and his Fascist Grand Council the power to
nominate MPs. Elections were abolished.
 An agricultural project called the "Battle of Wheat" was introduced. Mountain sides were
ploughed (Battle for land), the pontine marshes near Rome were drained and grain
production increased.
 The "Battle for Births" was aimed at increasing the population and raise a large army for
colonial conquests.
 The Battle for the Lira" was aimed at making the lira stable during the Great Depression of
1929-1933. Salaries of workers were lowered but strikes were banned.

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 Public works created employment. Marshes were drained, roads, railways, bridges, canals and
electricity power stations were built.
 The Lateran Treaty and the Concordat of 1929 ended the old dispute between the Catholic
Church and the State. The Pope recognized Mussolini’s government. In exchange the Pope
was given the Vatican City. The Roman Catholic faith became a state religion and the
government paid compensation to the church for the property seized by the government in
1870. Catholic
 priests were paid by the government.
 Italy became a co-operate state. Trade unions and strikes were banned.
 Unions were replaced by co-operation's consisting of fascists officials, employers and
employees.
 Propaganda i.e. books were re-written to promote good deeds of the fascists.

Economic Battles
 The battle of the South was launched in 1924. This aimed at addressing the poverty in the
Southern part of Italy. It was extremely unsuccessful.
 The battle of the grain was launched in 1925. It was an agricultural policy aimed at making
Italy self-sufficient in wheat production. The farmers who grew more wheat than the others
were awarded i.e.
 there were awards of gold, silver and bronze. This battle was very successful by 1926.
 The battle for land was launched in 1926. This aimed at increasing the cultivatable land in
Italy. It involved the draining of marshes and Swamps, ploughing tall hillsides and clearing the
wood lands.
 A start was made on electrifying main railway lines. The battle for births was launched to
increase the Italian population and ultimately, the Italian army. People with large families
were given incentives .e.g. free education and health services.
 In 1926 the battle of the Lira was launched. This battle aimed at restoring the value of the
fluctuating Italian currency.
 In industry government subsidized iron and steel production which doubled by 1930
 The creation of a cooperative state. This was one of the major achievements of Mussolini.
 Strikes and lock-outs were abolished
 Public work programme was also designed. It included the building of motorways, bridges,
blocks of flats, railway stations, sports stadia, schools and new towns on reclaimed land.
 In 1926, trade unions and employee associations were banned and replaced with 22
cooperatives. The cooperatives were established for people within an industry. Each
cooperative comprised of
 representative workers, employers and 3 members of the Fascist party.
 The cooperatives sent representatives to the General Assembly of cooperatives which was
headed by Mussolini. The General Assembly made decisions about prices and wages. The

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cooperatives were not successful because they were not only corrupt and ineffective but
were dictated by the fascists.
 In 1938, Mussolini abolished parliament and replaced it with the chamber of Fascists and
cooperatives.
 Mussolini and the Fascists controlled the political and economic life of the Italian people

Indoctrination and Propaganda

 A program of indoctrination and propaganda was directed at both the young and the adults.
 The young people were taught fascist ideas in schools from an early age.
 The older children learnt about them from text books and after school when they joined
youth organisation such as the Fascists youth movement.
 Adults were indoctrinated through propaganda newspapers, posters and rallies.

Policy towards religion

 For the dictatorship to succeed, Mussolini decided to improve the relationship between the
church and the state.
 Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty and the concordat with the pope in 1929.
 The Italian state recognised the Vatican as an independent state within a state
 Considerate rights were given to the pope and the church throughout Italy
 The Italian state promised to pay the church 1,750 million Lira as compensation for the loss of
Rome in 1870.

6 Account for the reforms introduced in Japan between 1870 and 1890. [20]

Agricultural Reforms
 1871 Samurai Feudal control of land was abolished
 Replaced by a system where the emperor owned land
 Farming was mechanized
 Large scale irrigation and use of fertilisers
 Peasant rice diversified into fishing and silk farm.

Industrial Reforms
 Industrialization by government through taxation, foreign loans and investments
 Rich families like Mitsubishi, Zaibatsh gave loans.
 Industrialization centered on development of shipping yards, coal mines factories like
cement works, textiles industries.

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Education Reforms
 Education was pre-requisite for development
 Heavy investments were made in education
 First four (4) years of education were compulsory
 Built elementary basic and middle schools, colleges and universities.
 Sent young people to train abroad in western countries.
 Used expatriate teachers and lectures to colleges and universities.
 Japanese trainees replaced expatriates later.
 About 54, 000 schools were built in 20 years of 19th century.

Government Reforms
 Shogan Keite Tokugawa abdicated in favour of emperor Mitsuhito.
 Mitsuhito formed an efficient government of trained Japanese.
 1889 a democratic constitution provided for a 'Diet" (Parliament) elected by land
owners.
 New government system based on German system.
 Had two houses - house of peers and lower house.
 Real power lay in few ministers chosen by emperor from Samurai.
 Minister controlled state on behalf of emperor.

Military Reforms
 Former Samurai members were disbanded
 Samurai joined national army
 Modelled army on Germany system
 Modelled navy on British system
 British naval officers and Germany army officers trained the Japanese.
 Police system was modelled on French system.

SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from this section

7 Explain the background to the creation of the state of Israel. Why was there resentment
from the Arab world towards the creation of the state of Israel? [8:12]

Background to the creation for the state of Israel

 Ant- Semitism in Europe had spread to every sector of life e.g. in the army, trade, scholar,
etc.
 The persecution was noted in 1894 in the Dreyjus affair,
 Jews begun to think of returning to Palestine.

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 Jewish financials created the Jewish trust bank to help those who wished to return to
Palestine.
 Zionist movement spear headed the programme of returning to the Promised Land.
 During World War I, Jews fought on behalf of the country in which they resided.
 The Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised to establish a Jewish homeland Biltmore
programmed of 1942 demanded for the quick establishment of the Jewish state in
Palestine.
 The persecution of Jews and the Holocaust which witnessed the death of millions of Jews
mad the world realise the need to have a Jewish homeland.
 On 15th May, 1948 Israel was established.

Why the Arabs resented the creation of the state of Israel in 1948
 The Arab world from the time Israel was re-established in 1948, they have never accepted
the Israelis as part of Palestine due to the following reasons:
 Palestinian Arabs reminds the Arab that the Jews left Palestine 2000 years ago.
 They are also offspring of Abraham who bore a son call the Ishmael.
 Correspondence of 1915 promised Palestine to Arabs.
 The Arabs do not deserve to suffer the crimes of Hitler.
 Jews llegally store the Arabs' land and farms
 Arab -Palestinians refugees must be allowed to return and Palestine must be a multi-racial
state.
 Jews had no rights to declare the state of Israel because Arabs did not agree with the UN
decision to partition the area in 1947.
 Arabs who settled in Palestine had heavily invested there.
 Arabs formed the Palestinian Liberation to fight for their land.
 The Palestinian Liberation organisation was not involved in the Camp David Accord.
 Sadat was a traitor to his Arab brothers and the Palestinian cause.
8 What are the aims of the following United Nations organisation specialised
Agencies? Explain the projects each of the agencies has been involved in.
A. Aims of United Nations Organisation
B. Specialised Agencies

A. Aims of United Nations Organisation

 Maintain world peace and security
 Promote international friendship among member states
 Fight poverty and raise standard of living in the world
 Promote respect for basic human rights and freedom
 Encourage international cooperation

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B. Specialised Agencies

WHO (World Health Organisation)

Based in Genevese
Helps to improve health standards through the provision of drugs and technical
support
Conducts research on epidemics in troubled region

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation)

Based in Rome
Concern in food security in the world
Gives agricultural support to member states

UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency)

Founded in 1946 to help children left homeless by the Second World War
helps to improve the health and living standards of children especially in poorer
countries

UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural

Operates from Paris
Aims to encourage the spread of literacy
Fosters international cooperation between seventists, scholars and artists in all fields
Provides resources to set up education centres.

9 Why was Southern African Development Community (SADC) established?

Describe the structural organisation of SADC.

Introduction
SADC was established on April 1, 1980 in Lusaka. It started as the Southern African
Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) to co-ordinate the economic activities in the
region.
Later the organisation changed to the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) in
August 1992 after the heads of state signed the declaration and treaty in Namibia.

Aims
The aim of SADC is to bring economic co-operation among member states. However, the main
aims of SADC include the following:
 To achieve development and economic growth in order to reduce poverty and enhance
the standard and quality of life throughout the region.
 To encourage common political values, systems and institutions.
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 To promote and defend peace and security

 To promote the proper use of resources in the region and to protect the environment
effectively.
 To strengthen and consolidate the long standing historical, social and cultural values and
links among the people in the region.

Organizational Structure of SADC

The Summit of Heads of State or Government
This is the highest policy making organ of SADC which consists of Heads of State and
Government. Any Head of State or government from any member state can be chairperson of
the summit, whose term of office varies from time to time. The meetings are held once a year
Some of the functions of the summit are to establish commissions and other institutions, to
appoint the Executive Secretary and Deputy Executive Secretary whose duties it is to
administer the secretariat. To formulate policies for SADC, make policies for SADC operations.

Council of Ministers
Minsters from member states responsible for economic planning make up the council. The
council Supervises the operations and development of SADC and make decisions on sectorial
areas of co-operation. It meets at least once a year.

Sectorial Committees and Commissions

Guidance and co-ordination of regional policies and programmes in a specific area is done
through commissions.
A member state is given an area of responsibility which it co-ordinates and provide
leadership. However, sectorial activities are supervised by sectorial committees of ministers.
Commissions are regional institutions which may be set up whenever necessary.

Standing Committee of Officials

It advises the Council on technical matters and meets once a year. It is composed of
permanent secretaries responsible for finance and planning drawn from each member state.

Secretariat
It is Chief Administrative organ of SADC which plans and manages SADC programmes. It is
headed by the Executive Secretary who is appointed by the summit.
The secretariat implements decisions made by the summit and the council of ministers;
organizes SADC meetings and takes charge of financial and general administration of the
community.

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Tribunal
It was set up to make sure that member states follow and interpret SADC rules. It also settles
disputes which are referred to it.

10 Write on two of the following:

(a) Advantages and disadvantages of allowing school going children to practice safe sex,
(b) The positive and negative influence of the media on teenagers
(c) Causes and measures to combat corruption
[10:10]
(a) Advantages of safe sex
 Assured of not getting unwanted pregnancy
 Reduced the risks of STI/ HIV
 Avoid the pan and trauma of pregnancy
 Continuity with school
 It enables them to avoid the stigma associated with early pregnancy.
 A way to avoid child morbidity and mortality

Disadvantages
 Contraceptives are harmful to children
 Erodes morals of school going children
 Risks of not become pregnant at later age.
 Child becomes used to sex and becomes a prostitute
 Lack of concentration at school
 May lead to conflicts with parents
 It distorts the cultural teaching of children not to indulge in sex before marriage
 Children lose their virginity at early stage.

(b) The positive and negative influence of the media on teenagers

Positive influence
 Ease access to information
 Keeps them away from indulging into other activities
 Helps them to be aware of the happenings in the world
 It helps them to build a positive self esteem
 Acts as a source of unity among teenagers through sharing information.

Negative influence
 Not every programme is suitable for underage
 Corrupt morals
 Children becomes less social to others
 Lack of concentration at school
 Neglect traditional values through westernization.

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(c) Causes and measures to combat corruption.

Causes of corruption
 Greediness
 Dishonesty
 Weak moral and religious teachings
 Lenient punishment to offenders
 Low income or salaries
 Inadequate social services such as health and education
 Complicated procedures
 Too much power given to a person in an institution
 Uncontrolled desire for power
 Desire to rewards e.g. in an election
Measures to combat corruption
 By stiffening the punishment for offenders
 Sensitizing society on the dangers of corruption
 Reporting of would-be offenders to relevant authorities.
 Distribution of anti-corruption company materials.
 Tt takes one to have the value of honest
 Formation and enforcing anti-corruption clubs at all levels,

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

HISTORY 2167/2
Paper 2
NOVEMBER 2021
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870-1945 (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section.

1 (a) Answer the following questions relating to the Unification of Germany

(i) What do you understand by the term 'Unification'?
The process by which two or more countries join together and become one
country.
(ii) Apart from Denmark, which other country opposed the Unification of
Germany.
France
Austria
(iii) Name the final war which Prussia fought to achieve the Unification.
Franco Prussian war

(iv) Explain the objectives of Bismarck at the end of the Unification

To eliminate the opposition
To avoid war from two fronters
To maintain peace for a United Germany so that it can develop politically and
economically.
To maintain the status quo in Europe.

(v) State three challenges Bismarck faced within Germany after the unification
Language problem / Currency problem / Tariffs / Agriculture
Industrialization / Catholic problem (Kulturkampf)
Socialist problem
(vi) Which Germany statesman made Bismarck step down by 1890?
Kaiser William II [10 marks]

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(b) Study the following table showing the membership of the Hitler Youth Movement
In the period 1933-39.
Population of Germany
Year Membership Aged 10 – 18
1933 2, 292, 041 7, 529, 000
1934 3, 577, 565 7, 682, 000
1935 3, 394, 303 8, 172, 000
1936 5, 437, 601 8, 656, 000
1937 5, 879, 955 9, 060, 000
1938 7, 031, 266 9, 109, 000
1939 7, 287, 470 8, 870, 000

(i) which political party had the membership shown in the table?
The NAZI

(ii) Draw the symbol of the political party referred to in (i)

(iii) What name was given to the symbol drawn in (ii)?

Swastika

(iv) How many members did the Hitler Youth Movement have in 1934?
3, 577, 565

(v) By how many members did the Hitler Youth Movement grow between 1935 and 19397
3, 893, 167 members

(vi) Why did the membership of the Hitler Youth Movement grow by 1939?
Due to Hitler's promises to end youth unemployment.
The promise by the NAZI to overthrow the Versailles Treaty.
The work of Joseph Goebbels as Minister of propaganda attracted the youths.
The special ability of Hider as an orator. / The work of the SS and the GESTAPO.
Hitler’s promise fora better Germany
(vii) Identify two security groups that were formed by the political party mentioned in (i).
SA
SS
GESTA PO [10 marks]

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(c) Study the following War map of 1918 and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Which Global War is depicted on the map?

First World War/World War I

(ii) Why did Great Britain join the Global War referred to in (i)?
The increasing naval race between Germany and Britain.
The sinking of the British passenger ship by Germany

(iii) Name the War Plan employed by the German Chief of Staff to enable them avoid fighting the
war from two fronts.
Schlieffen Plan

(iv) Who developed the War Plan mentioned in (iii)?

General Alfred Von Schlieffen, the Chief of Staff of the Germany Army.

(v) Why did the plan fail?

Britain's support for Belgium.
Belgian troops fought bravery and delayed the advance of Germany Army.
General Alfred Von Schlieffen died and the war plan changed.
Distance from Berlin also made it difficult to supply equipment and food to German armies
in France.
Germany had to fight a war on two fronts from 1914 to 1918.
Quick mobilization by Russia.

