3.

0 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

DCQ20052 – Building Services 1
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CONTENT OF TOPIC 3:
3.1 Explain the firefighting system
3.1.1 Define firefighting system
3.1.2 Identify the importance of firefighting system in a
building
3.2 Classify the active and passive firefighting system
3.2.1 Relate active firefighting system such as fire
extinguisher, heat and smoke detector, sprinkler
system, wet and dry riser and hose reel
3.2.2 Relate passive firefighting system such as fire rated
door, staircase, means of escape and party wall
REFERENCES
 3.1.1
Define Firefighting System
Firefighting is:
• The activity of stopping fires burning. -Cambridge Dictionary

• An activity directed at limiting the spread of fire and

extinguishing it, particularly as performed by members of
organizations (fire services or fire departments) trained for the
purpose. [1]

Fire protection is:

• Measures and practices for preventing or reducing injury and
loss of life or property by fire. –Merriam-Webster Dictionary
• Activities relating to the extinguishment of fire. –Merriam-Webster Dictionary
• All aspects of fire safety including but not limited to fire
prevention, firefighting or fire suppression, pre-fire planning,
fire investigation, public education and information, training or
other staff development. –Law Insider Dictionary
 3.1.2
The Importance of Firefighting
System in a Building
• A fire fighting system is an activity of prevention
during a fire spread in building, home or warehouse
with the use of proper fire safety equipment like
extinguisher, hose reels, fire monitors, nozzles and
hose pipes. [2]
• The fire fighting system is most probably important
for all building services.
• The main aim of the fire fighting system is to protect
human life and property of human and other
important documents.
• Fire protection systems help to stop and eliminate
the spread of fire, smoke and flames so that the
damage is contained and minimized, helping to
prevent loss of life and keep the expenses to a
minimum.
[3]
• Systematic firefighting involves four steps:
i. Protection of currently uninvolved buildings and areas;
ii. Confinement of the fire;
iii. Ventilation of the building; and
iv. Extinguishment of the fire.
• Pathways by which the fire could spread are closed off,
and the leading edge of the flame is controlled by the
application of water or other cooling agents.
• Openings are made to permit the escape of toxic
combustion products and hot air; this step (ventilation)
must be conducted with keen judgment so as to permit the
firefighters access to the fire without causing its
intensification or risking a smoke explosion (the result of
admitting fresh air to a space in which a high
concentration of unburned fuel particles is present in a
hot, oxygen-depleted atmosphere).
[1]
• The final stage of fighting a fire is extinguishment.
• The firefighting force uses water streams mixed with appropriate
extinguishing agents to quench the remaining flames.
• When this is accomplished, the firefighters initiate salvage of the
structure by removing smoke and water from the interior and
protecting undamaged materials. [1]
• There are two types of fire protection systems, which every
building needs to have to maximize their protection:
• active and
• passive systems.
• The two types of systems work together to help stop and contain
the threat of a fire.
• Alone, each one can be effective, but, together, they offer the
best type of protection for the building. [3]
 3.2.1
Active Firefighting System
• An active fire protection system means that action of some
kind is taking place.
• This action can be:
• Manual - a person or persons may engage in it, or
• Automatic - deploying once fire, smoke or heat is detected.
• Active systems are largely designed to directly combat the fire,
working to help put it out.
• What the fire department will be using once they arrive is an
example of an active fire suppression system.
[3]
• Most buildings are also equipped with active systems that can
be deployed onsite in the event of a fire. These can include:
• Smoke detectors - activate with noise and light to alert the
occupants of the building
• Fire extinguishers which can be manually operated to help put
out small fires
• Sprinkler systems - automatically activate to help put out the fire
while building occupants move to safety
• Some ventilation systems which help to direct smoke out of the
building and away from occupants or areas where it may do the
most damage
• Active fire protection systems are generally installed based on
criteria such as occupancy and building size. For example, a
set number of sprinkler heads per feet.
• It’s also generally considered a good idea to add extra active
systems in areas that may contain more sensitive equipment,
or that may have a higher than average risk, such as areas
with flames or cooking implements.
[3]
• Fire safety can easily be ensured by
having fire fighting equipment and
proper fire protection.
• The importance of fire fighting
equipment is an indispensable one to
ensure maximum protection against
fire.
• The fire fighting equipment also
ensures safety of the fire fighters
who risk their lives to save others.
• Some major fire fighting equipment
are:
• Fire extinguisher
• Heat and smoke detector
• Sprinkler system
• Wet and dry riser
• Hose reel
[4]
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• Fire extinguisher is the primary need of any small or big
establishment.
• Portable, manually operated equipment that can be
carried or wheeled to the site of a fire, where it is used to
discharge extinguishing agents to extinguish or suppress
small fires, usually in an emergency.
• Every house should have sufficient numbers of fire
extinguishers to ensure fire safety.
• There are different types of fire extinguishers available in
the market for different types of fire.
[4]

