University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

Faisalabad Campus

Course Instructor: Dr Muhmmad Nasir

Course Code and Name EE383 – Electromagnetics and its Applications

CEP Title Analysis of Uniform plane waves

Submitted by Abu Nasar Afzal(2022-EE-396)

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 Complex Engineering Problem [CLO3]
Course Code and Title: EE383 – Electromagnetics and its
ApplicationsSemester: Fifth (Fall 2024)
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Nasir
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Uniform plane wave: a uniform plane wave is traveling in the x direction in air with
its magnetic field oriented in the z direction. At the instant t = 0, the wave magnetic
field has two adjacent zero values, observed at locations x = 2.5 cm and x = 7.5 cm,
with a maximumvalue of 70 mA-m−1 at x = 5 cm. (a) Find the wave magnetic field
ℋ(𝑥, 𝑡) and its phasor H(x). (b) Find the corresponding wave electric field (𝑥, 𝑡)
and its phasor E(x). Compare electromagnetic wave propagation speed through air
and any conductor.
CLOs and PLOs for Complex Engineering Problem

CLOs Description Domains and Levels PLOs and Levels

CLO3 Theory Analyze time-varying fields and Cognitive PLO1

space-time waves in unbounded and
And
medium. Analyze
Medium

ATTRIBUTES FOR THE COMPLEX ENGINEERING POBLEM (CEP):

WP1: Depth of Knowledge - this attribute is chosen because to evaluate the
instantaneous and phasor electric and magnetic field the knowledge about Maxwell’s
equations, theory of plane wave and uniform wave and behavior of wave in lossy and
lossless medium is required in depth.

WP3: Depth of analysis – this is chosen because students have to compare the fields
in the lossy and lossless medium. The propagation speed and impedance comparison
in different materials required analysis of the fields under given constraints of
medium.

Table of contents:
Analysis of Uniform Plane Waves in Electromagnetic
Fields Page#3-6

Phasor form Derivation Page#6-9

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 Matlab code for graphical(Analysis 2d-3d Page#10-12
plots)

Refrences And calculation of CEP (Hand Page#12 to17

written Form)

Related Knowledge
“Analysis of Uniform Plane Waves in Electromagnetic Fields”
A Brief Summary of Uniform Plane Waves and Their Properties:
The electromagnetic waves generating from sources are spherical. At large distances from the sources,
they behave as plane waves. When the electric (E) and magnetic (H) field vectors of a wave are in planes
perpendicular to the direction of propagation, say the z-direction, it is called a plane wave. Transverse
electromagnetic waves (TEM waves) are an example of a plane wave.

Plane waves have constant phase fronts and when their amplitudes are uniform, they form uniform plane
waves. So, if the vectors E and H are constant at any of the planes at a given instant, then the plane wave
turns into a uniform plane wave.

In uniform plane waves, the orientation of the E field is perpendicular to the H field, and both are
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Consider a uniform plane wave propagating in
the positive z-direction, with amplitude Eo. The electric field vector and magnetic field vector in the x-
direction and y-direction of the uniform plane wave can be given by the following equations:

In uniform plane waves, the field vectors E and H satisfy the one-dimensional wave equation. The wave
equation for the E field of the uniform plane wave can be given by the following equation (a similar
equation applies for H as well):

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Features of Uniform Plane Waves:
Here are some key properties of uniform plane waves:

1. The vectors E and H are mutually perpendicular to the direction of propagation (z-direction). The
fields E and H have no dependence on the transverse coordinates x, y and are functions only of z,
time(t).
2. The direction of the Poynting vector is in the direction of propagation of the wave, in the z-direction.
The Poynting vector is the cross product of E and H and is given by the following equation:

3. The magnitudes of E and H are the same in any individual plane normal to the direction of wave
propagation (z-direction) at any given instant.
4. The ratio of the magnitudes of E and H vectors are the same at all points at any given instant of time.
The ratio is also called the intrinsic impedance of the medium in which the wave travels. In air or
vacuum, it is equal to 377Ω.