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(vi) From the map, state the city that Germany Intended to attack under the plan mentioned in
(iii).
Paris

(vii) According to the plan In (iii), Germany was to use Belgium to attack France, Give a reason the
route through Belgium was to be used.
The border between France and Germany was well guarded.
Belgium was considered a neutral country.
Movement through Belgium would be smooth since It was a flat country.

(viii) From the map, identify the states that France wanted to repossess.
Alsace
Lorraine [10 marks]

SECTION B WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.
2 (a) Study the map below and answer the following questions.

(i) Which Cold War event is depicted on the map?

Cuban missile crisis

(ii) Name the two Super Powers that were at the centre of the event depicted on the map.
USSR
USA

(iii) What military threat did the Americans notice in Cuba?

The construction of a missile base.

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(iv) How did the Americans spot the threat mentioned in (ii)?
By taking photographs from the U-2 spy planes

(v) Name three American cities on the map that could be reached by the missiles of 1 000km
range fired from Cuba.
Tampa
New Orleans
Nashville

(b) With reference to Southern African Development Community (SADC) answer three questions
below.
(i) What was the original name of the Southern African Development Community?
Southern African Development Coordination Conference.

(ii) Explain two aims of the organisation mention in (i).

Achieve economic development.
Achieve peace and security
Alleviate poverty
Enhance the standard and quality of life of member countries.
Support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration.
Advance the cause of national political liberation in Southern Africa.
To reduce dependence
To enhance trade agreements.

(iii) Mention two organs of the organisation.

Council of Ministers. / Integrated Committee of Ministers. Standing Committee of Officials.
Secretariat. / Tribunal / SADC National Committee
Defense and Security Cooperation
Organ on politics
(iv) How did member countries benefit?
Increase market size
Improved intra-regional trade and Investment flows
Increased transfer of technology and experience
Mutual relationships enhanced
To deepen economic Integration and ensures free trade area among the economies

(c) With reference to African Union (AU), answer the questions below.
(i) What was the Africa Union (AU) originally called?
Organisation of African Unity (OAU)

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(ii) Why was AU established?

Rid the continent of the remaining vestiges of colonization and apartheid.
To promote unity and solidarity among member states.
To coordinate and intensify cooperation for development.
To safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of member states.

(iii) Where are the headquarters of AU?

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

(iv) Which day does AU celebrate its Freedom Day?

25 May

(v) Which' African leader was behind the formation of this organisation?
Muammar al-Gaddafi

(vi) Who was the first chairperson of the organisation?

Thabo Mbeki

(vi) Name the highest decision-making body of this organisation.

The Assembly of Heads of State and Government

(d) In relation to Decolonization, answer the questions that follow.

(i) The term 'Decolonization' means.
The action or process of state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it
independent.
Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.

(ii) Around which period were most of the African Countries Decolonized?
1945 to 1955
Mid to late 1960s

(iii) on which day do African countries celebrate the Decolonization of their continent?
25th May

(iv) Identify two organisations that helped in the Decolonization of Africa.

United Nations
OAU

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(v) Name two leaders in Central Africa that fought for their Decolonization of their
countries.
Kamuzu Banda
Kenneth Kaunda,
Robert Mugabe

(vi) Name one super power that took a lead in the Decolonization of West Africa.
France
[8 marks]

SECTION C WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from this section

3 Explain the term ‘Imperialism'. Why was there an increased demand for colonies in Africa
after 1870? How did Otto Von Bismarck avoid armed conflicts in 1884 18857. [2: 14: 4]

Imperialism means a policy of extending a country's power and influence through

colonization, use of military force or other means
REASONS
 Desire by European nations to open fresh markets where to sell industrial outputs.
 Many areas in Africa offered raw materials needed in factories of Europe.
 Europeans wanted to control areas with gold and diamond.
 They were looking for areas to invest surplus capital.
 Strategic considerations made Britain take the strategic navy base of the cape.
 Activities of explorers and adventures e.g.
(a) Henry Stanley Morton in the Congo.
(b) De Brazza in equatorial Africa.
(c) Karl peters of Germany in east region.
 Christian Missionaries who were seeking protection against anti - Christian elements
contributed.
 The French sought compensation for the defeat of 1871 by Germany by acquiring
Tunisia.
 Britain coupled Egypt in 1882 to protect lives, property and for strategic reasons.i.e. to
control the Suez Canal.
 The work of administrators and soldiers such as Lord Luggard of Britain in Nigeria.
 Prestige .i.e. some countries thought being as they were, they could not be left out.
 Settlement of excess population which was rendered unemployed because of the
introduction of machines in factories.
 Humanitarian reasons i.e. to abolish slave trade and introduce legitimate trade.

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 Recruitment of soldiers e.g. France.

 Ambitious men e.g. Cecil Rhodes and king Leopold of Belgium in the Congo.
 Role of African chiefs e.g. Khama of Botswana and Lewanika of Barotseland who were
seeking for protection.

HOW ARMED CONFLICTS WERE AVOIDED DURING IMPERIALISM

 Bismarck organized the Berlin Conference between 1884 -85.
 At this conference, ground rules were set on how Africa should be shared.
 Powers should notify each other when they occupy a new territory.
 Any conflicts of claim were to be resolved through treaty signing.
 Rivers Niger and Congo were to be left for free navigation by all.
 Any power that established itself on the coast was allowed to extend inward.
 Hoisting of a flag for easy identification by other powers.

4 Why did Britain find it necessary to:

(a) follow the policy of Splendid Isolation by 19h Century,
(b) eventually abandon the policy. [10: 10]

WHY BRITAIN FOLLOWED THE POLICY OF SPLENDID ISOLATION

 Britain was a contented power. She had a vast colonial empire which
 provided her with raw materials, markets, investment avenues, etc.
 Britain produced more coal and steel than any other country in the world.
 Britain was the centre of world trade and banking commerce.
 Britain owned half of the world's merchant ships.
 Britain had the strongest navy in the world.
 Geographical location
WHY BRITAIN ABANDONED THE POLICY OF SPLENDID ISOLATION
 The existence of the following alliances:
 Dual Alliances of Germany and Austria Hungary (1879)
 The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy (1882)
 The 1895 Dual Alliance of Russia and France. These created a sense of
 fear and insecurity by Britain which had no allies to help them in the event of war.
 Following the 1895 fiasco Jameson Raid, Kaiser William II congratulated the
 Boers on defeating the British without foreign aid. This attitude by the Kaiser frightened
the British.
 Following the 1895 Armenian massacre, Britain wanted other European countries to join
her in condemning Turkey but she was ignored. Britain felt isolated.
 Kaiser William II challenged Britain by entering Germany in the colonial race.
 Kaiser William II also challenged Britain by entering Germany in the naval race.
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 Kaiser William 's Berlin to Baghdad railway project threatened Britain's interests in the
Mediterranean region.
 The 1899 to 1902 Anglo-Boer war led to widespread condemnation of Britain's conduct of
the war and treatment of the Boers.
 Negative attitude of Kaiser William II towards Britain convinced her of need to abandon
the policy of Splendid Isolation.
 The above events forced Britain to abandon her policy of Splendid Isolation which she
now perceived as dangerous isolation.

5 Explain the challenges of the Weimar Republic in Germany. How did Hitler take advantage
of the situation to rise to power? [10: 10]

Challenges of the Weimar Republic

 Born out of defeat, the regime was associated with nautical humiliation and harsh
 treaty of Versailles known to Germany as a Diktat.
 It gave too much freedom to groups hostile to democracy e.g. Communists and Nazis.
 It lacked the support of powerful groups in post-war Germany e.g. landowners, army
officers, judiciary, civil service, industrialists and capitalists.
 They were no outstanding leaders after the death of Gustav Stresemann in 1929.
 Coalition nature of the government led to political instability.
 There was economic collapse that led to coming of the inflation and unemployment.
 The coming of the world economic depression.
 The occupation of the Ruhr industrial region by the French troops.
 The outbreak of the killer disease called influenza

How Hitler took advantage of the situation to rise to power.

He promised to solve problems of unemployment.
He promised to overthrow the Versailles Treaty that had brought so much pain to Germany.
He promised to bring all Germany speaking people all over Europe together.
Hitler's campaign against the communist gained him support from the capitalists.
Hitler promised a better Germany.
He used propagandist like Joseph Goebbels to win support.
His rallies were made more attractive with loud music and attractive posters.
Militia groups like the SA, SS and the GESTAP used force to make people join the
NAZI movement.
He blamed the Red stag five of February on the Communist.
He passed the enabling law which gave him absolute powers.

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6 How did President Franklin Delano Roosevelt overcome the social and economic problems
of the United States of America (USA) in the 1930s? [20]

EMERGENCY BANKING ACT

 Introduced the Emergency Banking Act
 Banks on the verge of collapse provided with Federal Government funds to keep them in
business.
 This created more confidence in the banking system

AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADM (AAA)

 This was aimed at reducing output but modernize methods to avoid over production
 Farmers who cut production were given subsidy

THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION (FERA)

 Set up to give cash relief to the poor and help local authorities with their poor relief
schemes.

CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC)

 Set up to provide work for the unemployed.
 By 1940, two million people aged 18-25 were employed by civilian conservation corps
 They planted trees and cleared swamps

CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION (CWA)

 set up to provide work on public works. In 1935, this was replaced by Works Progress
Administration
 It built schools, roads and hospitals.

NATIONAINDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT (NIRA)

 Set up the public works administration (PWA) as an extension of the WPA.
 WPA concentrated on heavy construction work like building bridges and dams.

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION

 Set up by the NIRA.
 It abolished child labour, shortened the working weak and fixed minimum wages.
 It also allowed workers to form Trade Unions.

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THE WAGNER ACT

 Forced employers to recognise Trade Unions

NATIONAL HOUSING ACT

 Government provided money for building more houses at low rent affordable to the
poorest families.

HOME OWNER'S LOAN CORPORATION (H.O.L.C)

 Set up to help house owners to pay back mortgages (house loans). Loans for paying
mortgages given at low rates of interest.

TENNESSE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA)

 Built dams to control floods, generate electricity, provide water for irrigations and create
employment opportunities in the Tennessee River Basin.

SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from this section

7 Write on the following aspects of the United Nations Organisation (UNO):

(a) aims and establishment,
(b) General Assembly,
(c) disarmament and Arms Limitation. [7:7:6]

AIMS OF THE UNO

 Maintain international peace and security.
 Develop friendly relations among nations.
 Cooperate internationally in solving world problems in promoting respect for human
rights and fundamental freedom
 Combat ignorance, poverty, disease and social abuse.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNO

The idea came from Winston Churchill and Franklin Delan Roosevelt at the Atlantic Charter of
1941.
Another conference took place in 1943 in Moscow where the idea to form the UN was further
discussed.
In 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks conference the basic framework of the UN was established.
The San Francesco Conference confirmed the UN charter on 24h October, 1945.

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General Assembly
 Acts as World Parliament
 Debates international issues and make recommendations.
 Acts as world diplomatic centre.
 Elects temporary members of the security council.
 Considers applications of new UN members.
 Approves UN budget.
 Elects’ secretary general of the UN with the approval of the Security Council.
 Each country sends up to five members.
 Each country has only one vote.

Disarmament and arms limitation

 This was a programme by leading nations of the world to regulate the supply and use of
weapons of mass destruction.
 The world was awakened to the destructive nature of these weapons following the
 use of the atomic bomb in August, 1945.
 The UNO set up the Atomic Energy Committee in 1946.
 The Geneva disarmament conference of 1952 was organized.
 Both the Atomic Energy Committee of 1946 and the Geneva Disarmament conference of
1952, failed to produce any tangible agreement.
 Both the USA and USSR continued to produce destructive weapons.
 In 1950s and 1960s, the USA and USSR conducted a series of nuclear tests that posed
health concerns.
 Many protests were held against such activities.
 In 1962, a new disarmament conference met at Geneva. This led to the signing of
 the Test Ban Treaty of 1963 signed USSR, USA and Britain.
 In 1968, the non-proliferation treaty was signed to prevent the spread of nuclear
weapons.
 In 1969, the USSR and USA began the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).
 In 1979, the SALT S agreement was signed in Vietnam.

8 Describe the aims, membership and organisation of the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA). [4:4:12]

Aims
 To create a large market for membership and attract foreign Investment in member
states.
 To promote trade among members by reducing tariffs (custom duties).
 To cooperate In the training and exchange of skilled manpower
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 To promote regional cooperation in the development of economic infrastructures Such a

roads and railways.
 To cooperate the production and marketing of raw materials in member states.

Membership
Angola Mauritius Burundi Mozambique
Comoro Namibia Egypt Rwanda
Eritrea Sudan Ethiopia Swaziland
Kenya Tanzania Lesotho Uganda
Madagascar Congo DR Malawi Zambia

Organisation
The Authority
 This is the highest policy making body of COMESA
 It consists of the heads of states and government
 It meets once every year
 It directs and controls all COMESA functions

Council of Ministers
 This is the second highest policy making body of COMESA
 It is headed by a chair person and four other members who are qualified Lawyers
 It also makes decisions on the financial and administrative management of COMESA.
 Each member state is represented by a Minister
 The council prepares the agenda for the summit of the authority

The COMESA court of justice

 This is the judicial organ of COMESA
 It decides on matters concerning the COMESA treaty
 It hears disputes between COMESA and its employees
 It is headed by a chairperson and four other members who are all qualified lawyers.

Committees and Sub-committees

 These are technical bodies dealing with economic sectors, legal matters and
administrative affairs.

Secretariat
 Composed of members from COMESA
 The administration of COMESA is done by the secretariat which is headed by the Secretary
General.

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 It is based in Lusaka - Zambia

 The tenure of office is 4 years renewable only once

9 Write on two of the following:

(a) Fidel Castro
(b) Nelson Mandela
(c) John F. Kennedy
(d) Saddam Hussein

(a) Fidel Castro

Cuban Revolutionary and Guerrilla leader. Overthrew the American supported dictatorial
government of Fulgencio Batista In 1958 at the Bay of Pigs. Adopted a Marxist Ideology and
nationalized American owned sugar estates and factories. Relations between Castro's
government and the USA deteriorated, those with Russia Improved. The USA refused to
recognise Castro's government and cut trade links with Cuba.
Castro responded by nationalizing more American investments in Cuba.
Castro signed trade agreements with Rus5sla.
Russia bought the Cuban Sugar and became Castro's major supporter.
April 1961 President Kennedy of the USA sanctioned the invasion of Cuba by Cuban refugees
with the help of the CIA.
The invaders were heavily defeated by Castro's forces at the Bay of Pigs.
Castro became a Cuban Revolutionary hero and his anti-American stance was strengthened.
1962 Russia installed medium range nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter American invasion.
President Kennedy announced a naval blockade of Cuba until the missiles were removed.
Russia agreed to remove the missiles and in return the USA promised not to invade Cuba.
Castro launched successful campaign against illiteracy in Cuba.
He initiated a one-party dictatorship in Cuba.
Nationalization of private companies and Castro's dictatorial policies have forced many
Cubans to defect to the USA.
Following the collapse of communism in Russia in 1991, Cuba has lost its most powerful
supporter, and Castro's regime has become dangerously isolated

(b) Nelson Mandela,

He was born In 1918 at Umtata in the Transkei. He was a son of a Tembu Chief. He graduated
as a Lawyer at Fort Hare University College In 1940Os he joined the ANC as a member of the
Youth League. He took part in the 1952 defiance campaign, production of the 1955 Freedom
Charter and many other campaigns like the Alexandra township bus boycott and Potato
boycott to undermine government authority.