• Training is required in order to learn how to use fire

extinguishers properly.
• A fire extinguisher consists of the following main
components:
• Cylinder that contains the syphon tube, propellant and
extinguishing agents
• Fittings including handle, pressure gauge, safety pin and
hose and discharge.
[5]
Water Fire Extinguisher
• Water extinguisher is used for Class A
fire involving carbonaceous materials
such as wood, paper and textiles by
cooling the fire and removing the heat
needed for combustion.
• Water spray provides better wetting
action that penetrates underlying
burning materials and assist in reducing
heat. [7]
Foam Fire Extinguisher
• Effective against Class A and B fires.
• They contain the agent AFFF (Aqueous
Film Forming Foam) which, when
discharged, covers burning solids or
flammable liquids with a blanket of foam.
• This cuts off the fire’s oxygen supply,
prevents any flammable vapour from
escaping, and kills the fire.
• Cool and extinguish solid material fires
and also safely put out fires which
involve flammable and combustible
liquids. [5]
Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
• Powder-based agent that extinguishes
by separating the four parts of the fire
tetrahedron.
• It prevents the chemical reactions
involving heat, fuel and oxygen
(combustion), thus extinguishing the fire.
• During combustion, the fuel breaks down
into free radicals, which are highly
reactive fragments of molecules that
react with oxygen.
• The substance in dry chemical
extinguishers can stop this process.
• They are rated for use against Class A, B,
C and E fires.
• Comes in 1kg, 2kg, 4kg, 6kg and 9kg.
[5]
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
• Suitable for extinguishing Class B and
E fires.
• The CO2 is stored under pressure, and
when the safety pin is removed, and
the handle is depressed the CO2 is
discharged through the syphon tube,
hose and discharge nozzle.
• Since carbon dioxide is a non-
flammable gas and is heavier than
oxygen, it is used as an extinguishing
agent by displacing oxygen from the
surrounding area to starve and cool
the fire. [5]
Wet chemicals Fire Extinguisher
• Wet chemicals types are effective because they
are capable of extinguishing fires that are
extremely high temperatures.
• Wet chemicals fire extinguisher cools the
burning oil and produces a soap-like solution
that seals the surface and prevents the ignition
back of the fire.
• Wet chemicals fire extinguisher types are
discharged in a soft yet highly effective
preventing the hot oils and fats from splashing
onto the user or spreading to the surrounding
areas. [6]
FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
• Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide
warning of the outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire
fighting action to be taken before the situation gets out of
control.
• As all systems are designed primarily to protect life,
property, this places a great responsibility on the designer
because each building will present a different set of
problems in relation to the risk of fire and fire spread.
• Each fire detection and alarm system therefore must be
specially designed to meet the requirements for each
building. [13]
• The fire alarm system can either be operated automatically
or manually.
• Automatic operation is via the detectors whereas manual
operation is by breaking the glass at the manual call point
(breakglass unit).
• To override the automatic operation of this system in case of
its failure during a fire, use the nearest unit of the manual
breakglass.
• The manual/automatic actuation of the detectors will cause
an alarm condition on the master fire alarm panel which will
then actuate all the alarm bells installed.
• A set of standby battery with capacity for 72 hours supply is
provided in the event of any power failure. [13]
Automatic Fire Alarm System For Building
• Automatic fire alarm systems are a key factor to protect
residents' lives as well as the quality and reputation of the
investor.
• It is specially designed for early detection of anomalies such
as smoke, fire, gas or carbon monoxide giving residents time
to evacuate safely.
• An automatic fire alarm system is a system integrated with
specialized equipment. It can warn people about fire,
explosion incidents, etc. [14]
• This is an area-based fire alarm system.
• Each area has zones consisting of one or more monitoring devices.
• Each control panel works independently and each zone in an area
needs a separate signal line. Therefore, when there is fire, the fire
alarm device will not be able to know the exact location of the
alarm. [14]
• The system is more advantageous than the conventional fire alarm system.
• It is one of the systems used by many businesses because of the convenience
and flexibility.
• All devices in the system are assigned a separate address and linked to each
other.
• They show the exact location of the fire incident. [14]
Intelligent fire alarm system
• In the above two systems, the sensor probes are not yet called
"Intelligent". Because it can give signals when it detects anomalies
but cannot analyze what is real and fake.
• In an intelligent fire alarm system, each sensor probe will have its
own microprocessor, which evaluates the surrounding environment
and sends a signal to the central control panel. Then it starts to
review, analyze fire or failure situations. [14]

