DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Bujagali HPP, 255 MW,

195 Uganda
 Design Criteria 1
• National standards and regulations
• Structural standards
• Earthquake loading
• Environmental flow
• Dam safety standards and flood design criteria
• Dam break analysis
• Health, safety and environment standards (HSE)
• Does national standards meet lenders’ (IFC)
requirements?
• If not, adopt international standards acceptable to IFC
• ICOLD – International Commission on Large Dams
• IHA – International Hydropower Association

• Ensure that Project meets lenders’ requirements

• avoid subsequent unpleasant surprises
196
 Design Criteria 2
• Include early warning systems against
• Carefully consider effects caused by
hazard floods
• Climate Change
• Land slides
• GLOF
• Cloud bursts, flash flood
• Change in rainfall pattern, volume and timing
• Deforestation
• Faster run-off
• Increased peak floods
• Increased sediment transport

Flood and earthquake criteria dependent

on consequences of failure.
• PMF Probable Maximum Flood
• PMP Probable Maximum Precipitation
• MCE Maximum Credible Earthquake
197
International Standards and Guidelines
Eurocodes, structural and civil
Dam Safety Codes
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Health, Safety and Environment Standards (HSE)
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Comply with Lenders’ requirement (international standards)

198
ICOLD Bulletins:
This is the heart of ICOLD activity. On a single precise
subject, our experts have met during 3 to 5 years and they
produced a « state of the art » with recommendations for
engineers from all over the world.

https://www.icold-cigb.org 199
IHA International Hydropower
Association
https://www.hydropower.org

200
 Bank Guidelines
IFC PS

WB ESS
UN
ADB

201
 Design Challenges 1
Hydrology
• large seasonal variation
• limited reservoir potential
Geology
• highly folded, faulted, sheared, fractured and
deeply weathered rock mass
• significant underground stability problems
• slope stability
• high overburden and expensive exploration
GLOF
• GLOF-proof design
Sediments
• sediment handling
• equipment erosion
• reservoir depletion
202
 Design Challenges 2
Environmental and visual impact
Floods

203
Access Control
Fencing Security CCTV Authorised access

204
Workplace Standards
Emergency exits
minimum two exit possibilities
Lockout-Tagout
No permanent underground workplace
Windows in permanent workplaces
Illumination
Headroom
Stand-by equipment
batteries for emergency lighting
emergency diesel generator
205
 Design Philosophy 2 BIM

For run-of-river (rule of thumb):

• Design flow 1.5 - 1.8 x mean flow
• Capacity factor 0.45 - 0.65
Reservoir:
• Lower design flow
• Higher plant factor
Consider future expansion or rehabilitation.
Past:
FS drawings normally needed to be complemented with more detailed
drawings to fully show the facilities to be constructed.
• 70 – 150 Tender Drawings
• Several hundred work drawings
Present:
3D Building Information Model “maturing” depending om phase (MMI)
 BIM – Building Information Modelling Vamma12

State of the Art: Paperless implementation

Vamma:
Units 1-10: 1915-1944
Unit 11: 1971

Unit 12: 2019

Q 500 m3/s
H 28.5 m
P 129 MW
Total:
Q 1,450 m3/s
P 344 MW
E 1,600 GWh
207
 DiciplineBIM
Models
BIM
BoQ
Base data
Building Information Modelling

(in BIM)

Requirments and Completion

Digital Elevation Models
Management
Project BIM
Calculations and
Cost Control (5D)
simulations
(BIM)

Basis for construction Scheduling and time managment

Clash detection
(4D)

Constructability Survey and setting-out

Scanning and photogrametry Production data
Assessments works

Asset Management and O&M

208
Turbine cellar (cl turbine)

209
Turbine floor

210
Generator floor

211
Machine hall floor

212
Powerhouse and
Transformer caverns
213
Technology Development

Future engineering design?

 Constructability
Can Project be constructed? (sanity test)
• simpler
• cheaper
• safer
• faster
• more efficient
• better serving its purpose
• with reduced risk
By change of
• design
• construction methodology
• materials
• project performance (output)
• time schedule

Lifetime least unit cost

215
DESIGN

Nam Leuk, 60MW, Laos

216
 Components
Diversion Powerhouse main equipment Auxiliary electrical
weir/dam inlet valve switchgear
pond/reservoir turbine earthing
trash rack generator power and lighting
trash rack cleaner governor cables
intake gate transformer batteries
flood/flushing gates control & protection diesel generator
stoplogs Auxiliary mechanical Switchyard
desander dewatering Transmission lines
Waterways hoisting grid connection
canals cooling water intakes
culverts HVAC Workshop
pipes compressed air Storage for spares
tunnels water
penstock fire alarm
surge tank 217
DAM AND INTAKE