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He took over ANC leadership from Luthuli in 1960. After realizing the futility of Luthuli's non-
violence approach he formed the Umkoto we Sizwe in 1961.
He took part in the Sharpeville and Langa demonstrations organized by both ANC and PAC.
ANVs powerlessness against the powerful government machinery and the failure of the non-
violence approach made Mandela organize groups of agitators and saboteurs who were
referred to as guerillas. They engaged in controlled violence aimed at government
installations. This entailed him moving from place-to-place organising people. Government
reacted by passing the 1962 Sabotage Act which allowed authorities to order house arrest on
suspicion of subversive activities without court proceedings or necessity of proof.
Mandela was tracked down by the secret police and sentenced to life imprisonment on Robin
Island after the Rivonia trial of 1964-4165. The ANC was banned. Mandela represented the
African recourse to violent and positive resistance to government policy. He was released on
11 February, 1990 and led his country to majority rule in 1994 as the African president with
his party ANC. In 1999 he refused to stand again so Thabo Mbeki took over.

(c) John F. Kennedy

An Irish American and a Catholic by religion.
A democratic candidate in the American General Elections of 1960, defeated Republican
presidential candidate Richard Nixon.
Granted civil rights to black Americans; he appointed the first black ambassador, the first
black federal judge, and the first black commander of a US warship.
Met Russian leader Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961, but the two leaders differed over Berlin
and nuclear disarmament.
Condemned the building of the Berlin wall in 1961.
Seeing the success of Russia's Sputnik as a challenge, Kennedy initiated the American space
researches.
Kennedy approved a CIA scheme for the invasion of Cuba by Cuban refugees. The force was
defeated at the Bay of Pigs.
1962 Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy ordered the Naval Blockade of Cuba and threatened
Russia with a nuclear attack.
Kennedy installed a direct telephone link between Moscow and Washington known as the
"Hot Line".
Kennedy deeply involved the USA in the Vietnam war. Assassinated in 1963 by Oswald Lee.

(d) Saddam Hussein.

He was born on April 28, 1937,
He was an Iraq politician who served as the fifth president. of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until
April 2003.
His political party was Called Arab Socialist Ba'ath party,
A leading member of the revolutionary Arab socialist Ba'ath party, and
later the Baghdad based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation, the Iraq Ba'ath party
which espoused Ba'atuism a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism
He played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power in Iraq.

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He created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflicts between the
government and the armed forces,
In the early 1970s, he nationalized Iraq petroleum company and Independent banks,
eventually leading to the banking system insolvent due to Inflation and bad loans.
Through the 1970s, he consolidated his authority, over the apparatus of government as oil
money helped Iraq's economy grow rapidly, Positrons of power in the country where mostly
filled with Sunny Arabs, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.
He suppressed several movements e.g. Shia and Kurdish which sought to overthrow the
government or gain independence respectively, and maintained power during the Iran-Iraq
war and the Gulf war.
His rule was a repressive dictatorship notorious for its human rights abuses.
He killed a lot of Iraqis by the security services of his government.
He was accused of possession of weapons of mass destruction by USA.
President George W Bush and Tony Blair In 2003.
He was also accused of having links/ties with Al-Qaeda.
It is Ba'ath Party was disbanded and the country's first democratic elections were held, He
was captured In 2003. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by an Iraqi court of
crimes against humanity related to the 1982 Killing of 148 Iraq Shia and sentenced to death
by handing on 30h December 2006.

10 Write two of the following:

(a) Effects of technological advancement in Third World countries
(b) Advantages and Disadvantages of Re – entry policy.
(c) Merits and demerits of having a smart phone.

(a) Effects of technological advancement in Third World countries

Reducing the national costs of production.
Establishing standards for quality and allowing individuals to communicate from a distance.
Government and business leaders in the countries are not even sure where to start and how
to use technologies to advance policy goals.
Through internet access, individuals in developing countries are able to gain access to more of
the modern economy. Furthermore, connectivity,
those living in remote areas can now easily take over microloans participate in e-banking and
more.
It allows for the more efficient productions of more and better goods and service
The rapid spread of technology fueled by the internet has let to positive cultural changes,
easier, faster communication has contributed to the rise of democracy as well as the
alleviation of poverty.
Globalisatic has, also increased cultural awareness and promote diversity.
Technology reduces the cost of doing much of the work. The lower cost of production helps
to increase the profit margin.

(b) Advantages and disadvantages of Re-entry Policy,

Advantages
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It allows girls to return to school after having a child.

Tts a step towards upholding girl’s basic right to education.
Helps to expand their future job options and contributing to the country’s progress.
Addresses gender inequalities in national development and the need to narrow the gender
gap in education.
The girls become more serious with school.
It helps to find more innovative measures to help prevent the exclusive of young mothers
from education.
Disadvantages
It is a policy and not law and it is not binding.
Some fail to go back to school because they are disowned by their families.
Some lack financial support to push them back into school.
It has contributed to increasing number of school dropout and early marriages.
The policy promotes immorality among children and causes more harm than good in society.
Encourages girls to fall pregnant.
It's a challenge to girls without care givers.

(c) merits and demerits of having a smart phone.

Merits
It enables you have access to all your information and files, no matter where you are.
Helps you to get to your destination and avoid traffic jams.
It makes life more convenient to check your email, social media or even your bank account
while on the go.
Need to look at your bank balance before making a purchase.
Helps use social media as part of their customer serve etc.

Disadvantages
They can be addictive and spending too much time on them can make
you socially isolated from the real world.
Overuse of smartphones has led to the development of smartphone etiquette.
They are expensive.
They are security risks with smartphones. You store lots of personal information on phone
and many apps log you in automatically, giving anyone with your phone access to your online
account.
Risk of your phone to hacked or spied upon.
It can track your location, easy for thieves to find out your whereabouts.
Storage is a problem etc.

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

History 2167/2
Paper 2

Wednesday 10 AUGUST 2022

Time: 2 hours Marks: 100

SECTION A : WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 - 1945 (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section.

1 (a) Study the following table and answer the questions that follow:
Britain France Russia Germany Austria Italy
Hungary
Population (Millions) 46 40 167 65 50 35
Steel production (millions of tons) 7.9 4 4 1 7 3.9
Merchant ships (millions of tons) 20 2 0.75 5 3 1.75
Foreign trade (£ million per year) 1 0.4 0.2 1 0.2 n/a
Number of soldiers available (in 711 1,250 1,200 2,200 810 750
thousands), Including reserve forces
Warships (including under 122 46 26 85 24 36
construction)
Submarines 64 73 29 23 6 12

(i) Name a country that had the largest population in 1914.

Russia

(ii) Which country was not involved in foreign trade?

Italy

(iii) Mention a country that had the least number of submarines.

Austria-Hungary

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(iv) Britain was leading in ...

Steel production
Merchant ships
Warships

(v) Identify two countries in the table that were involved in competition for weapon
building by 1914.
Britain and Germany

(vi) What name was given to the competition of weapon building between the two
countries mentioned in part (v)?
Arms race/Naval
[9 marks]
(b) Study the information below showing the summary of events and answer the questions that
follow.

Summary of events
The two opposing sides in the war were:
The allies or entente powers: Britain and her empire (including troops from
Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand)
France
Russia (left December 1917)
Italy (entered May 1915)
Serbia
Belgium
Romanian (entered August 1916)
USA (entered April 1917)
Japan

The Central powers: Germany

Austria-Hungary
Turkey (entered November 1914)
Bulgaria (entered October 1915)

(i) Which war is summarised in the events?

World War One

(ii) When did the war mentioned in (i) start?

1914
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(iii) Mention an event that was the immediate cause of the war referred to in (i).
The murder at Sarajevo of the Archduke

(iv) Give two reasons the United States of America (USA) joined the war in April 1917.
In order to protect her economic investment in Europe.
In order to protect the world democracies.
The use of submarines by Germany.
For military reasons.

(v) Name a war plan that Germany used to fight this war.
Schliffen Plan

(vi) Why did the central powers lose this war? Give two reasons.
The failure of the Schliffen Plan.
The war took longer than expected.
Germany had weaker allies.
The entry of the USA on the allied side.
[8 marks]

(c) The following picture shows a symbol of a political party. Refer to the picture and answer the
questions that follow.

(i) Name a political symbol shown in the picture.

Fasces
(ii) In which country was this symbol used?
Italy

(iii) Who was the leader of the political movement that used the symbol?
Bennito Mussolini

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(iv) Why did the political party that used this symbol became popular by 1919? Give two
reasons.
 The party took advantage of Italy's disappointments from the World War one gains.
 The party gave hope to the economic problems faced by Italy e.g. high cost of living,
high taxation, and devaluation of the Lira.
 The party gave hope to the political problems faced by Italy e.g. weak democracy,
Hungary, conflict between the state and the

(v) What colour of shirts did the members of this political party wear?
Black

(vi) Explain two economic measures that were undertaken when this political party came
to power.
An agricultural project called the 'Battle for wheat' was introduced.
The battle for Lira.
Public works to create employment were Introduced.
[8 marks]

(d) Study the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
The year 1919 ushered in a new age in international understanding and cooperation.
At the Versailles Treaty where the great powers met, new ideas
for peace were discussed.
The United States of American President made a strong presentation in his
fourteen points. Although many of his ideas were not accepted, he secured a general
acceptance of the last point where he suggested the formation of an
association of nations that will be responsible for world peace.

(i) What name was given to an association of nations referred to in the passage?
League of Nations
(ii) When was this association formed?
1919

(iii) State two aims of this association of nations.

 To preserve world peace and security.
 To guarantee political independence and territorial integrity to great and small
nations.
 To disarm to the lowest level for national security.
 To encourage friendship among member countries.
 To encourage international cooperation in solving social, political and economic
problems
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(iv) Name the USA President behind the idea of the formation of the association of nations
that would be responsible for world Peace
Woodrow Wilson

SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

2 (a) Answer the following questions on the return of the Jews to Palestine.

(i) What name was given to a Jewish movement back into Palestine?
Zionism

(ii) Why did the British support the idea of the Jews going back their homeland?
The Jews were being persecuted in some European countries.
Jews had helped the British with ideas during World War I.

(iii) In which agreement did Britain promise support to the Jews returning home?
Balfour Declaration

(iv) Name a country in the world where the Jews suffered persecutions.
Germany, Russia, France, Poland

(v) Mention a Palestine refugee camp formed by the Palestine Liberation Movement.
Walter Ulbricht

(vi) When was the state of Israel finally created?

14th February 1948

(b) Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

Yalta Conference, (February 4 – 11, 1945)

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(i) Identify by name the three leaders seated.

Winston Churchill
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Joseph Stalin

(ii) Where was the conference held?

Soviet Union (Russia)

(iii) What was the result of the Yalta Conference?

The leaders agreed that both Germany and Berlin would be divided into four zones,
American, French, British and Russian.

(iv) What other conference was held immediately after World War two?
Potsdam Conference

(c) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY GENERALS
SECRETARY GENERAL NATIONALITY DATES IN OFFICE
Trygve Halvdan Lie Norwegian 1946 – 1953
Dag Hammarskjöld Swedish 1953 – 1961
U Thant Burmese 1962 – 1971
Kurt Waldheim Austrian 1972 – 1981
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peruvian 1982 – 1992
Boutros Boutros – Ghali ………………… 1992 – 1996
Kofi Annan ………………… 1997 – 2006
……………………………………. South Korean 2007 – 2017

(i) Which organ of the United Nations (UN) does the Secretary General Head?
Secretariat

(ii) State two functions of this organ.

Keeping records
Making agendas for the organ
Sending circulars to member states
Organises translators during meetings
Prepare minutes for General Assembly meetings

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(iii) For how long did Kurt-Waldheim stay in office as Secretary General?
Nine years

(iv) Name two African countries whose citizens worked as Secretary Generals.
Egypt and Ghana

(v) Which one of the named Secretary Generals in the table died in a plane crash In Zambia?
Dag Hammarsjold

(vi) Who was the Secretary General between 2007 and 2017?
Ban KI Moon

(vii) Name the highest decision-making body of the UN.

General Assembly

(d) Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

(i) When was the wall constructed?

1961

(ii) In which country was the wall constructed?

Germany

(iii) Name a city that was divided by the wall.

Berlin

(iv) Why was this wall constructed?

To prevent 'skilled workers from crossing to East Germany.
The economy of the west was better than that of the east.
There were more freedoms for the west than the east.
Standard of living in the west was high
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(v) Why was it so difficult to cross the wall?

Wall was very thick/double wall
Area was well guarded

(vi) Name the Soviet leader who was responsible for the construction of the wall.
Nikita Krusher

(vii) Which three countries were in conflict in the city mentioned in part (ii)?
Britain
France
USA/America
Russia (USSR)/soviet
[9 marks]

SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 (20 MARKS)

Answer only one essay question from this section

3 Explain the various treaties that Bismarck signed between 1871 and 1890.
Give reasons for his resignation in 1890. [16:4]

Three Emperor's League (Dreikaiserbund) 1872

o Bound rulers of Germany, Austria Hungary and Russia together in friendship.
o They all agreed to fight against socialism, and republicanism, settle the Eastern question
peacefully, uphold monarchical principles (maintain the status quo)

Dual alliance 1879 (Germany and Austria Hungary)

o After misunderstandings between Russia and Austria-Hungary over the Balkans, Germany
signed the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary.
o This was a secret defensive treaty directed against Russia.
o The two agreed to be neutral in the event of an attack by France.
o The two agreed to help each other in the event of an attack by Russia on one of them.

Revival of the Three Emperor's League 1881 – 1884

o Membership remained the same as those of 1872.
o The terms remained as those of 1872.
o To prevent a Franco-Russian cooperation the 1872 treaty was revived le. To be renewed every
three years.

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Triple Alliance 1882

o In 1882, Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Triple Alliance.
o Italy was angered over the French seizure of Tunis.
o The three powers agreed to assist each other in case of war with a fourth power.
o Italy pleaded not to fight against Britain.

Re-insurance Treaty-1887
o Signed between Germany and Russia.
o It guaranteed neutrality between the two in any war, provided Germany did
o not attack France or Russia did not attack Austria-Hungary.
o The treaty made Germany safe on the Eastern front.

Reasons why Bismarck resigned in 1890

o Bismarck wanted to make anti-socialist laws permanent while Kaiser William II wanted to be
friends with the socialists.
o Abroad, Bismarck wanted to negotiate an extension and renewal of the re – Insurance treaty
and maintain both Russia and Austria-Hungary as friends.
However, Kaiser William was not interested in having Russia as a friend. He wanted to treat
Austria-Hungary as a friend not Russia.
o Kaiser wanted an expanded navy and colonial conquest, Bismarck did not want to disturb
Britain by embarking on a large-scale navy and colonial policy.

o The Kaiser was 28 years old while Bismarck was 73 years old.
o The Kaiser was very inexperienced in matters of running the government.
o The Kaiser wanted to make the business of alliances open unlike Bismarck who had made it a
secret.