Wireless fire alarm system

• It has the same operating principle as the addressable fire alarm
system.
• However, the only difference is the wireless connection from the
sensor to the fire alarm center. [14]
Components of a fire alarm system
• Fire alarm control panel
• It receives messages from the initiating devices, also
known as inputs and performs its functions.
• Initiation devices
• Detectors are installed separately in areas and directly
connected to the central fire alarm processing unit.
• When fire and explosion incidents occur, the system will
automatically update via smoke, light, heat or emergency
fire alarms through a button.
• Then it will send an emergency signal to the fire alarm
center.
• Smoke detector - initiates an alarm signal when it senses
smoke.
• Ionization detector -contains tiny traces of radioactive
material that flow between two electrically charged plates,
but smoke particles disrupt this, and the detector goes off.
• Beam detector - projects a beam of light across the area it’s
protecting. If smoke crosses the path of the beam, the
detector will respond (only detects big fire, significant
smoke).
• Heat detector - used to detect unusual increases in
temperature of the surrounding environment. [14]
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• A sprinkler system consists of a fixed water pipe
network installed commonly throughout
occupied or critical areas of a building with
sprinkler heads attached at a specified locations
along with the piping network.
• These are automatic fire protection systems that
use water to extinguish or suppress fires.
• The water pipe network for a sprinkler system
may be supplied by a wet or dry riser system or
the mains water supply.
• Sprinklers are designed to activate when a
predetermined heat level is reached, spraying the
area around the sprinkler with water.
• They activate independently and as a result, only
sprinklers that are close to the fire will operate,
which minimises water damage in areas that are
not affected by the fire. [5]
WET AND DRY RISER
• Designed for the use by the fire department as a quick and
easy way to deliver large amounts of water to extinguish
or prevent the spread of fire.
• Dry risers are often used in low-rise structures.
• The riser pipe is empty and does not contain any water.
• In the case of a fire, water is pumped into the riser from
fire tenders through the fire brigade inlets at the foot of
the riser.
• High-rise structures have wet risers.
• The riser pipe in these systems is always full of water and
is pressurized by gravity tanks or specialized fire pumps.
• As a result, water is constantly
accessible for firefighting.
• On wet riser system, fire brigade inlets
are also supplied to deliver water in the
event that the system fire pumps fail. [6]
HOSE REEL
• A circular reel drum that is designed to carry and
manage high pressure fire hose, keeping it ready
for use in a fire, and to reel it in for storage.
• The fire hose reel is permanently attached to a
source of water connected to a wet or dry riser
system. [5]