5. The velocity of plane wave propagation in the air of vacuum can be given by the following equation:

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Wave Equations for Electric and Magnetic Fields:

To derive the wave equations, we can take the curl of Faraday’s and Ampère’s laws.

a) Starting with Electric field:

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b) Similarly for the Magnetic Field:

Taking the curl of Ampère’s Law:

For phasor form:

Maxwell’s Equations could be helpful to reduced to a pair of phasor-domain “wave equations,”
namely:

where β=ωμϵ−−√β=ωμϵ, assuming unbounded homogeneous, isotropic, lossless, and source-free

media. In this section, we solve these equations for the special case of a uniform plane wave. A
uniform plane wave is one for which both E˜E~ and H˜H~ have constant magnitude and phase in
a specified plane. Despite being a special case, the solution turns out to be broadly applicable,
appearing as a common building block in many practical and theoretical problems in unguided
propagation.

To begin, let us assume that the plane over which E˜E~ and H˜H~ have constant magnitude and
phase is a plane of constant zz. First, note that we may make this assumption with no loss of
generality. For example, we could alternatively select a plane of constant yy, solve the problem,
and then simply exchange variables to get a solution for planes of
constant zz (or xx).1 Furthermore, the solution for any planar orientation not corresponding to a
plane of constant xx, yy, or zz may be similarly obtained by a rotation of coordinates, since the
physics of the problem does not depend on the orientation of this plane.

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This conclusion is a direct consequence of the fact that Maxwell’s Equations require the electric
field to be proportional to the curl of the magnetic field and vice-versa.The general solution to
Equation :

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This conclusion turns out to be generally true; i.e., it is not limited to uniform plane waves. Although we
will not provide a rigorous proof of this, one way to see that this is true is to imagine that any type of
wave can be interpreted as the sum (formally, a linear combination) of uniform plane waves, so
perpendicular orientation of the field vectors with respect to the direction of propagation is inescapable.
The same procedure yields the uniform plane wave solution to the wave equation for H˜H~, which is

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Matlab code for simulating the electric and magnetic fields of a uniform plane
wave propagating in free space:
CODE:
%2022-EE-396
H_max = 70e-3; % Maximum magnetic field in A/m
lambda = 10e-2; % Wavelength in meters (estimated from zero crossings at 2.5 cm and
7.5 cm)
k = 2 * pi / lambda; % Wavenumber in rad/m
f = 3e8 / lambda; % Frequency in Hz (v = f * lambda)
omega = 2 * pi * f; % Angular frequency in rad/s
eta = 377;

x = linspace(0, 0.1, 100);

t = linspace(0, 1/f, 100);

[X, T] = meshgrid(x, t);

H = H_max * sin(k * X - omega * T);
E = eta * H;

% 2D Plot of H(x) and E(x) at t = 0

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, H_max * sin(k * x), 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Magnetic Field H(x) at t = 0');
xlabel('x (m)');
ylabel('H(x) (A/m)');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(x, eta * H_max * sin(k * x), 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Electric Field E(x) at t = 0');
xlabel('x (m)');
ylabel('E(x) (V/m)');
grid on;

% 3D Surface Plot of H(x, t) and E(x, t)

figure;
surf(X, T, H, 'EdgeColor', 'none');
title('Magnetic Field H(x, t)');
xlabel('x (m)');
ylabel('t (s)');
zlabel('H (A/m)');
colorbar;

figure;
surf(X, T, E, 'EdgeColor', 'none');
title('Electric Field E(x, t)');
xlabel('x (m)');
ylabel('t (s)');
zlabel('E (V/m)');
colorbar;

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2D plots for Electric field E(x) and magnetic field H(x) at t =0:

3D plots for Electric field E(x) and magnetic field H(x) at t =0:
Magnetic field:

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Electric field:

Refrences:

"Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics" by Simon Ramo, John R. Whinnery, and Theodore Van
Duzer(CHNO#6).

“Uniform Plane Waves – Derivation by steven W .Ellingson Virginia polytechnic Institute and state
University”
"Engineering Electromagnetics" by William H. Hayt and John A. Buck – Chapter covering plane waves, wave
impedance, and Maxwell's equations in free space and conducting me

Solution Of Complex Enginneering Problem

Given Data:

Magnetic Field (H-field): The wave's magnetic field has zero values at positions x=7.5 cm. The peak magnetic field
is 70 mA/m at x =5 cm.

To Find:

(a) Find the magnetic field H (x,t)\vec{H}(x, t)H(x,t) in both its instantaneous and phasor forms.
(b) Determine the electric field E (x,t)\vec{E}(x, t)E(x,t) and its phasor form.
(c)Compare the electromagnetic wave propagation speed in air and a conductor.

(Calculations are all hand written on next pages):

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