4 Why did European countries partition Africa between 1870 and 1914? Discuss the
achievements made at the Berlin Conference of 1884 85. [14: 6]

Reasons for partition

 Desire by European countries to open fresh markets where to sell their industrial output.
 Many areas in Africa offered raw materials needed in the multiplying factories of Europe e.g.
cotton, rubber, cocoa, coffee etc.
 They were looking for areas where to Invest surplus capital.
 Strategic consideration made Britain take the strategic naval base of the Cape.
 Activities of the explorers and adventures like, De Brazza in Equatorial Africa, Henry Molton
Stanley, Karl Peters of Germany in East Africa.

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 Christian missionaries who were looking for protection of their mother countries against the
ant-Christ force e.g. David Livingstone.
 The French sought compensation for the defeat of 1871 by Germany acquiring Tunisia when
they lost Alsace and Lorraine.
 When gold and diamonds were discovered in places like South Africa and Zimbabwe many
European countries got interested in colonizing these areas.
 Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect lives, property and for strategic reasons i.e. to
control the Suez Canal.
 The work of administrators and soldiers such as Lord Luggard of Britain in Nigeria.
 Prestige i.e. some countries thought big as they were, they could not be left out in the
partition e.g. Germany.
 Settlement of excess population which was rendered unemployed because of the
introduction of machines in factories.
 Humanitarian reasons e.g. to abolish slave trade and introduce legitimate trade.
 Recruitment of soldiers e.g. France in Senegal.

Achievement of Berlin Conference

 It then had to effectively occupy that African land by opening an administrative port in the
area besides mounting a flag.
 Any power which effectively occupied an African territory was to notify other governments
Immediately giving It the right of possession.
 The rivers Niger and Congo were to be free to all for transportation and ra ne
 Slavery was to be abolished In principle.
 A country which occupied any territory had to be financially strong.
 Kind Leopold of Congo was to be left alone in Congo with no disturbance.
 Colonial boundaries were to be settled by signing treaties.

5 Why did Lenin introduce the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921? Describe the terms and
results of this policy. [10: 10]

 Lenin's government faced great opposition from the peasant's town workers, rich people and
landowners who lost a lot in the 1917 economic reforms.
 Lenin adopted dictatorship. During civil war of 1919-1920, peasants were forced to produce
food, money and raw materials through a policy called 'war communism'.
 Industries, factories and essential Institutions were nationalised to produce for the war.
 Population was kept under strict control.
 Discipline for workers was strict to the point of shooting strikers if need be
 Peasants had to hand over surplus to the government failure to which they risked being shot.

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 Food was rationed while free enterprise was made illegal. All production and trade was state
controlled.
 Workers formed trade unions which protested against the communist government e.g. sailors
of Kronstadt whose protest was overcome by heavy fighting.
 There were food shortages in the big cities as peasants stopped producing due to war
communism.
 Unemployment as factories and industries closed down due to lack of raw materials.

Terms of NEP
 Unemployment as factories and industries closed down due to lack of raw materials
 Important industries and institutions remained nationalised e.g. large factories and banks.
 Less Important industries and institutions were returned to private owners.
 Capitalism came to some sections of the Russian society e.g. in towns, private shops and
factories were opened.
 Peasants were allowed to sell their crops privately after paying a certain part as tax.

Results of NEP
 Many Bolsheviks criticised NEP because it abandoned socialist principles.
 Production In food Increased. By 1925 t had reached the pre-war levels.
 Industrial production Increased greatly.

6 What were the principal aims of the League of Nations? Outline the composition and
functions of its organs. [5:15]

Aims
 To preserve world peace and solve world disputes among member states.
 To encourage international friendship and cooperation.
 To encourage disarmament and opening diplomacy.
 To promote social justice and check social vices e.g. slavery, prostitution, poverty
 To supervise mandatory territories.

Composition and functions of organs

The assembly – composition
 Parliament of the league.
 Consisted of all member states.
 Met annually and on emergencies.

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Functions
 Approved the budget of the league.
 Responsible for the appointment of the Secretary General.
 Attended to all emergencies.
 Made laws that governed the league and all decisions were to be unanimous

The Council – Composition

 Consisted of 8 and later increased to 11 members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan)
 as permanent members. Others were smaller nations on rotating basis for three years.
 It met at least 3 times per year.

Functions
 Encouraged disarmament.
 Advised protection of member states.
 Mediated in international disputes.
 Recommended action against an aggression use of sanctions, force or ridicule.

The Secretariat – Composition

 Headed by the Secretary General
 It was an international civil service established at Geneva.

Functions
 Did all the civil service work of the League of Nations. E.g.
 Preparing reports
 Keeping records
 Collecting and recording Information
 Sending notices, reminders and recommendations
 Supervised the work of commissions

The permanent court of international justice – Composition

 Consisted of judges from member countries. By 1939, there were 15 Judges from different
parts of the world.

Functions
 It Interpreted International treaties.
 Settled disputes among member states.
 Gave legal advice to other organs.
 Attended to appeal cases i.e. it was an International court of appeal.
 Played an advisory role.

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The International Labour Organisation (Composition)

 Consisted of representatives from governments of member countries e.g. employers,
employees and trade unions.

Functions
 Worked for the improvement of worker's conditions of service through an eight hour
 working policy and working week of 48 hours.
 Encouraged workers to have trade unions.
 Workers were to have working holidays.
 Published international agreements which member countries were supposed to
 ratify.

SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME (20 MARKs)

Answer only one essay question from this section

7 What do you understand by the term Cold War? Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis
(1960 – 1963) and Korean War (1950 – 1953). [2:9:9]

Definition of Cold War

 War of words' with minor or no physical confrontation.
 Differences in ideologies between the capitalists led by USA and the Communists led
by USSR.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

 In 1958 Fidel Castro came to power after over throwing the dictatorial government
of Fulgencio Batista.
 Castro undertook some anti-American decisions. He nationalised American owned
sugar estates and industries.
 He sought economic and military support from communist Russia. These activities Worsened
his relations with the USA.
 In October 1962, the American president John F Kennedy announced that Russia
had deployed nuclear missiles on Cuba which were capable of hitting most of the
American towns.
 USA demanded the withdrawal of the missiles.
 An invading force backed by the USA landed at the Bay of pigs in April 1961. The operation
failed as the Americans were defeated in October 1962/photographs from
the U2 Spy planes showed a missile base under construction Kennedy demanded
the dismantling of missile sites. The UN government involved through Its Secretary
General U Thant.
 The missiles were removed by Nikita Khrushchev on 28th October 1902. 1962

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The Korean War 1950-53

 After World War II Korea was divided along the 38th parallel.
 Russia dominated North Korea while the USA dominated South Korea.
 1949 withdrawal of USA and USSR troops from Korea.
 June 1950 communist North Korea Invaded South Korea.
 Matter taken to UN Security Council.
 Security Council condemned North Korean aggression and decided to send UN troops led by
USA to defend South Korea.
 UN forces led by Mac Arthur of the USA landed in Korea and pushed the North
 Koreans back across the Yalu River into Chinese territory.
 General Mac Arthur, the commander of the armed forces decided to drop an atomic bomb on
China by the USA dismissed him.
 In July 1953 peace talks held at Panmunjom divided Korea at the 38th parallel. The war ended
but Korea remains divided to this day.

8 State the aims and membership of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA). Describe the structure. [5:3: 12]

Aims
 To create a large market for membership and attract foreign Investment in member states.
 To promote trade among members by reducing tariffs (custom duties).
 To cooperate in the training and exchange of skilled manpower
 To promote regional cooperation in the development of economic infrastructures such as
roads and railways.
 To cooperate the production and marketing of raw materials in member states.

Membership
 COMESA members are drawn from Eastern and Southern Africa.
 In 1998 there were 28 members of COMESA namely; Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Eritrea,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda,
Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia.

Organisation/Structure
The Authority
 This is the highest policy making body of COMESA
 It consists of the heads of states and government
 It meets once every year
 It directs and controls all COMESA functions

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Council of Ministers
 This is the second highest policy making body of COMESA
 It is headed by a chair person and four other members who are qualified layers
 It also makes decisions on the financial and administrative management of COMESA.
 Each member state is represented by a Minister
 The council prepares the agenda for the summit of the authority

The COMESA Court of justice

 This Is the judicial organ of COMESA
 It decides on matters concerning the COMESA treaty
 It hears disputes between COMESA and Its employees
 It is headed by a chairperson and four other members who are all qualified lawyers.

Committees and Sub-committees

 These are technical bodles dealing with economic sectors, legal matters and administrative
affairs.

Secretariat
 Composed of members from COMESA
 The administration of COMESA is done by the secretariat which is
 headed by the Secretary General.
 It is based in Lusaka - Zambia
 The tenure of office is 4 years renewable only once

9 Describe the membership and the organizational structure of the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS). [5: 15]

Membership
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Cost, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra-Leone, Togo Liberia

Structure/organisation
The authority of head of states and government
 It is the supreme institution and composed of Heads of State and Government.
 It is responsible for the general direction of the organisation.
 It also determines the general policy and gives major guidelines for the organisation.

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Council of Ministers
 It comprises the Minister in charge of ECOWAS affairs and any other minister of each member
state.
 It is responsible for the functioning and development of ECOWAS.
 It makes recommendations to the authority.

Community tribunal
 The tribunal interprets the provisions of the treaty.
 It also settles disputes between member states that are referred to it.

Community Court of Justice

 The court addresses complaints from member states and Institutions.
 The court has a president, chief registrar and seven judges.

Executive secretary
 He is elected for a four-year term.
 He Is responsible for all administrative work.

ECOWAS Parliament
 It works as an advisory board.
 The parliament has 115 seats, distributed among member states.

Specialised commissions
 On food and agriculture
 On Industry
 On science and technology and energy
 Environmental and natural resources
 Transport, communication and tourism.

10 Write on two of the following topics:

(a) Covid-19 and its effects on Zambia,

o It is a flu and is spread when somebody coughs, touches a surface that has been
contaminated.
o Prevention is through washing of hands, wearing masks, and keeping a one metre to two
metre social distance.
o There have been four waves of the disease.
o The most affected have been Europe and Asia and the least affected have been Africa.

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Effects on Zambia
o Most countries closed their economies during the first and second waves
o Zambia controlled the infections by quarantining all those entering the country from overseas
o So far about 3,000 have died.
o Vaccines have been administered but there only 3% of the total population.
o Some help in terms of vaccines have come from developed countries.
o School calendars have been distributed.

(b) Climate change and its effects,

 The seasons are no longer the same
o The hot, cold or rainy seasons are sometimes longer and sometimes shorter than what they
were five or so years ago.
o For traders businesses are disturbed, for example they can no longer maximize profits in
selling their goods like jerseys during short cold seasons, umbrellas in short rainy seasons.
o Agriculture is disturbed, farmers do not know when to apply fertiliser because that rains
either come too early or too late.
o Like this year 202 there is just too much water.

(c) Why modern marriages do not last long?

o Courtship is too short-lacks an agenda
o Parents are not in touch with their children, who are usually in colleges and have little to say
In whom the child wants to marry.
o Money seems to be the major Issue, If It is too little then problems arise.
o Gender based violence is on the increase men and women are Interpreting gender issues
separately.
o Married people are staying in different towns because their jobs- some
o spouses misbehave because their parents are far.
o Some parents Interfere in a child's marriage.
o Pregnancy of a girl can make parents force a marriage even when there is no love.
o Some people marry when they are too young.
o Couples spend too much time at their work places i.e. markets other duties at home are
neglected.
o At the outset couples spend too much money to make a "perfect wedding" but they create
debts to pay back the first month of their marriage life.
o Some people marry because it is respectful "to do so but there is no love between the man
and the woman.
o Poverty forces some children into early marriages but the boy may be bad mannered or a
crook.
o May lack teachings of culture.
o Abuse of phones in homes can led the marriage to end.
o Lack of satisfaction in marriage.
o Ladies are too costly these days.
o When marriage is not blessed with children.

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

History 2167/2
Paper 2

NOVEMBER 2022

Time: 2 hours Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 – 1945 [30 MARKS]

1 (a) With reference to World War One, answer the questions that follow.

(i) When was the Schlieffen Plan developed?

1905

(ii) why was the Plan in (i) not implemented as planned?

There was resistance from the Belgians which was unexpected.

(iii) Which country was to be attacked according to the Schlieffen Plan?

France

(iv) Why were the majority of the troops expected to go through Belgium and not France?
They expected the French troops to protect the Franco-German border and not the
French-Belgium boarder.

(v) Which two territories did France lose to Germany?

Alsace and Lorraine

(vi) Give five reasons why the First World War erupted?
Moroccan crisis of 1905 to 1906.
Balkan wars/crisis 1912-1913.
Murder/assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
Naval/Arms race
Nationalism
Compensation of lost territories
Imperialism
System of alliances
Total: 12 marks]

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(b) With reference to the Paris Peace Conference, answer the questions that follow.

(i) which three countries did David Lloyd, George Clemeneau, Woodrow Wilson represent at the
Paris Peace Conference?
George Clemencealu - France
David Lloyd George- Britain
Woodrow Wilson - USA

(ii) In which year did this conference take place?

1919 / 1920

(iii) Name the country that suffered humiliation at the conference where the three leaders met.
Germany

(iv) Mention one territory that the country in (ii) lost in Southern Africa.
South West Africa (Namibia)

(v) What was the nickname given to George clemenceau?

Tiger
[Total: 7 marks]
(c) In relation to Hitler's rise to power, answer the questions that follow.

(i) Name the symbol that represented Hitler's Political Party.

Swastika

(ii) Which man did Hitler challenge in 1932 on his way to power?
Paul Von Hindenberg

(iii) When did Hitler finally become the leader of Germany?

1933 / 1934

(iv) What title was given to Hitler when he combined the positions of (iv) eident and Chancellor?
Fuhrer

(v) How many seats did the Nazi have in the Reichstag in 1932?
230

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(vi) State six challenges that helped Hitler to rise to power.

Unemployment was high
Treaty of Versailles
Impact of the depression
Violent
High inflation rate
Rise of cost of things
[Total: 11 marks]
SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [30 MARKS]
2 (a) With reference to African Nationalism, answer the questions that follow.

(i) Which country in Africa was the earliest to have had its independence?
Ghana

(ii) In West Africa, which country got its independence first?

Ghana

(iii) When did the country in (ii) get its independence?

1957

(iv) Name the two countries that formed the country called Tanzania?
Tanganyika
Zanzibar

(vi) Which group of people declared Unilateral Declaration of independence (UDI) in Rhodesia?
When was it declared?
White people /The British settler
1965

(vii) Explain five reasons why Britain colonized Zambia and other Central African countries.
Invitation for protection by local chiefs e.g. Lewanika
Presence of mineral resources e.g. copper.
Need to settle surplus population.
Need to stop slave trade.
To introduce European civilization.
Some areas were fertile for farming
[Total: 12 marks]

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(b) Study the following map and answer the questions that follow.