• Fire hose is a major necessity for fighting major

fires.
• Used by trained individuals or the fire service to
contain fires.
• Fire hose is a hose having high pressure and is
made to carry water or a fire retardant like foam
to extinguish fire.
• This is a fire equipment that every building should
have. [4]
• Many people feel that active systems may be their building’s best
line of defence against a fire. But, active systems can only do so
much.
• While they can help to contain or suppress the fire, there are
places where flames and smoke can go that these systems can’t
reach.
• When this happens, the building may become compromised, and
the fire may spread beyond the control of even the best active
systems.
• That’s why the inclusion of passive fire protection systems is
imperative to the total protection of the building. [3]
FIRE HYDRANT
• Fire hydrant installation consists of
pipework connected directly to the
water supply mains to provide water
to each and every hydrant outlet and
is intended to provide water for the
fireman to fight a fire.
• The water is discharge into the fire
engine from which it is then pumped
and sprayed over a fire.
• Where the water supply is not reliable
or inadequate, hydrant pumps should
be provided to pressurise the fire
mains. [15]
 3.2.2
Passive Firefighting System
• Passive protection refers to fire resistance measures.
• Valuable both for the safety of building occupants and for the
minimising of building damage.
• A passive system’s objective is to hold the smoke and flames in
one, contained area or to channel it out of the building.
• If the smoke and flames cannot spread to other areas inside of the
building, then:
• they’re easier to put out,
• there are fewer people who may be affected,
• it’s easier for people to leave the building safely, and
• there’s less equipment that may be affected or damaged.
[3][8]
• Passive fire protection systems are mostly built right into a building
and should ideally be installed throughout the building.
• In addition, areas that are sensitive or that may conduct smoke and
flame—such as stairwells and elevator shafts—should have an
additional layer of passive smoke protection, such as smoke and
curtains, as well.
• Passive protection systems are all about preventing the spread of
flame and resisting ignition in the first place.
• This resistance is generally structural and designed to
compartmentalise the building and isolate a flame. [3][8]
STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
• Structural fire protection ensures the stability of
structural elements (such as steel beams/columns
or timber beams/columns) in a building in case of
fire.
• This is achieved by applying adequate products
onto the structural element, such as:
• Fire protective boards - typically mineral boards (i.e.,
made of calcium silicate or calcium sulphate) reinforced
with fibres and fillers.
• Paints - Intumescent paints. Under normal conditions
the paint is a thin dry film, during fire it transforms into
a thick layer of carbon foam (typical expansion around
50 x) that provides insulation to the load-bearing
structure.
• Sprays - typically consist of a binder (normally cement
or plaster), fillers and fibres. The powder is mixed with
water to produce a sprayable material. Suitable for
structures where aesthetic requirements are not so
important. [11]
COMPARTMENTATION
• A compartment is a defined space in a
building, which limits the spread of fire
and smoke.
• Compartments are always vertical (fire
rated floors/ceilings) and horizontal
(fire rated walls).
• This may mean using fire retardant
materials when constructing the floors,
walls and ceilings of the building.
• For example, concrete block walls are
going to be less likely to spread flames
than a wood frame wall.
• Through effective
compartmentalisation, the structural
integrity of the building can be
maintained and ensure the safe
evacuation of the building occupants.
[8][11]
• The following list of examples are all a
part of passive fire protection: [8]

o Fire doors
o Fire walls
o Fire floors
o Emergency exit lights
o Dampers
o Flame shields
o Intumescent paint
o Mortar coating
o Mineral fibre matting
o Protection of muster/refuge points
o Spray fireproofing
MEANS OF ESCAPE
• A means of escape is any point of discharge such as an exit door, fire
escape, or accessible windows that allow employees to evacuate a
building or premises during an immediate danger or hazard, for
example, a fire or explosion. [10]