218
Glomfjord, 120MW, Norway
 Main Dam Types

Topography, geology, foundation conditions and local

availability of materials will determine selection of dam
type

219
Intake Pond

220
Xeset, Lao PDR, 45 MW - Intake Weir

221
Xeset, Lao PDR, 45 MW - Intake Weir

222
Canutillar, Chile, 174 MW

223
St Laura, Brazil, 15 MW, RCC Dam – Overflow Spillway

Santa Rosa II, Brazil, 30 MW

Ecological flow

224
Braskereidfoss, Norway, 40 MW

225
Hunderfossen, Norway, 110 MW

226
Checras Dam, Cheves HPP, Peru

Founded on over consolidated alluvial deposits

227
Checras Dam Founded on Alluvial Deposits

228
Checras Longitudinal Sections

Excavation of loose material

to overconsolidated
foundation level

ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑚 229
Ambuklao, Philippines, 3x35 MW

spillway

230
Kotmale, Sri Lanka, 180 MW

231
Altinkaya, Turkey, 700 MW – Rockfill Dam

232
Concrete Gravity Dam Sariyar, Turkey, 160 MW

233
RCC Gravity Dam
790 MW Yeywa HPP, Myanmar
137 m high with a RCC volume of 2.8 mill. m3

234
Arch Dam
Gökçekaya, Turkey, 278 MW
Spillway at saddle on right bank

235
Buttress Dam - Combinations
Buttress

Buttress / arch

Embankment / Concrete gravity 236

 River Diversion during Construction

Typical river diversion with

cofferdams and diversion tunnels
Willow Creek HPP
Cellular sheet pile cofferdam for
Powerhouse construction
River diversion for construction
Site C HPP – Canada

237
Spillway Gates 1

238
Spillway Gates 2

Flap gate Rubber gate

239
Bottom Outlet and Flushing Gates

240
Reservoir Flushing

241
Stoplogs

242
Dam Design
Core drilling
Trial adits
Permeability test (Lugeon test)
Grout curtain
Foundation bearing capacity
Sliding - overturning
Spillway capacity
Gates, n-1 principle

243
Diversion Weir - Flood/Flushing Gate
Theun Hinboun, Laos, 210 MW

244
Diversion Weir – Power Intake

245
Intake Types

Normal intake arrangement Tyrolean weir 246

 Intake

BIM of Intake (925 m2) – Vamma 12 - Norway Intake (925 m2) – Vamma 12 - Norway

247
Trash Rack

248
Intake Minihydro
Minihydros, Philippines Sediment problems

249
Khimti I, Nepal, 60 MW - Power Intake

250
Cahua, Peru, 46 MW - Desanders

251
Carhuaquero, Peru, 95 MW
Desanders

252
La Higuera, Chile, 155 MW - Pond

253
WATERWAYS

254
Cahua, 43MW, Peru
Esti, Panama, 120 MW - Headrace Canal

255
Itiquira, Brazil, 156 MW – Headrace Canal

256
Coya, Chile, 37 MW - Headrace Canal

257
Peuchén, Chile, 75 MW

258
Slope Stability 1

259
Slope Stability 2

260
Houay Ho, Lao PDR, 150 MW

261
Tunnel

262
Peuchén, Chile, 75 MW

Pangal, Chile, 37 MW
Janopol, Philippines, 5 MW - Surge Tank

264
Itiquira, Brazil, 156 MW
concrete culvert

steel pipe
concrete surge tower

265
Itiquira, Brazil, 156 MW
Surge Tower

266
Air Cushion Surge Chamber

Open surge shaft / chamber

or inclined tunnel

Air cushion chamber,

closed

267
Pumped Storage Heredecke, Germany, 153 MW

268
Penstock Configuration in Norway

269
Waterway Design

• Capacity
• Economic optimum size
• Spillways in canals
• Erosion protection in canal slopes
• Fencing of canals
• Excavation method
• Penstock orientation against
stratification
• Rock support in tunnels
• Transients
• Surge tank/shaft/tunnel
• Access for maintenance
270
POWERHOUSE

271
Laudal, 26MW, Norway
Pelton
Powerhouse

Illustration shows
earlier design. Transformer

Current practice: Generator

Transformers in
separate cavern
Valve

Turbine

272
 Francis Powerhouse

Main Inlet Valve or

upstream Intake Gate

273
Kaplan Powerhouse

274
 Turbine Range
• Pelton 300 -2,000 m
• Francis 40 - 700 m
• Kaplan, vertical 10 - 70 m
• Kaplan, horizontal 3 - 20 m
• Crossflow 5 - 40 m
• Turgo 50 – 250 m

• Shaft orientation depends

on size
• small: horizontal
• large: vertical

275
Turbine Efficiencies

276
Generator

277
Rotor

278
Transformer Principle

279
Transformer

280
Control Room

Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay 14,000MW

281
Nore I, Norway, 200 MW, (1928)

282
 Minihydro

Arcata, Peru 5MW 4,000 masl

283
Philippines 1MW Kvåle, Norway 5MW
Underground Powerhouse with Portal Building and
Switchyard

284
 Powerhouse Layout

400 MW Francis
2 x 160 MW
1 x 80 MW

285
Penstock

286
Powerhouse Section

287
Powerhouse Construction 1

288
Powerhouse Construction 2

289
Access Tunnel and Tailrace

Free Flow Tailrace

Main access Cable shaft 290

Crane Support

“Hanging” beam Column supported beam

291
Powerhouse Design

• Surface / underground
• Orientation depending on geological
conditions
• GLOF-proof
• Emergency exits
• Minimum 2 units
• Dimensions and weights of plant
transportable to site
• Accommodation for staff
• Fencing and CCTV
• Visitors allowed?
292
Switchyard
Ambuklao, Philippines, 230 kV

293
Transmission Line

Pylon Types
294