(i) According to the map, where do the majority of Commonwealth countries come from?
Africa

(ii) Name four nations of West Africa who are members of the Commonwealth.
Nigeria
Ghana
Sierra Leone
Gambia

(iii) Which nation in North America is a member of the Commonwealth?

Jamaica
Canada

(iv) Name two Asian countries that left the organisation.

Burma (1948)
Pakistan (1972)

(v) Why was the Commonwealth established? Give three reasons. [3]
Foster friendly relations among member states.
To promote economic development in member countries.
Promote sports among member states.
Encourage defense cooperation among member states.

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Provide scientific cooperation among member states.

Respect and promote the territorial integrity and sovereignty members states.
Encourage assistance of developing countries by the developed country.
Promote international peace and order, equal rights for all citizens,
Promote interchange between its members.
Promote the role of veterinarians in emerging fields e.g. aquaculture.
[Total: 11 marks]
(c) Study the following map and answer the questions that follow.

(i) What is the other name for the Yom Kippur War?
The fourth Arab-Israel war. (1973)

(ii) Name the two Arab countries that attacked Israel during the Yom Kippur War.
Egypt
Syria

(iii) Name a super power that helped the Arabs in this war.
Russia/ USSR |Soviet Union

(iv) Who won this war?

Israel
(v) According to the map, mention two territories that Israel gained during this war.
Jordan
West Bank
Sinai
Golan Heights

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SECTIONC: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 [20 MARKS]

1 Write briefly on aspects of Bismarck's Germany under the following headings:

(a) Bismarck and the Catholic Church,

 The Catholic Church passed the dogma of papal infallibility, The university professors,
lecturers and teachers who refused to accept the dogma were ex communicated from the
Catholic Church and lost their jobs.
 Bismarck refused to allow the dismissals saying "there was no state within a state"
 The centre party (Catholic Party) launched a campaign against Bismarck.
 Bismarck launched a campaign against the Catholic church through the Kulturkampf i.e.
'struggle for civilization' by taking the following measures
 He passed the "May Laws" of 1872 and 1875 in order to suppress the Catholic Church. Under
the May Laws:
The Catholic Jesuit society was expelled from Germany.
He passed the "May Laws
Catholic Church. Under the May Laws:
Priests were prevented from inspecting schools while Germany schools were placed under
the control of government inspectors as from 1873.
Protesting priests were imprisoned.
All religious orders were either dissolved or expelled.
In 1874, all marriages were to take place before government appointed officials e.g.
magistrates courts and not in churches only 'old' priests could be disciplined by Rome. All
those who wished to be priests had to study compulsorily for three years at state universities.
 Catholic Clergy were subjected to state control in terms of appointments and dismissals.
 The quarrel ended around 1879 because of the new challenges from the socialists.

(b) Bismarck and the Socialists,

 The Industrial Revolution in Germany created many social problems. As a result, the Social
Democratic Party (SDP) was set up in 1869 by Bebel.
 The SDP hoped to persuade the government to pass a number of reforms e.g. the
Nationalization of banks, railways and industries for the benefit of citizens.
 In 1878, Bismarck used the Relchstag to pass the exceptional law. Through the exceptional
law the government could declare a state of emergency; police could break up social political
meetings.
 The socialist publications were banned and more than 1500 leading socialists were arrested.
Many more went in exile.
 However, despite all these measures, the SDP continued to grow and by 1890, It had 1 million
votes.

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 To appease the socialists, Bismarck Introduced 'state socialism' according to which he hoped
to win popular support.
 He Introduced national insurance for all workers in 1883/national insurance against accidents
at work in 1884/and a system of old age pensions in 1889.

(c) Causes of Bismarck's resignation in 1890.

 Kaiser William II differed with Bismarck over the socialists. Bismarck wanted to make anti-
socialist law as permanent while the Kaiser wanted to come to terms with them instead of
crushing them
 Bismarck wanted to maintain both Russia and Austria-Hungary as friends However, Kaiser
William was not interested in having Russia as a friend. He wanted Austria-Hungary as a
friend not Russia.
 Kaiser wanted an expanded navy/and colonial conquest but Bismarck did not want to disturb
Britain by embarking on a large-scale navy and colonial policy.
 The Kaiser wanted to challenge Britain in building a modern navy.
 The Kaiser did not approve of the secrecy surrounding "the system of alliances" built by
Bismarck. He wanted the business of alliances more open.
 The difference in age/the generational gap between Bismarck and the Kaiser led to
differences between them. The Kaiser was 28 years younger than Bismarck.
 The Kaiser who was lame was temperamental.
 Bismarck was asked to write the limits of the chancellor's powers so he felt belittled.

2 Why did Britain follow the policy of Splendid Isolation? What made her end the policy by
1902?
Britain is separated from Europe by the English channel-an enemy could only attack her by
way of the sea-so her island position made her feel safe.
Britain had the biggest navy in the world. No two nations navies could not equal the member
of warships that Britain had.
Not only that her mercantile ships were the largest in the world.
At the close of the 18th century, the monarchy in France was replaced by a republic. The
British monarchy did not want republican ideas to come to Britain. So they choose isolation.
The British had the largest empire in the world and hence had no time to get involved in
European affairs.
London was the financial centre of the world. She was the centre of world trade.
Britain was also producing world coal as well as iron and steel goods.
In 1854 Britain had participated in the Crimean War and there grew a feeling that never again
should British lives be lost in a foreign war.
Britain wanted, to continue expanding her acquisition of colonies overseas.

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Why she stopped following the policy?

In 1895, the British were prevented from occupying the Transvaal by the Boers.
The British were led by Jameson. The failure of the Jameson Raid made some European
leaders happy.
In 1896 in Armenia, some Christians were being persecuted by their Moslem
Turkish rulers. The British call to go and help the Armenians fell on deaf European ears.
During the Fashoda crisis in 1898 the British awoke to the fact that they could
have easily fought the French over Sudan. Fortunately, they too decided to discuss the issue.
The Germans also became very active in world affairs after Bismarck had resigned.
The new German leaders planned to build a railway right through middle Europe from Berlin
to Baghdad in the Middle East. This clashed with British trade interests in the area.
The German leaders also challenged Britain by increasing the number of ships in the navy.
They also started acquiring colonies in Africa in the 1899 to 1900 Anglo-Boer war, the
Germans applauded the actions of the Boers and condemned the British.
In 1901 the Chinese started a rebellion against foreigners called the Boxer Revaluation. British
interests were threatened and hence she decided to seek for diplomatic support from Japan
and hence the Anglo-Japanese treaty.

3 What were the territorial losses that Germany suffered at the Treaty of Versailles of April
19197 Why did the Germans hate this treaty?

A Territorial losses
Alsace and Lorraine went back to France.
Eupen, Morosnet and Malmedy went to Belgium.
North Schleswig went back to Denmark after a plebiscite.
Most of Posen, West Prussia and (after a plebiscite) upper Silesia went to the new state of
Poland. West Prussia was what provided the Polish Corridor with an outlet to the Baltic sea at
Port Danzig.
Port Danzig was to be under the League of Nations and was declared a free city.
The post of Memel and the surrounding land was placed under international control to give
Lithuania an outlet to the Baltic Sea. By 1923 Lithuania controlled Memel by force.
For 15 years the Saar coal fields were under the League of Nations so that France could work
out the valuable coal mines as compensation for the destruction of her own coal mines by the
retreating Germans in 1918.
The Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized with an allied force occupying it until
1935 but it would still be part of Germany. Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania which
Germany had taken from Russia in early 1918 were to become independent states.

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B Why did the Germans hate the treaty

It was a Diktat. Germany had no say in its formulation and hence was seen as an unjust
punishment and caused a sense of tremendous injustice.
The principle of self-determination was never applied to Germany. This annoyed her
especially as Britain and France were gaining more colonies her expense.
She was divided into two by the Polish Corridor.
She was forced to accept responsibility for the war.
She was forced to pay reparation whose figure (E6.6 billion) was beyond Germany's ability to
pay.
She lost colonies which were richest lands in Europe/and abroad and this weakened her
economy.
The treaty reduced Germany's armed force to the size far too small for Germany who used its
army as a symbol of pride and prestige as a world power.
The creation of the Weimar Republic was imposed on the Germans due to a weakened
economic system as a result of the economic terms of the treaty.
The Germans particularly those from Prussia said they were "stabbed in the back" by those
who signed the treaty.

4 What conditions made it possible for Benito Mussolini to rise to power after World War
One? Describe his Home Policy.

Conditions for Mussolini’s rise

For a long time the northern areas of Italy were more developed than the Southern areas.
When war ended the inflation rate stood around 500 per cent and because of this, the savings
of the middle class were wiped out.
The workers' wages could not keep pace with rising costs.
Many industries had closed during the course of the war and hence there was a huge
unemployed labour force.
More than 150,000 soldiers were demobilized and they started roaming Italy living on charity
and banditry and hence causing social unrest.
Riots took place in cities and industrial towns.
The police and troops sided with the employers.
Rival gangs attacked each other especially those from various political parties.
Because of the coalition governments which were inefficient, there were five governments
coming one after another between 1918 and 1922 and none of them lasted long enough to
begin to tackle the problems.
The peace treaties signed after the war did not give the Italians what they had anticipated.

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HOME POLICY
Mussolini ended political rivalry by banning all opposition political parties.
He promoted public order.
The press was either banned or censured.
1929 signed the Lateran treaties with the Pope thus ending the church-state rivalries
Pope recognised Mussolini's government and the state of Italy.
Mussolini protected Catholics and industrialists from persecution by communists Catholicism
was to be the state religion.
Industrial unrest was reduced significantly when trade unions were banned.
A corporate state was established and it determined workers' wages, and the prices of goods.
Established hydroelectric power stations and irrigation schemes.
Reduced unemployment by establishing public works such as the construction of roads,
railways, stadia, houses, hospitals.
Improved sports facilities and this led to Italy winning world cups in soccer in 1934 and 1938.
Increased area of land cultivation by draining swamps and marshes and clearing forests
The battle of births was there to Increase the Italian population-Italy was expected to be a
world power.
Stabilization of the economy by the use of the battle of the lira-the currency and the prices of
goods remained the same for a long period.

SECTION D WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [20 MARKS]

1 For what purposes was the United Nations Organisation (UNO) set up?
Describe the following organs of the United Nations Organisation:

The purposes for setting up the UN

To preserve world peace.
To bring about cooperation among countries of the world.
To teach countries to respect fundamental human rights.
Fight hunger, poverty, disease and ignorance among the people of the World.
To promote international relations.

(a) General Assembly,

Largest organ of the UN.
Acts as a parliament of the UN.
Each member sends up to
five representatives.
Each country has only one vote.
Meets once a year.
Deals with disarmament program.
Makes UN budget.
Deals with social problems of member countries.
Elects no permanent members of the UN security council.

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(b) Secretariat,
Also known as UN civil service headed by the Secretary General.
Prepares the agenda for the general assembly.
Sends out circulars to member states.
Organizes translators during meetings.
Prepares the minutes for general assembly meeting

(c) Security Council

Also known as the international police force.
Has 15 members; 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent. Permanent members have
powers to veto.
Aims at maintaining peace throughout the world using various methods eg. peace
keeping forces, negotiations or using sanctions.

2 Account for the challenges faced by most independent African countries. [20]
Dependence on a single natural resource e.g. copper in Zambia.
Most countries are primary producers of raw materials.
Industries are poorly developed.
Lack of experience by government leaders.
Tribalism.
legal exploitation of natural resources,
Population explosion.
Dependence syndrome
Over borrowing from multilateral nations.
Human and drug trafficking.
Greed and selfish leaders.
Poverty
Mismanagement of resources by political.
Cadreism
Corruption
Election rigging
Sanitation problems

3 Explain the problems faced by Mao Zedong in the People's Republic of China.
What were his successes?

Problems faced by Mao Zedong in the people's Republic of China

Country devastated after long civil war with Japan.
Roads, railways, canals destroyed.
Chronic food shortages.
Industry was backward.
Agriculture was inefficient
Masses were poverty stricken.

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What were his successes

Supported by peasants and middle class-these were disgusted by the miserable
performance of the KMT.
Used constitution to provide à strong central government.
Agriculture changes transformed the country.
Land taken from large land owners and redistributed among the peasants.
Persuaded peasants to Join In cooperatives this increased food production.
Embarked on industrial changes.
Nationalised most businesses.
Embarked on a 5 year plan of heavy industrial development.
Restored full communication.
Managed to control inflation and economy.
The hundred flowers campaign revealed to him the opposition against communism
Introduced communes and much more smaller factories through the 'great leap
Forward both agriculture and industrial production increased substantially.
Communes were a success.

4 Write on two of the following:

(a) tribalism and its consequences, [10]
(b) advantages and disadvantages of living in an urban area, [10]
(c) Covid-19 prevention. [10]

(a) tribalism and its consequences, [10]

A state of being organised by or advocating for tribes or tribal life styles
Exaltation of the tribe above other groups.
Social duty to be loyal to one's tribe.

Negative consequences
Wars and conflicts in countries.
Disunity in a nation.
Confuses children and young people from families that comprise more than one tribe.
People are not judged on merit.
Killings and genocide.
It can disadvantage a particular tribal group or individual from participating in national
development.
It perpetuates discrimination, Inequality and poverty.
It fuels underdevelopment as it promotes selective distribution of the national Cake.
People are given jobs based on tribe and not on merit.
Rigging of elections.
It promotes narrow mindedness.
Hatred of other groups and brand other tribes negatively.

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(b) advantages and disadvantages of living in an urban area, [10]

Advantages
More people so there are countess opportunities to meet new people and make new friends.
Encountering people from different cultures and all walks of life.
There a lot of events, activities and excitement.
More job opportunities.
Better and more accessible public transportation systems.
Access to utilities (i.e. Internet, hospitals, churches).
Good schools.
Communication is made easier.
Varieties of food stuffs

Disadvantages
Busy towns/cities can be crowded
The cost of living is high (paying for everything).
Houses are more compact (compounds) i.e. less space in towns.
Fewer green spaces in towns.
Competitive job market.
More crime. / Junkies
Fast paced Life style (prostitution, selling drugs etc)
Pollution In cities.
High costs leads to nuclear families.

(c) Covid-19 prevention.

Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and carefully.
Avoid touching your face, mouth and nose
Social distancing.
Stay home most of the time especially when you are sick.
Stop shaking hands.
Get vaccinated.
Wear a mask.
Avoid large gatherings.
Clean frequently touched objects and surfaces.
Get-vaccinated
Good diet
Travel to another place when it is necessary.

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

History 2167/1
Paper 2

Friday 11 AUGUST 2023

Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870-1945 [30 MARKS]

1 Study the following map and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Mention the members of the Triple Alliance shown on the map.
Germany, Austria - Hungary, Italy.

(b) Name two of the members of the Triple Entente marked A and B.
France – A
Russia – B

(c) The railway line depicted on the map was supposed to run from ... in Germany to
…….... in Turkey.