• A safe escape route should be the first thing to consider when to start
designing a passive fire protection plan.
• Fire safety first focuses on the safety of the occupants of the building.
• To save lives, make sure people have the time and the means to
evacuate in case of fire to a place of total safety. [11]
• In order to achieve this, it will be necessary to
protect a specific exit route called “escape
route” or “evacuation route”, defined as a
safe route (horizontal and vertical) for people
to travel from any location in the building or
structure to a safe place, without the need of
outside assistance.
• Escape routes must ensure
• a safe evacuation of people who are
threatened by fire,
• facilitate a rapid and effective rescue by fire
brigades who enter the building to extinguish
the fire or to search for people still inside the
building. [11]
• Different protective measures need
to be put in place to create an
effective escape route.
• By providing a fire-resisting
construction around the escape
route, the fire can be kept out long
enough for people to evacuate.
• It might also be necessary to apply
positive air pressure to an escape
route to discourage smoke from
entering in the event of a fire – as the
ability to escape can be affected by
both the smoke and the heat from a
fire.
• Smoke filled stairways are dangerous
areas, with high potential for
accidents of occupants (slip, trip and
fall, panic or bump into each other).
[11]
• The leading principle for the design of
the escape routes is this: the time
available for escaping should exceed
the time needed for escape.
• Research shows that the time needed for
people to notice the fire, take action and
evacuate is much longer than we would
think.
• This is why the escape route should be
able to resist fire for much longer than
one would think.
• The evacuation of older or disabled
people requires particular consideration,
as they will need special care, more time
or additional exit means. [11]
• The level of fire protection that
should be given to escape routes
depends on the level of risk of fire
within the premises.
• Premises that are simple, consisting of
a single storey - simple measures to
protect the escape routes.
• Compared to a large multi-storey
building or building, where people that
cannot move fast: hospitals, elderly
homes, schools and hotels. These
complex buildings require a more
sophisticated, tested escape plan with
a well integrated and secure escape
route. [11]
FIRE RATED DOOR
• Ever wondered why some doors in the building are super heavy?
The ones that take the might of superman and hulk combined?
• Chances are you've come across an integral part of the fire safety
in the building, The Fire Door.
• Fire doors help the compartmentalization of buildings, helping in
delaying the spread of fires.
• Since these compartments are usually linked by the fire doors,
they serve two functions:
i. when closed they form a barrier to stop the spread of fire and
ii. when opened they provide a means of escape. [9]
• A well-designed fire door will delay the
spread of fire and smoke without causing
too much hindrance to the movement of
people and goods.
• A fire door aims to act as a barrier to not
only the fire but also smoke.
• It does its job to varying degrees
depending on its location in the building
and the fire hazards around it.
• Fire doors can be made with a
combination of timber, steel, gypsum, and
aluminium.
• They can also have windows, which are
made from borosilicate or ceramic glass
(both of which offer a higher fire
resistance than standard glass), and may
contain an anti-shattering wire mesh.
[9]
• To enhance their fire-stopping abilities, fire
doors are flush with the frame.
• Any or all gaps are filled with silicone-
based fire-resistant sealant.
• These are often accompanied by a KELUAR
(EXIT) sign and an intumescent strip
attached at the bottom of the door, which
expands when exposed to heat to prevent
smoke from seeping underneath.
• Fire doors are commonly designed to
include a closing mechanism. Usually fitted
at the top of a door, these spring-loaded or
hydraulic mechanisms force the door
closed, preventing fire and smoke from
passing from one area to another.
[9]
FIRE DOOR RATING
• Fire doors are labelled based on the amount of
time (in hours or minutes) the door is expected
to provide protection.
• Other than the time, the type of the door is also
mentioned (one leaf being one door, two leaf
being two doors).
• The size, use, and complexity of the building
determine the factors in selecting the fire door
for the building.
• Where a safe escape is straight forward there
may be no requirement for fire doors at all, but
in a complex building or where users may
require assistance to escape then fire doors
with higher fire ratings may be necessary.
• To be called a ‘fire door’, a design must be
certified by Bomba and SIRIM. [9]

