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STS Group2

Uploaded by

sorianojhasmin445
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 17

INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Presented by:
Group II
Arlyn Mae Nazareno Mark Jerick Frialde
Alliah May Calicdan Reynald Dela Cruz
Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Revolution is the name


given to a period of drastic change in
scientific thought that took place
during the 16th and 18 centuries.

• Scientific revolution it was the enlightenment


when the development in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and
chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature.
How can science be defined?

1. Science as an 2. Science as an
idea. intellectual activity.

3. Science as body 4. Science as


of knowledge. personal and social
activity.
Intellectual Revolutions

• An intellectual revolution is characterized by a


fundamental change in the way people think
about the natural world, society, and the human
condition.

• An intellectual revolution signifies a period


of profound change in scientific beliefs and
paradigms, challenging widely accepted ideas
and leading to a shift in how we understand
the world.
Scientific revolutions is very significant in the develop of
human beings and transformed of the society and in the
formulation of scientific ideas.
Science Ideas

Society
Humans
Scientific
Revolutions

Figure 1. Influences to Scientific Revolutions


Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity,
critical-thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and natural
world. Their love for science is driven by their passion to know and
to discover.

SCIENCE IDEAS
Curiosity SCIENTISTS

Passion to know SCIENCE DISCOVERIES


Critical-thin
king
Passion to discover TECHNOLOGY

creativity

Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries and Technology
Three (3) Notable Scientist Influential to the Scientific
Revolutionary Ideas;

Nicolaus Copernicus Sigmund Freud

Charles Darwin
Nicolaus Copernicus
• a Polish astronomer and
mathematician, is renowned for
his groundbreaking contribution
to the Copernican Revolution,
a pivotal shift in scientific thought that
challenged the prevailing geocentric model of the universe.
• His most significant contribution was the development of the
heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar
system, with Earth and the other planets revolving around it.

• This theory, presented in his seminal work De Revolutionibus


Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres),
marked a radical departure from the long-held Ptolemaic system,
which had placed Earth at the center of the universe for over 1,400
years.
Copernicus's Heliocentric Model: A Summary
Copernicus's heliocentric model, while not entirely accurate, offered a
more elegant and simpler explanation for the observed motions of the
planets. Here are some key aspects of his theory:

• Sun at the center: The Sun, not Earth, is the central body of the
solar system.
• Earth's motion: Earth is a planet that revolves around the Sun in an
annual orbit.
• Earth's rotation: Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours,
causing the cycle of day and night.

• Planetary order: Copernicus correctly established the order of the


known planets from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn.
• Orbital periods: He also estimated the planets' orbital periods
with reasonable accuracy.
The Impact of the Copernican Revolution
The Copernican Revolution had profound implications for astronomy
and scientific thought:

• Shift in perspective: It fundamentally changed our understanding of


the universe and our place within it.
• Foundation for modern astronomy: It laid the groundwork for
modern astronomy, paving the way for future discoveries by Galileo
Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
• Scientific revolution: It contributed to the broader Scientific
Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by a shift
from a geocentric to a heliocentric worldview and the adoption of
empirical observation and mathematical reasoning.
• Challenge to authority: It challenged the authority of the Church,
which had upheld the geocentric model based on biblical
interpretations.
Sigmund Freud
• an Austrian neurologist and the father
of psychoanalysis, revolutionized our
understanding of the human mind with
his groundbreaking theories and therapeutic
techniques.
• The Freudian Revolution refers to the
profound impact of his work on psychology, philosophy, literature,
and culture in the early 20th century.
Freud's Key Contributions: A Summary
Freud's contributions are vast and multifaceted, but some of his
most significant include:

• The Unconscious Mind: Freud proposed that the human mind is


not entirely conscious, but rather contains a vast unconscious realm
where repressed thoughts, desires, and memories reside. He
believed that these unconscious processes exert a powerful
influence on our behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

• Psychoanalytic Therapy: Freud developed psychoanalysis, a


therapeutic method aimed at uncovering and resolving unconscious
conflicts. This involved techniques like free association (where patients
freely express their thoughts and feelings) and dream analysis
(interpreting the symbolic meaning of dreams).
• Id, Ego, and Superego:
Freud proposed a structural model of the psyche, dividing
the mind into three basic components:

1. Id - The primal, instinctual part of the mind driven by


pleasure seeking and immediate gratification.
2. Ego - The rational, conscious part of the mind that
mediates between the id's demands and the constraints of
reality.
3. Superego - The internalized moral compass that
represents societal norms, values, and conscience.
• Psychosexual Stages of Development:
Freud theorized that personality develops through a
series of psychosexual stages during childhood: oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital. He believed that
unresolved conflicts or fixations at any stage could lead
to psychological problems in adulthood.

• Defense Mechanisms:
Freud identified various defense mechanisms that the
ego employs to protect itself from anxiety and
unacceptable impulses. These include repression, denial,
projection, displacement, and sublimation.
Charles Darwin
• an English naturalist and biologist, is
best known for his revolutionary theory
of evolution by natural selection, which
fundamentally changed our understanding
of the natural world.
• The Darwinian Revolution refers to the
profound impact of his work on biology,
philosophy, and society in the 19th century.
Darwin's Key Contributions: A Summary
Darwin's contributions are vast and multifaceted, but some of his most
significant include:

- Evolution by Natural Selection: Darwin proposed that species are not


fixed and unchanging, but rather evolve over time through a process of
natural selection.
- The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin's five-year voyage on the HMS
Beagle (1831-1836) provided him with invaluable firsthand
observations of the natural world.
- "On the Origin of Species": Darwin's seminal work, published in 1859,
presented his theory of evolution by natural selection in detail.

- Human Evolution: Darwin extended his theory of evolution to


humans in his later work, "The Descent of Man" (1871).
The Darwinian Revolution, sparked by Charles
Darwin's groundbreaking work, had a profound and
lasting impact on our understanding of the natural
world and our place within it. His theory of evolution
by natural selection revolutionized biology,
challenged religious beliefs, and influenced various
aspects of society.

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