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Berlin to Baghdad

(d) Name the person who planned to build the railway line shown on the map.
Kaiser William II

(e) Which country felt offended by the construction of the railway line referred to in part (c)?
Britain
[Total: 9 marks]
2 Answer the questions that follow:
(a) Which country did Bennito Mussolini rule?
Italy

(b) What was the name of Mussolini's political party?

Fascist Party

(c) Give two reasons that led to his rise to power.

 Disappointments from war gains.
 Unemployment.
 Economic problems: cost of living rose to 500%, high taxation, prices of goods
doubled, Italian currency the Lira lost its value, disparities in development
between the industrial north and the agricultural south.
 Political problems: the rise of numerous political parties, lack of support from the
 Catholic Church, rise in crime and violence, black shirts terrorised opponents of
Mussolini.

(d) Name two countries that signed the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Italy and Germany

(e) Name two dictators that signed the Pact of Steel in May 1939.
Mussolini and Hitler

(f) Mention two economic battles that Mussolini signed in his domestic policy.
Battle of births
Battle of lira,
Battle of the grain.
[Total: 10 marks]

3 With reference to the Economic Crash of 1920s and 1930s in the United States of America
(USA), answer the questions that follow:

(a) What term was used to refer to the Economic Crash of 1920s?
Great depression

(b) Why did the economic situation mentioned in (a) take place?
Low demand for American agricultural products.

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(c) Which American political party tried to reverse the impact of the economic crisis?
Republican Party

(d) What slogan did President Roosevelt use to address the crisis?
The New Deal

(e) How did Roosevelt overcome the economic crisis mentioned in (a)?
 Emergency Banking Act.
o Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).
o The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).
o Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
o Civil Works Administration (CWA).
o National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

4 Study Tables 1 and 2 on comparative study in industrial production between the USSR and
other great powers and use the information to answer the questions that follow.

Table 1 Industrial expansion in the USSR: production in millions of tons

1900 1913 1929 1938 1940
Coal 16.0 36.0 40.1 132.9 164.9
Pig – iron 2.7 4.8 8.0 26.3 14.9
Steel 2.5 5.2 4.9 18.0 18.4

Table 2 Industrial production in the USSR compared with other great

powers in 1990, in millions of tons
Pig – iron Steel Coal Electricity (in billion kilowatts)
USSR 14.9 18.4 164.6 39.6
USA 31.9 47.2 395.0 115.9
British 6.7 10.3 227.0 30.7
Germany 18.7 22.7 186.0 55.2
France 6.0 16.1 45.5 19.3

(a) What was the increase in coal production in millions of tons in the USSR from 1929 to
1940?
124.8 million tons

(b) What was the production of steel in 1938?

18.0 million tons

(c) Name the country that had the highest industrial production in pig-iron.
USA

(d) Name two countries that surpassed the USSR in steel production by 1940.
USA and Germany

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SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [30 MARKS]

1 Study the following map and answer the questions that follow,

(a) What name was given to the thick line that runs from Germany in the north to
Bulgaria in the South on the map?
Iron curtain

(b) Which two countries on the map were occupied and divided among the Allies after the
Second World War?
Germany and Austria

(c) Name the communist country that was expelled from the cominfom in 1945.
Yugoslavia

(d) Mention three of the Russian Satellite states shown on the map.
Poland, czechoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.
[Total: 7 marks]

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2 State two duties for each of the following UNO specialised agencies.
(a) The World Health Organisation (WHO).
 Works towards the highest level of health care for the greatest number of
people.
 Coordinates research in fields such as drug and alcohol abuse, primary health
care, preventive medicine and nutrition.
 Improves sanitation and hygiene in developing countries.
 Helps with building and equipping medical facilities and training medical staff.
 Conducts global campaigns to fight contagious diseases such as tuberculosis,
cholera, malaria and AIDS.

(b) Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

 Informs, advises and promotes scientific research.
 Assists agricultural development in developing countries.
 Controls the flow of food and-to Asian and African countries.
 Increases the production of farmlands, forests and fisheries.
 Raises nutritional levels and standard of living.
 Aims to eliminate famine and ensure a basic standard of nourishment for all people.

(c) International Labour Organisation (TLO).

 Raises world standards of working conditions.
 Creates greater employment opportunities for women and men.
 Aims to get rid of social injustice for all working people.

3 In relation to SADC, answer the following questions.

(a) What do the letters SADC stand for?
Southern African Development Community.

(b) Where are the Headquarters of SADC?

Gaborone- Botswana

(c) Name three countries that belong to this organisation.

Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Mauritius,
Madagascar, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Zambia.
Iswatini

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(d) Match each SADC structure in column A with its corresponding function in column B.
Do not copy the sentences simply match numbers in column B to the item stated in column A.
Column A Column B
Council of Ministers (i) It is responsible for planning and supervising
all activities of SADC.
Tribunal (ii) Responsible for promoting peace and
security in the SADC region.
Secretariat (iii) Policy making institution of SADC.
Summit Heads of States or (iv) Plans and manages the SADC programmes
Government.
Organ of politics Defence (v) Makes sure that member states understand
and Security co-operation the SADC treaty. Deals with any disputes.

Matched table
Column A Column B
Council of Ministers (i) It is responsible for planning and
supervising all activities of SADC.
Tribunal (v) Makes sure that member states understand
the SADC treaty. Deals with any disputes.

Secretariat (iv) Plans and manages the SADC programmes

Summit Heads of States or (iii) Policy making institution of SADC.
Government.
Organ of politics Defence (ii) Responsible for promoting peace and security
and Security co-operation in the SADC region.
[Total: 10 marks]
4 With reference to NATO and the WARSAW Pact, answer the following questions.
(a) What does NATO stand for?
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(b) When was NATO formed?

April 1949

(c) Give two aims of NATO.

 To fight against any aggression from the Soviet Union.
 An attack on one was an attack on all.

(d) Where were the NATO Headquarters at the time of its formation?
Versailles in France

(e) Name the leading power that formed the WARSAW Pact
Russia

(f) Why was the WARSAW Pact formed?

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It was formed to counter any possible attack from the Western European countries
(NATO).

SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 [20 MARKS]

Answer only one essay question from this section.
1 Discuss Britain's diplomatic position in the second half of the 19th century.
Why did she change her position later? [10:10]

Reasons
o Britain's geographical position. She was separated from the rest of Europe by the
English channel. Being an island, she felt that she was not part of the main land of
Europe
o Overseas expansion. Britain was busy with her colonial expansion. She had a huge
empire from which she could get various resources. Her empire included one quarter of
the world's population.
o She had the biggest navy in the world.
o The British capital, London, was the centre of world banking and trade.
o Half of the merchant shipping of the world was British i.e. a huge merchant fleet.
o In the 1880s, Britain was producing more coal and steel than any other country in the
world.
o The French Revolution. Britain wanted to preserve her monarch after the French
o Revolution of 1875. The revolution ended the monarchy in France. Britain wanted to
avoid a similar revolution by isolating herself.
o The Crimean War of 1854 1856. This was between Russia and Turkey over the
o Balkan region. Britain supported Turkey. The bitter experiences of death and misery
during the war, forced the British statesmen to limit the costly commitments outside
o Britain especially in Europe.
o Queen Victoria of Britain was the grandmother of Kaiser William I1, so Britain did not
want a conflict with Germany.

Abandonment of the policy

o The system of alliances. European countries were busy making alliances. If war broke
out, Britain would be alone as other two enemies Russia and France signed the Dual
Entente of 1894.
o The provocative attitude of Kaiser William II. He challenged the naval, colonial and
industrial supremacy of Britain.
o Kaiser William II sent a message of congratulations to Paul Kruger of Transvaal for
success in the Jameson Raid of 1895. Britain viewed Germany as a possible ally of the
Boers.
o Britain viewed Germany as a possible ally of the Boers.
o Lord Gladstone who succeeded Salisbury was against the policy of isolation, so he
persuaded parliament to abandon it.
o The second Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902 was significant in the abandoning of the
policy because it revealed the weaknesses of the British army.
o Colonial rivalries. Britain faced colonial rivalries in North Africa from France, South East
Asia from Russia and in the Middle East from Germany.
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o The Armenian massacre of 1896 was carried out by Turkey when about 6,000
o Armenian minorities were killed. This was a violation of international law so Gladstone
the then British Prime Minister led a campaign against Turkey but the other countries
did not take action i.e. the British efforts to lobby for intervention by international
community failed.
o Commercial and trade competition among European nations (wakeup call).
o The Berlin Baghdad railway was a project launched by Kaiser William II. It threatened
the interest of Russia in the Balkans and the British in the Mediterranean region.

2 Write on all three of the following aspects of European imperialism in Africa. [7:6:7]
(a) Economic and political reasons for the European scramble for Africa,

Economic reasons
Need for raw materials to be used in increasing factories in Europe e.g. cotton, rubber, cocoa,
coffee, etc.
Desire by European nations to open fresh markets where to sell their industrial output.
Need for areas where to invest surplus capital was the case for
(a) Britain occupying Rhodesia because of minerals.
(b) France taking over Morocco because of iron deposits.
Need to control areas of strategic importance e.g. the Cape colony and the Suez Canal
strategically located for trade with India and the far east.
The desire to participate in the exploitation of gold and diamonds which were discovered in
South Africa.

Political reasons
To solve political rivalries in Europe, Bismarck encouraged France to colonise territories in
Africa to lessen the tension between France and Germany over
Alsace and Lorraine.
For balance of power e.g. France had lost territories in Europe wanted to make up for the loss
of acquiring territories in Africa.
Colonies were also obtained for glory and prestige. The more colonies a country had, the more
powerful it was perceived. Germany acquired territories for prestige.

(b) The Berlin Conference of 1884 – 1885,

It laid down rules by which the Scramble for Africa was to be conducted.
Aimed at preventing colonial conflict.
The colonising power had to be financially sound.
It was agreed that any European power claiming land in Africa should inform other nations of
its interests.
No country was to be allowed to claim land unless it was prepared to send representatives to
govern and develop it i.e. effective occupation.
A European power should put up its flag in any occupied African territory.
The Niger and Congo rivers were declared International waterways i.e. free for all.
King Leopold II of Belgium was allowed to occupy the Congo Free State.
Slavery and slave trade was to be abolished in all colonies.

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Any country that occupied the coastal area was allowed to extend inwards until it found a
boundary with another country.
Treaty signing with African chiefs was supposed to be done.
Areas already proclaimed as protectorates before 1884 were accepted and recognised.

(c) Effects of the scramble on Africa.

o Politically, African chiefs lost power and were replaced by whites and administrators.
o Economically, the barter system was replaced by the money economy which brought a
capitalist mode of production.
o The partition was followed by the creation of artificial boundaries i.e. through the
Berlin conference.
o New cultures were introduced while traditional dances and clothes were suppressed.
o Loss of fertile land to the white settler.
o Racial discrimination was entrenched.
o Disregard on African religions and tradition
o Whiteman's disease e.g. STDS.
o Population increase in Africa.
o Spread of Christianity.
o Introduction of hut tax and poll tax.

3 What were the general causes and results of the First World War from 1914 to 1918?
[10:10]

(A) General causes

Growth of Germany, Its industrial output over took that of Britain by 1900- had started to
spend more money on the army and the navy.
Colonial rivalry German industrialists and Kaiser William II the ruler of Germany wanted to get
an overseas empire like those of Britain and France.
The growth of the armed forces size of the armies and navies of the main countries were
growing year by year. In 1906 Britain built new, faster and more powerful battleships called
Dread noughts and the Germans built "U-boats".
In 1913, Germany widened the Kiel Canal which let her ships into the North Sea much more
easily.
The System of Alliances These were formed by European powers to protect their interests. This
made it more likely to involve all powers when a conflict arose even if conflict initially involved
two nations (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente).
All countries drew up war plans e.g. Germany's Schlieffen Plan.
1900-1914 European countries more than double expenditure on their armies. In
1900, Germany enacted a law which heightened conscription.
The Austria-Hungarian empire included parts of the Balkans. Austria tried to keep control of
these lands but the people of the Balkan Peninsula were agitating for independence.
(nationalism Vs imperialism).
Austria took over Bosnia from Turkey in 1908. The Bosnians openly hated Austria.
Balkan wars of 1912 - 13. The Balkan League drove Turkey out of the Balkans after which the
league members quarreled and fought.

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The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia of Austria on 28 June
1914 eventually ignited the European powers to start fighting on 28" July 1914.

(B) Results of the war

Estimated that more than 11 million people died.
Much damage to properties like farms were done in Northern France and Russia.
Monarchies in Russia, Germany and Austria - Hungary ceased to exist.
The breakup of the Austrian Hungarian empire let to the establishment of new independent
countries like Poland Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
In 1917, during the war, the world's first communist state (the USSR) was established.
Many European countries had spent a lot of their resources on the war leading to the breakup
of economies and huge debts payable mainly to USA.
New weapons had been invented during the war e.g. tanks and war planes.
Other inventions were made e.g. the radio.
More women were working in offices more than before, more rights were given to them
pertaining to marriages.
Germany and her allies were on the losing side. They were punished severely in the various
treaties that were drawn up at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
There were a lot of refugees especially from Russia.
There were also many prisoners of war.
The formation of the League of Nations.

4 Outline the organs and functions of the League of Nations. Why did its influence decline by
1939?

(A) ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

THE ASSEMBLY
Consisted of all member states
Met annually and on emergencies
Discussed grievances and matters of their interest
All decisions were to be unanimous
Parliament of the league

THE COUNCIL
Consisted of 8 and later increased to 11 members, Britain, France, Italy and
Japan as permanent members. Others were smaller nations on rotation basis for three years.
It met at least 3 times per year
Encouraged disarmament, advised protection of member states, mediated in international
disputes and recommended action against an aggressor such as the use of sanctions, force or
ridicule.

THE SECRETARIATE
Headed by the Secretary General
It was an international civil service established at Geneva.

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Conducted day to day business of the league such as fact finding, collecting and recording
information e.g. on health and social problems, disarmament, racial minorities and control of
mandates.
Prepared the budget

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Consisted of judges from member countries. By 1939, there were 15 judges
It was an international court of appeal
Had limited powers and could not carry out decisions (advisory).
It was based at the Hague in Holland.

(B) DECLINE OF INFLUENCE

Great powers ignored it by passed or rejected the league. For example, Italy received huge
compensation from Greece after the murder of Italian soldiers on the Greek island of Corfuin
1923
United States of America was not a member and yet it was a major country in formulating the
principles and ideas of the league. This meant military and financial weakness of the league.
Lack of its own army made t difficult to enforce peace. Eg. Japan invaded
Manchuria in 1933 and was only verbally condemned. In 1939, Mussolini invaded Abyssinia
and only partial sanctions were applied (excluded iron and steel). Both Italy and Germany
intervened in the Spanish civil war without any action against them by the league.
Big powers disagreed on disarmament at the expense of weaker nations.
Hence peace could not be achieved through international co-operation.
The league was associated with the enforcing of unjust treaties like the
Versailles treaty. This made America not to support the league.
World depression was beyond the leagues' capacity to control. The depression led to the
failure of democracy in Europe and led to the rise of dictators e.g. Mussolini and Hitler.
World depression was beyond the leagues' capacity to control. The depression led to the
failure of democracy in Europe and led to the rise of dictators e.g. Mussolini and Hitler.
The league was Eurocentric
Failure to support the Idea by big countries that they had only one vote.
Failure to take action on erring members and this made the League not to be decisive
The 1929 Great Depression in USA affected its work.
The British policy of appeasement towards Germany

SECTION D WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [20 MARKS]

Answer only one essay question from this section.