• As a certified fire door, it must be self-closing

and self-latching as stated under UBBL 1984
(2012 Amendment) or any Building Regulation.
FIRE EXCAPE STAIRS
FIRE EXCAPE STAIRS
• A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted
to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate
from the main areas of the building.
• It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other
emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building
inaccessible.
• Fire escapes are most often found on multiple-story residential
buildings, such as apartment buildings.
• Every building should have a fire escape staircase to permit the
safe escape of occupants in case of an emergency.
• The building should be properly designed and constructed as per
the required fire safety according to the Uniform Building By-
Laws 1984 Malaysia as due to urbanization, it has become
necessary to construct and design the buildings as per the rules
and regulations were given by BOMBA. [9]
TYPES OF FIRE ESCAPING STAIRS
Drop Ladder
• Drop ladders are one of the best fire escape
equipment.
• They are widely used in case of fire
emergencies in medium to small apartment
complexes.
• These types of ladders are permanently fixed
and are safe and stable so that anyone can use
them.
• The drop ladder is usually fitted close to the
window so it can be easily used during an
emergency evacuation. [9]
Counterbalanced Stairs
• A counterbalance staircase is a common method that is
widely used to protect building occupants during a period of
emergency.
• And is usually seen in schools and small buildings.
• The counterbalanced stairway is a common method used to
protect building occupants from unwanted visitors coming
up the fire escape and is operated via a pulley system. [9]
Gooseneck Ladder
• A Gooseneck Ladder is a vertical ladder that
extends from the top floor of the terrace or
balcony and is used as a standard fire
escape.
• This type of ladder is attached to the side of
the building and is sometimes a part of the
building, although compartmentalized using
fire doors.
• It extends from the top floor to the bottom
and is usually found in high-rise buildings.
• Compared to the previous ladders the
Gooseneck ladder is a little bit complex and
difficult to handle. [9]
MATERIALS OF FIRE ESCAPING STAIRS
• Aluminium
• Stainless Steel
• Galvanized Steel
• Concrete
PARTY WALL
• In real estate terminology, a party wall is
a shared wall that separates two
separately rented or owned units.
• Party walls are most commonly found in
apartments, condominiums, hotels, and
office complexes, where different
tenants will share a common structure.
• Party walls are intended to ensure that
different tenants of a multi-unit
structure are able to maintain privacy
and quiet enjoyment of use of the
property.
• As such, party walls are sometimes built
with additional insulation so that sound
from an adjoining unit does not disturb
neighbors. [12]
• Some building codes require party
walls to be built as fire walls, with
noncombustible material
extending from the foundation to
the roof.
• If a fire occurs in one unit, a fire
wall helps to slow the spread of the
fire into adjoining units.
• Not only is this safer for tenants,
but it also helps to contain fires
and limit property damage. [12]
SMOKE AND FIRE CURTAIN
• A smoke curtain and a fire curtain are both invaluable elements of a
building’s smoke control and fire mitigation system.
• Designed to limit the spread of smoke and fire throughout a building
during an emergency.
• They also protect a building’s occupants from smoke inhalation and
fire while they are evacuating the building.
• Both smoke and fire curtains are usually kept hidden until a fire
detection system or fire alarm system activates them.
• This makes them the ideal choice for building owners who prioritise
their building’s aesthetics or want to conserve space.
• However, while these two products may seem similar, they have very
different uses.
[16]
SMOKE CURTAIN
• According to the research conducted by the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), smoke inhalation is more likely to cause death
than burns from a fire.
• Therefore, smoke curtains are the ideal solution not only for smoke
containment but also as a safety measure against smoke inhalation.
• It creates a physical barrier against smoke by sealing off elevators and
other large openings where smoke can quickly travel through a
building.
• Once tripped by a fire detection or alarm system, the smoke curtain
will automatically descend from the ceiling to a drop position generally
above head height, thus creating a barrier from the smoke.
• This allows the building’s occupants to evacuate quickly and safely
without interfering with the means of escape.
[16]
FIRE CURTAIN
• Fire curtain extinguishes fires by containing them until they run out of
fuel or oxygen.
• They are made of extremely fire-resistant materials and may be used
as a compartment wall within a building.
• Furthermore, a fire curtain provides a building’s occupants with fire
and smoke protection for 60 to 120 minutes.
• They will also safeguard the building and its escape routes from
exposure to heat, fire, and smoke, thus providing adequate time for
building occupants to evacuate. [16]
HYBRID CURTAIN
• A hybrid curtain is specially designed for smoke and fire protection.
These curtains are made from a fire-rated fabric that can also contain
smoke successfully. [16]