1 Write on the following issues of the Cold War:

(a) Korean War 1950 – 53.

Korea had been under Japanese occupation since 1910. When Japan was defeated in August
1945, USSR and USA divided the territory into two zones along the 38 th parallel.
Efforts to reunite the Peninsula failed as it became part of the cold war rivalry. No agreement
could be reached.

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Elections were held in the south supervised by the UN and an independent republic of Korea
was formed in August 1948 under Syngman Rhea as president.
The following month, Russia declared the Democratic people's republic of Korea or North
Korea.
In 1949 border fighting broke out between North Korea and South Korea.
In June 1950, North Korean forces crossed the dividing line and invaded South Korea.
In defence of the south, USA joined in the war and in October 1950, China joined the war on
the side of North Korea.

The UN security council called on North Korea to withdraw her troops. When this was ignored,
the UN asked member states to send their troops. They were under the command of Mac
Arthur. Mac Arthur managed to drive the invaders up to the Yalu River
The war ended in 1953 with the North being defeated.
The Peninsula has remained divided to date.

(b) Cuban Missile crisis 1961 – 62.

In 1958, the dictatorial government of Batista was overthrown by a communist party led by
Fidel Castro
Anti-communist opponents of Castro supported by the USA attempted to overthrow the
communist government but they were defeated at the 'Bay of Pigs'.
Relations between Cuba and the USA deteriorated deeply when Castro's government
nationalised American owned sugar estates and industries.
Castro sought economic and military support from communist Russia.
In October 1962, the American President John F. Kennedy announced that
Russia had deployed nuclear missiles on Cuba which were capable of lifting most of American
towns.
In October 1962 President Kennedy made a dramatic announcement that he had positive
proof of the existence of Soviet missile base in Cuba and he demanded their withdrawal
immediately.
President Kennedy also declared that the USA army force would blockade Cuba in order to
search al vessels bound for Cuban ports.
During the Napoleonic wars, the British insisted on the right to search American merchant
vessels bound for European ports and this led to war between the two states in 1812.
In the Cuban missile arises, the Russian ships turned back before reaching the American
blockade and the missile bases were dismantled.
The USA government announcement a Naval blockade of Cuba and demanded the withdraw
of the missiles or the USA would invade Cuba.
A nuclear war involving the USA and Russia looked likely and world peace was greatly
endangered.
Finally, Russia agreed to withdraw the missiles and in return the USA promised not to invade
Cuba.
The missile crisis ended
Russia and the USA decided to install a direct telephone link between Moscow and
Washington known as the hot line' in order to settle future crisis quickly.

2 Why was the state of Israel created in 1948? How did the Arab world react? [12:8]
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(A) Why was Israel created?

The state of Israel was created because
Jews identified themselves with Palestine as their homeland and holdland, a home of their
ancestors. Given to them by God.
Jews were limited by their religion of Judaism, language and common traditions while in
diaspora. This helped in the establishment of a homogeneous state of Israel.
Establishment of the Zionist movement encouraged many Jews to return to Palestine.
The Jewish colonial trust financed Jews who wished to return to Palestine. They used some of
the money to buy land from the Arabs.
Balfour Declaration of 1917 indicated that Britain would support the establishment of
Palestine as a national state of the Jews.
Wide spread anti-Semitism in Europe necessitated the creation of the State of Israel.
Nazi-Holocaust which led to the death of over six million Jews emphasised the need and
urgency of the creation of the state of Israel.
Activities of the terrorists and later the Jewish militia made the British government to find a
lasting solution to the Jewish problem.
Britain surrendered Palestine to the UN in 1947.
UN partitioned Palestine between the Jews and the Arabs 2/3 of the land went to the Jews
while 1/3 went to the Arabs who were more.
The state of Israel was born in 1948.

(B) How the Arab world reacted to the declaration.

Before establishment of Israel, the Arabs raided Jewish settlements leading to conflicts
between the two groups.
1948, Arab states of Jordan, Syria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia attacked the newly founded state
of Israel.
1956, Egyptian terrorists raided Israel. A joint attack a Egypt by France and Britain followed
i.e. the Suez Canal crisis.
1967, Arab leaders threated to Invade Israel forcing her to attack neighbouring Arab States
(six day war).
1973, on the Yom Kippur (Jewish Day of Atonement) Syria attacked Israel's Gollan Heights
assisted by Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Egypt also attacked Israel across the Suez canal.
1973, Arab countries pushed up the price of all to punish the countries that had supported
Israel during the war.
Arab terrorists and suicide bombers have continued to cause havoc in Israel.
From 1979, the Arab States have accepted the existence of Israel. However, they don’t agree
with the size of land given to them.

3 Outline the aims, organisational structure and achievements of the OAU

(A) AIMS
To promote the unity and solidarity of African states.
Decolonise Africa.
Up lift conditions of living of the people of Africa.
Respect the sovereignty and integrity of each member state.

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(B) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

Assembly of Heads of State and Government
Supreme policy making body.
All Heads of State and Government are members
Meets once per year
Chairmanship rotates among members states.
Draws up OAU charter, discusses and makes final decisions regarding OAU matters.
Elects OAU Secretary General.

Council of Ministers
Made up of Foreign Affairs Ministers of OAU member countries (
Meets once in a year.
Discusses and makes recommendations on matters affecting member states.
Draw up the agenda for discussion for the Assembly of Heads of States meetings.
Suggests the next OAU Secretary General

Secretariat
Administrative body of the OAU.
Headed by an administrative secretary general.
Makes OAU budget.
Represents the OAU at international meetings.
Prepares the agenda for the council of ministers.

Committee for Arbitration, Mediation and reconciliation

Settles disputes.
Arbitrates and mediate between countries for amicable solutions
Gives advice to OAU members on essence of good neighborliness.

(C) ACHTEVEMENTS OF THE OAU

Useful exchange of ideas when Heads of State and lobbies for developing nations in the UN.
Opposition to interference by big powers in internal affairs of smaller states.
Settlement of some disputes between member states e.g. Libya-Chadian conflict.
For OAU to still be in existence to this day is a great achievement.
Helped the formation of economic groupings in Africa e.g. COMESA and ECOWAS.
4 Write on two of the following topics:

(a) What are the issues parents have faced in child upbringing in modern Zambia?
Whether in rural or urban areas - both parents work
In rural areas and in compounds in towns it is an elderly child who looks after the younger children.
In towns parents employ maids.
Children also participate in the economy of the house- they are the ones selling food items.
Parents are usually tired from their work.
Children entertain themselves.
When girl children reach teen ages they are married off -early marriage, pregnancies.
Discipline has become a challenge due to human rights.
Too much laziness ie. Mostly children cannot make their beds, sweeping, study, etc.
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Drugs and alcohol abuse - Junkies.

(b) Uses and importance of electricity in Zambia.

It is used as a source of energy in the mines industries.
It is used to provide the light in homes and work places.
It is used to charge phones.
It is used for cooking and other domestic purposes.
It is used for welding.
It is used for street lighting.
It is used in food storage facilities e.g. refrigerators
It is used in machines to manufacture goods.
Some modern cars and trains use electricity - this is a cheaper source of energy than fuels.
Most office machines use electricity e.g. internet, photocopies.

(c) Causes and effects of prostitution.

Causes
Source of income mostly for the unemployed men and woman.
For extra income for the employed e.g. one for talktime, the other one for rentals etc.
In some cultures prostitution is seen as a business e.g. some husbands encourage their wives
to go Into prostitution in order to earn an income while other partners swap their women In
order to tap more skills.
Source of income for the poverty/vulnerable citizens.
Peer pressure, mostly among the youths.
Pornographic materials corrupt their morals.
Availability of areas and spaces encourage prostitution.
Orphans may be forced to engage in prostitution to earn a living.
Effects of prostitution
Contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS, STISs are easily acquired.
A lot of unwanted pregnancies are acquired.
Stigmatization.
Suffer from violence.
Death can easily erupt.
Most homes break up.

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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

History 2167/2
Paper 2

Tuesday 14 NOVEMBER 2023

Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 -1945 [30 MARKS]

Answer all questions in this section.
1 With reference to the History of Japan, answer the following questions:
(a) What title was given to the Japanese rulers by 1900?
(b) Name the city that was adopted as an administration centre by the Japanese rulers.
(c) State three reforms that were introduced by the new rulers to modernise Japan.
(d) Mention two areas that Japan got from China in its attempt to attain the status of a
world power.

2 Study the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Bloody Sunday in St Petersburg
That Sunday morning in St Petersburg (it was January 9th 1905), some 150, 000 people
gathered at the six designated assembly points to converge on the Winter Palace and present
a petition to the Tsar, Nicholas I, who as the "little father of his people would surely be bound
to sympathise with them.
Dressed in their Sunday best, with the women and children at the front, the marchers carried
icons, crosses or pictures of the Tsar. They sang hymns as if in a religious procession and the
less optimistic of them had prepared themselves for martyrdom. Their petition, inspired by
the Union of Liberation, asked for the working day to be cut to eight hours, for the right to
strike and for the election of a constituent assembly by secret ballot and universal suffrage.
They never reached the Winter Palace where Nicholas was. Not thinking the situation was
seriously threatening, he had gone off to the country. The day's total toll is put at about 200
with some 800 more wounded.

(a) In which country did the 'Bloody Sunday' take place?

(b) Why was the day referred to as the Bloody Sunday?
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(c) Who led the movement that resulted in the Bloody Sunday?
(d) Why was the movement started?
(e) What two measures did the Tsar take to respond to the civil unrest that followed the
Bloody Sunday?

3 Study the following chart showing the Organisational Structure of a political party and then
answer the questions that follow.

(a) To which country does the chart refer?

(b) Name the political party with the organisational structure referred to in the chart.
(c) Which title in the chart means a 'Supreme ruler?
(d) Name two groups that were responsible for security and terrorising of the opponents.
(e) Who was responsible for the programme of propaganda?
(f) What was the function of the structure called Labour Front?

4 Study the following map and answer the questions that follow.

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(a) State the other term used to refer to the Wall Street Crash of 19297
(b) Give five ways the event depicted on the map affected the nations in the world?
(c) State three measures that were taken to solve some of the effects explained in (b).
(d) Name the leader that was responsible for the measures stated in (c).

SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [30 MARKS]

Answer all questions in this section.
1 Study the following map and answer the questions that follow.

(a) During which major war was the operation depicted on the map used?
(b) Between which period was the war mentioned in (a) fought?
(c) Name one other operation that Germany used on the Western Front during the war
mentioned in (a).
(d) Which country did Germany intend to defeat in the operation depicted on the map?
(e) Name two of the towns on the map that Germany initially targeted to seize.
(f) Why did the operation depicted on the map fail?

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2 Study the newspaper article shown below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the Cold War incidence referred to by the article.

(b) Which 'Wall' was the article referring to in the main title?
(c) Why was the wall referred to in the article built?
(d) Name the Germany capital that was divided by this wall.
(e) What features did the wall have to ensure that people did not pass through?
(f) Which powers occupied the region referred to as West Germany on the map?

3 Study the chart below and answer the questions that follow

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(a) What does the acronym 'SADC stand for?

(b) Name the SADC structure marked A.
(c) State two functions of the structure marked A.
(d) Which one of the named structures on the chart acts as SADC's legal body?
(e) The structure marked B is the Secretariat, where are its Headquarters?

4 (a) Name the international body that organises sports activities for 53 member states
which were mostly colonised by the British.
(b) Give two aims of the organisation mentioned in (a).
(c) Who are the members of the organisation mentioned in (a)?
(d) How often are the sports events organised by the international body named in (a)?
(e) In 2018, Australia hosted these multi-sports events. When was the next event held?
(f) What official language is used during these sports?

SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 [20 MARKS]

Answer only one essay question from this section

1 Give a description of the alliances that were signed by various European powers between
1870 and 1907?

2 Why did Britain find it necessary to go into Isolation by the 20th Century?
Account for the abandonment of the Policy.

3 What did Germany lose in 1919 at Versailles Treaty? How did the Germans react to this loss?

4 How and why was the League of Nations established by 1919? Assess its performance in the
period 1920s to 1930s.

SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [20 MARKS]

Answer only one essay question from this section

1 (a) Explain the steps towards the formation of the United Nations Organisation (UNO).
(b) Discuss the work of the following UNO specialised agencies:
(i) Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
(ii) World Health Organisation (WHO)
(iii) United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
(iv) United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

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2 Account for the creation of the state of Israel by 1948. Write on the 1948 and the 1973 Arab
Israeli Wars.

3 (a) Why was the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) established
by member countries?

(b) Write on the following structures of COMESA:

(i) The authority
(ii) Council of Ministers
(iii) The COMESA Court of Justice
(iv) The Secretariat

4 Answer any two of the following topics:

(a) What are the causes and consequences of international terrorism?

(b) (i) Explain child labour and child abuse.

(ii) What are the effects of child labour and child abuse?

(c) Explain the causes and effects of military coup d'états in African countries.

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Answers for History Paper 2 – 2023 Internal

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 – 1945 [30 MARKS]
1 (a) Meiji

(b) Tokyo

(c) Agricultural reforms / Industrial reforms / Educational reforms /

Government reforms / Military reforms / Health reforms

(d) Manchuria / Korea / Formosa (Taiwan)

2 (a) Russia / USSR

(b) The spilling of blood as a result of the massacre

Too many people were killed.
Death rate was high

(c) Father Gapon

(d) Demand for better working conditions

Demand for the establishment of the DUMA.
The defeat of Russia in the 1905 war against Japan
Problems of peasants.
Working hours to be cut to 8 hours
Demand for the right to strike
Demand for the election of a Consistent Assembly.

(e) October manifesto with a set of measures

Freedom of speech
Formation of political parties
Formation of DUMA
Press freedom
Working hours reduced

3 (a) Germany

(b) NAZI

(c) Fuhre

(d) SS / Gestapo

(e) Joseph Goebbels

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(f) FIX wages/salaries

Negotiate for better conditions for workers
Decide the working period
Discipline the workers

4 (a) Great depression

(b) 12,000,000 unemployed in America

America withdrew short term loans from Germany
Dollar investment ended
No sale for Brazilian coffee
Germany industries collapsed
Trade with the rest of Europe cut
Mass unemployment led to NAZI violence
Increase in poverty levels

(c) Emergency Banking Act

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
The federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

(d) Franklin Delano Roosevelt

SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [30 MARKS]

1 (a) World War Two (WW2)/Secod V

(b) 1939 - 1945

(c) Blitzkrieg (War of lightening)

Operation Yellow
Operation Sea Lien
Operation Jubilee

(d) Russia

(e) Leningrad / Moscow / Rostov / Sevastopol / Kiev

(f) The on-set of the Russian winter slowed down the Germans advance,

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2 (a) Berlin blockade 2ein Cne1s

(b) Berlin Wall

(c) To prevent people from escaping from East Germany

(d) Berlin

(e) It was thick and concrete

It had a barbed wire barrier on top
It was 29 miles long
It had watch guards for 24 hours.