Smoke curtains are commonly installed in:

• Retail premises
• Hospitals
• Residential buildings
• Educational institutions
• Airports [16]

Fire curtains should be installed in areas with a high concentration of

electrical or heat sources and fuel, as they increase the chances of the
building catching fire. Examples include:
• Server rooms
• Kitchens
• Office and printer rooms
• Machinery factories
• Cinemas, etc. [16]
• Uniform Building By-Law is a set of By-Laws (subsidiary legislation of
Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974) which focus on the regulation of
the Building Part of the act.
• In essence, the by-law is to elaborate the details like standard and
procedures to ensure the building is built for the purpose and safe for
occupancy. [17]
REFERENCES:
1. BRITANNICA https://www.britannica.com/technology/firefighting
2. KALPEX https://www.kalpataruindia.in/fire-fighting-system/
3. SMOKE GUARD https://smokeguard.com/blog/2019/august/15/understanding-the-differences-between-active-vs-passive-
fire-protection-systems
4. JOHN HOLT PLC https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-fire-fighting-equipment-protection-john-holt-plc
5. UNIQUE https://www.uniquefire.com/uniquefire-full-range-products/
6. AITO https://aito.com.my
7. EVERSAFE https://eversafe.net/products/corrosion-resistant-fire-extinguishers/portable-fire-extinguisher-corrosion-
resistant/corrosion-resistant-water-stored-pressure/
8. JIM’S FIRE SAFETY https://www.jimsfiresafety.com.au/active-passive-fire-protection-systems
9. FIREFIGHTER https://www.firefighter.com.my
10. WORKPLACETESTING https://www.workplacetesting.com
11. PROMAT https://www.promat.com
12. INVESTOPEDIA https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/party-
wall.asp#:~:text=What%20Is%20a%20Party%20Wall,will%20share%20a%20common%20structure.
13. FIRE FIGHTHING EQUIPMENT https://www.firefightingequipment.my/fire-detection-system/ Accesses on 18.01.2023.
14. TAISEI https://taisei.com.vn/automatic-fire-alarm-system-for-building Accessed on 18.01.2023.
15. EXCEL FIRE https://www.excelfire.com.my/service/hydrant-system/ Accessed on 19.01.2023.
16. PALCON https://www.palcon.com.my/smoke-curtain-vs-fire-curtain/ Accessed on 19.01.2023.
17. PEAKD https://peakd.com/hive-174578/@kimzwarch/architecture-revision-uniform-building-by-law-malaysia Accessed on
19.01.2023.
18. PICTURES/FIGURES – source link is provided on the picture/figure OR from https://pixabay.com
END OF TOPIC 3