(f) USA, Britain and France

3 (a) Southern Africa Development Community

(b) The Summit of Heads of State or Government

(c) To establish commissions and other institutions SADC

To appoint the Executive Secretary and Deputy Executive Secretary
To formulate policies of SADDC
It admits new members to SADC
It decides on the general policy and director of SADC 2udoes

(d) Tribunal

(e) Botswana/Gaborone.

4 (a) The Commonwealth of Nations

(b) To promote good governance and democracy among members

To provide market for industrial and agricultural products.
To uplift the standard of living among the member countries
To promote education
To promote sport

(c) The former colonies of Britain

(d) Every 4 years

(e) 2022

(f) English

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SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 [20 MARKS]

o In run up to the World War One, major European powers formed close relations with
each other.
o By beginning of the 20th Century, so many alliances were formed:

Dreikaiserband (1872)
o Also known as the League three Emperors e
o Had three members; Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary
o It was a verbal understanding only signed- by Kaiser William I of Germany.
o CZar Alexander of Russia
o Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria
Terms of the Treaty, to:
o Maintain a status quo in Europe
o Settle the Eastern qualia
o Control the spread of Republicanism
o Control the spread of Socialism
o Renewed every three years
o Signed by Germany and Austria-Hungary

Dual (1879)
o Signed by Germany and Austria- Hungary
o Kaizer William of Germany and Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria- Hungary
Terms of the Treaty
o It was a Secret treaty against Russia.
o They promised support for each other in the event of a combined attack by France and
Russia.
o An attack by France alone, either of them would remain neutral.
o Austria to remain neutral in case of war between France and Germany.
o Austria to assist Germany only if the latter were attacked and not if she attacked
another power.
o Alliance was renewed from time to time until 1914.
o If Russia joined France, then Germany and Austria would fight together against them.

The renewal of the Dreikaiserband (1881)

o Same membership as the 1872 treaty
o Same terms as the 1872 treaty
o Also known as the League of Emperors.
o Had three members; Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary
Terms of the treaty:
o Maintain a status quo in Europe
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o Settle the Eastern qualia

o Control the spread of Republicanism
o Control the spread of Socialism

The Triple alliance (1882)

o Signed by Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary
o Offered support if one of them was attacked by a Fourth power
o Italy pledged not to be involved in a war against Britain.
o Italy was forced to Join the alliance because of French encouraged occupy Tunis by
Bismarck.

The Re-Insurance Treaty (1887)

o A secret treaty between Russia and Germany
Terms of the Treaty
o Neutrality of Russia if Germany was attacked by France
o Neutrality of Germany if Russia was attacked by Austria-Hungary

The Dual Entente (1893)

o Signed by Russia and France
Terms of the Treaty
o France gave financial help to Russia

The Anglo -Japanese Alliance (1902)

o Signed by Britain and Japan
Terms of the Treaty
o They promised each other to support in the event of war.
o Japan promised to protect Britain overseas expansion in the Far-East.

The Anglo- French Entente (1904)

o Signed by Britain and France
o It was an alliance between Great Britain and France.
Terms of the Treaty
o Consult each other on military matters
o France recognised British occupation of Egypt and Sudan
o Britain agreed to support French policy in Morocco

The Triple Entente (1907)

o Signed by Britain and France and Russia
o It was a diplomatic alignment of three nations.
o The members were Great Britain, France and Russia.
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o It allowed members to pursue their own foreign strategies and was not a
o mutual defence agreement
Terms
o This was purely a diplomatic understanding

The Anglo-Russia Entente (1907)

o Signed by Britain and Russia
o Pact in which settled their colonial disputes in Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet.
o It stipulated that neither country would interfere in Tibet's internal affairs and
recognised Britain's influence over Afghanistan.
Terms
o Agreed to share Persian Gulf peacefully

2 Why it was necessary to go into Isolation

 Britain had a vast Colonial Empire.
 Industrial Superiority in coal and steel.
 Centre of World trade Banking.
 London was the financial capital of the World.
 Britain had half of the World’s merchant ships
 Strong navy
 Geographical position advantage
 The Crimean war issue of 1853
 The support from Lord Salisbury
Reasons for abandoning
 The congratulating message during the Jameson Raid
 Kaisers challenges on Britain
 Colonial race
 Naval race
 Arms race
 Berlin-Baghdad project
 Condemnation of the British conduct during the 1899 to 1902 Anglo- Boer war
 The signing of the Dual Entente by France and Russia threatened her.
 The coming to power of Lord Gladstone.

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3 Territorial losses overseas

 Togo and Cameroon were between Britain and France
 Tanganyika went to Britain
 South West Africa (Namibia) went to South Africa
 Burundi and Rwanda went to Belgium
 Samoa islands went to New Zealand
 Marshal, Maviana and Coroline Islands in the pacific went to Japa
 Syria and Lebanon were given to France
 New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago went to Australia
 Palestine, Iraq and Jordan went to Britain.

Territorial losses in Europe

o Alsace and Lorraine went back to France
o Eupen, Moresnet and Malmedy were given to Belgium
o Estonia Latvia and Lithuania were taken away from Germany and set up as
independent states
o The Saar region was to be governed by the League of Nations
o Poland was made independent
o Port Danzig was declared a free City
o Port Memel was to be given to Lithuania
o North Schleswig and Holstein went to Denmark
Military Losses
 The German army was cut down from 700,000 to 100,000 men
 Germany lost the submarine, armoured cars, tanks and military aircraft.
 Lost all alliance with Austria-Hungary
 Germany lost the compulsory military conscription
 Rhineland was permanently demilitarized
Economic losses
 Payment of reparations
 Payment of 6.600 million pounds to be paid.
 Fixed quantities of coal
 A fixed number of cattle
Reaction of Germans to the losses
o German felt that the terms or the treaty were just dictated. Hitler had even called it a
Diktat.
o Germans complained that most of the terms were not based on Wilson's Fourteen
Points.
o Germans complained on the loss of territories in Europe especially Poland.
o Germans objected the loss of African colonies

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o On military losses, the Germans complained that 100,000 troops were not enough to
keep law and order in Germany.
o They also objected to the signing or the war guilt clause that heaped the entire blame
on Germany for causing the war.
o The paying of reparations was regarded as the final humiliation to Germany.

4 It came as an idea from Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points at Versailles.

Its membership was decided at the peace negotiations at Versailles.
It was formed to:
 achieve peace through collective security
 encourage international corporation
 solve economic and Social problems
 control diseases and drug trafficking
 Supervise the welfare of colonised people

In the 1920s:
 The League settled several border disputes, e.g. Upper Silesia between Poland and
Germany
 Aaland islands between Finland and Sweden
 It failed to solve the problem between Turkey and Greece
 1923: The Ruhr was occupied by France and Belgium without the consent of the
League.
 1925: Greek invasion of Bulgaria
 The proposals fora Disarmament Treaty were blocked by Britain.

In the 1930s:
 A number of events, exposed the weaknesses of the League:
 The great depression of 1920s
 The 1931 Manchuriar
 The failure of the 1932-33 disarmament conference
 the 1935 Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia
 the powerful nations like the USA were absent
 It was closely linked to the Victors of the First World War.
 Lack of unity between Britain and France.
 No armed forces to impose decisions.
 Slow to make decisions.
 The use of dictators and militaristic governments ignored the decisions of the League.
 It was mostly concentrated in Europe.

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SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [20 MARKS]

1 (a) Steps towards the UNO formation
 During the Second World War, allied leaders met several times to discuss how prevent
war in the future. In 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill drew up the Atlantic
 Charter, based four freedoms. They believed it was lack of these freedoms that caused
wars and decided an International Organisation was to promote these ideas, and to
put pressure on nations ignoring them.
 In 1942, they drew up the Declaration of the United Nations. This attempted to draw
lessons from the failure of the League of Nations in the inter-war period, 1919 -1939.
The Declaration had six main points. Roosevelt was especially keen on the idea of a
United Nations Organisation. The idea was discussed at a series of meetings between
1943 1945.
 1943 Moscow the USSR and China agreed with Britain and the USA, to support the
idea of a United States.
 1944 Dumbarton Oaks- Discussions on how the United Nations would work.
 1945 Yalta, Britain, USA and USSR agreed to the plans.
 In June 1945, fifty-one countries signed the Charter of the United Nations at San
Francisco. The first meeting of the UN was in London in 1946. In 1952, the UN set up a
permanent headquarters in New York. The main part of the UN organization

(b) Discuss the work of the following UNO specialised agencies:

Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
 The FAOs purpose is to raise levels of nutrition and to improve food production and
distribution.
 it improves the lives of people living in the country side and increase the effectiveness
of agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
 FAO created the freedom from hunger campaign to raise money for projects in
developing countries.
 it does research projects on soils, irrigation, fertilizers, new types of crops, like wheat
and maize, barley and rice in most of the poor countries of the world to increase food
production.
World Health Organisation (WHO)
o The purpose for the WHO is to co-ordinate the fight against disease and medical
research. It also sets drug and vaccine standards.
o WHO also provides its members with technical help, advice and information.
o WHO has worked on research on major diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, small
pox and HIV/AIDS.
o It also had programmes to promote immunization for children all over the world
against diseases such as measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio and TB.

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United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

o This is an agency which works closely with other agencies on the welfare of children
particularly during the warfare.
o It has collaborated with others in matters of child immunizations, child rights and child
labour and matters of health and education.
o Various non-governmental organisations are funded by UNICEF to help it achieve its
work.
o It does research projects on soils, irrigation, fertilizers, new types of crops, like wheat
and maize, barley and rice in most of the poor countries or the world to increase food
production.
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
 it looks after refugees, socially and economically in countries where the refugees have
run to.
 Building hospices, schools and providing other services.
 When the state of war has ended it has helped in the repatriating the refugees back to
their homes. It helps the refugees in negotiating with the host country to allow them
become citizens.

2 Creation of the state of Israel

 Jews identified themselves as their homeland and home of their ancestors.
 Jews were united by common religion, language and tradition while scattered all
over the world.
 Establishment of Zionism movement.
 The support from Britain through the Balfour declaration encouraged the Jews.
 Anti-Semitism in Europe
 NAZI Holocaust which led to death of over 6 million Jews.
 Britain surrendered Palestine to the UN.

The 1948 war

 1945 Arab League formed
 Arab league attacked Israel in 1948
 Jews were outnumbered but had better weapons and skills.
 Arabs failed to defeat Israel.
 700,000 Palestinian Arab Refugees were forced out of Israel.
 The war ended in 1949

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The 1973 War

 Also Known as the Yom Kippur war.
 On 6th October, 1973, Egypt and Syria launched an attack across the Sues Canal and
Golan Heights
 The attack was at first successful due to Russian support
 This attack came a Jewish Holiday (Yom Kipper)
 Many Jews soldiers were a leave.
 The Arabs decided to use Oil weapon against the Western powers.
 Israel emerged victorious by November, 1973.
 The Israel Army captured the West Bank of the Canal.

3 (a) Why COMESA was established

 To create a large market for membership and attract foreign investment member
states.
 To promote trade among members by reducing tariffs (Custom duties)
 To cooperate in the training and exchange of skilled man power.
 To promote regional cooperation in the development of economic infrastructures
such as roads and railways.
 To co-operate the production and marketing of raw materials in member states.

(b) The Authority

This is the highest policy making body of COMESA.
It consists of the Heads of States and government.
It meets once every year
It directs and controls all COMESA functions.

Council of Ministers
This is the second highest policy making body of COMESA
Each member state is represented by a minister.
The council prepares the agenda for the summit of the Authority.
It also makes decisions on the financial and administrative management of COMESA.

The COMESA Court of Justice

This is the Judicial organ of COMESA,
It decides on matters concerning the COMESA Treaty.
It hears disputes between COMESA and its employees
It is headed by the Chairperson and four other members who are all qualified lawyers.

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The Secretariat
This is an administrative organ of COMESA.
It is headed by the Secretary General.
Its activities are coordinated through the secretariat, based at COMESA centre headquarters
in Lusaka, Zambia

4 (a) Causes
o Some terrorists are opposed to Western policies in the Middle East
o When some people have political disagreements with government leaders.
o Ideological reasons-left-wing against right-wing
o Some terrorists’ groups want to be identified e.g. Boko Haram group in Nigeria
o Need for funds by some terrorist groups to finance their activities- such as
kidnappings.
o Terrorists are sometimes captured and punished- fellow terrorists tend to react with
serious ultimatums - liberate their fellow members
Consequences
o There is serious loss of lives whenever a terrorist act is done.
o Resulted into serious destruction of valuable property especially commercial
buildings..
o In some countries like Nigeria terrorism has scared the education of the girl child.
o The use of dangerous chemicals (poison gas) result into environmental degradation
o International terrorism has created international expenditure to combat or Counter
terrorism.
o International terrorism has boosted technological development in the world. The
counter Terrorism Research Program has developed nuclear counter measures,
chemical, biological and radiological measures to counter terrorism.
o Increased rear among people and has seriously increased tension in the world.

(b) Explain child labour and child abuse.

When a child is assigned labour outside home it is a violation of that child's human rights. A
child is abused when they are involved in heavy labour like digging pits, carrying heavy stones
or luggage.
Child abuse is a form of mistreatment and misuse of a child by an adult.
There are four forms of child abuse, these are physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse
and neglect.
Physical child abuse is any form of physical act or aggression that results into physical injury.
These include beating, heating, slapping, and kicking, punching, throwing, burning, cutting or
any other severe physical punishment.

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Physical abuse is an injury resulting from physical a9gression. Punishment that involve the
use of force with intent to inflicting bodily pain, but not injury, for the purpose or correction
or control.
Child sexual abuse refers to any sexual act between an adult and a child.
This can include penis penetration, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, or any other kind or sex
It also involves touching or kissing a child's genitals, spying a naked child exposing pictures of
naked people to a child.
Psychological abuse: also known as child emotional abuse e.g. Isolation, rejection. Scorn,
terrorism and neglect. Areas of neglect may be medical, educational, emotional, etc.

Effects of child labour and child abuse

Traumatizes children
Abuse makes most children become hard core criminals
It results into street children
It denies children a chance to work
It prevents children from appreciation of some of the societal values e.g. love, care, empathy
It results into school dropouts
It affects the child's health
Psychological torcher

(c) Explain the causes and effects of military coup d'états in African countries.
Causes
Greediness and selfishness among Presidents in Africa
Abuse of human rights
Wastage of resources
Corruption
Nepotism
Military involvement in governance issues
Autocratic or dictatorial tendencies among African leaders
Abuse of authority

Effects
Civil wars
Political instability
Persecution of former leaders
Underdevelopment or no development due to disruptive leadership
Rise of dictatorship
Growth of cadreism-ready to "worship the leaders.

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