lb¿sk°-≠dn ae-bmfw (c≠mw h¿jw)

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 : Fgp-ØIw
]T-\-t\-´-߃
Š amXr-`m-j-bn-sebpw CX-c-`m-j-I-fn-sebpw \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmb IrXn-I-fnse
Bi-b-߃ Dƒs°m≠v DNn-X-amb hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ß-fn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.
Š hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-bnse kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co-£w,
IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-kn-I-`mhw F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°pI.
{]th-iIw
]mT-kw-{Klw
{]ikvX Du¿÷-X-{¥-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb C.-kn.-Pn. kpZ¿i≥ ae-bmfw ¢m p-I-
sf-°p-dn®p ]d™ A`n-{]mbw N¿® sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Fgp-ØIw Bcw-`n-°p-
∂Xv.
Š ^nkn-Ivknse ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-te°v Fs∂ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®Xv A∂sØ
ae-bmfw ¢m p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
Š ]Z-t—-Zw, ]Zm¿∞w, hmNym¿∞w, [z\n, `mhw F∂n-ßs\ ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
Hcp Imcy-Øn\v At\Iw Xe-ß-fp-≠mImw F∂ henb Adnhv ae-bmfw ¢m p-
Iƒ ]I¿∂p-X-∂p.
"amXr-`m-jm-]-T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw' N¿® sNøm-\p≈ {]th-i-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-am-
bmWv Cu `mKw \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CXn\p klm-b-I-amb Nne kqN-\-Iƒ
NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
Š hkvXp-X-I-fpsS kq£vam-]-{K-Y-\-Øn\v amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.
Š ]pXnb At\z-j-W-߃°v {]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-∂p.
Š k¿Km-fl-I-ambn Nn¥n-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. k¿Km-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-
߃°v G‰hpw DNnXw amXr-`m-j-bm-Wv.
Š t_m[-\-am-[yaw amXr-`m-j-bm-Ip-tºmƒ hkvXp-X-I-fpsS {Kl-W-Øn\v hy‡X
IqSp-∂p.
Š P\m-[n-]Xyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v `c-W-`mj amXr-`m-j-bm-Ip-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. `cn-
°p-∂-hcpw `c-Wo-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ AIew Ipd-bm-\Xv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
Š amXr-`mj kwkvIm-c-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p≈ D]m[n IqSn-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI PohnXw
^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn\pw sshIm-cn-I-hn-I-k\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn\pw amXr-`m-jm-
{]m-hoWyw ]n¥p-W-tb-Ip-∂p.

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Š amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w Pohn-X-]-T\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXn-eqsS kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬
CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Icp-Øp-IqSn t\Sm-\m-hp-∂p.
tNmZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
1. ^nkn-Ivknse ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-te°v Fs∂ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®Xv A∂sØ
ae-bmfw ¢m p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. C.-kn.-Pn. kpZ¿is‚ Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv tbmPn-
°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ FSp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.
Š ^nknIvkv ae-bm-f-Øn-emWv ]Tn-t°-≠Xv
Š ae- b m- f - Ø n- s e- ∂ - X p- t ]mse ^nkn- I v k nepw Hcp Imcy- Ø n\v At\Iw
Xe-ß-fp-≠v.
Š k¿Km-fl-I-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v "{]tNm-Z\w' henb LS-I-am-Wv.
Š ^nkn-Ivkn-t\-°mƒ \√Xv ae-bm-f-amWv (kvtIm¿ 2)
2. ae-bmfw ¢m p-I-fn¬ \n∂p In´nb henb Adnhv F¥m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv
C.-kn.-Pn. kpZ¿i≥ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv? \nß-fpsS \nco-£-W-߃ tN¿Øv
Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 4)
3. hy‡n-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnIm-k-amWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-sa-¶n¬
amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w AXn\v F{X-tØmfw klm-b-I-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm≠v
D]-\ymkw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)

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 IÆmSn Im¨tam-fhpw
Xp©Øv Fgp-Ø-—≥

]mT-kw-{Klw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-bmb alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m-´nse iIp-¥-tfm-]m-Jym-\-
Ønse GXm\pw hcn-I-fmWv ]mT-`m-Kw. alm-`m-cXw kw`-h-]¿h-Øn-emWv iIp-¥-
tfm-]m-Jym\w D≈-Xv. Km‘¿h-hn-[n-{]-Imcw Xs∂ hnhmlw sNbvX Zpjvj-¥s‚
sIm´m-c-Øn-te°v iIp-¥-f-]p-{X-t\m-sSm∏w FØn-t®-cp-∂p. Zpjvj¥≥ Ahsf sI´-
h-sf∂p IcpXn A[n-t£-]n-°p-∂p. Bflm-`n-am-\-Øn\p apdn-th‰ iIp-¥f Xs‚
hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂-XmWv ]mT-kμ¿`w.
""Zpjvj-¥s‚ iIm-c-hm-°p-I-tfm-sS-bmWv ]mT-`mKw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. [m¿jvSy-ap-
≈-h-cmWv kv{XoI-sf∂p tI´n-t´-bp-≈q, Ct∏m-gnXm I≠p. hgn-]n-g-®-h-fmb \o Fs‚
ap∂n-seØn Ipe-kv{Xo-sb∂p IcpXn ]eXpw ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xp aXn-bm-
°p-I, kz¿Whpw cXv\-ßfpw B`-c-Whpw hkv{X-hp-sams° Rm≥ th≠p-thmfw
\¬Imw. Ah hmßn \n\°p tbmPn® Zn°n-te°p s]mbvs°m-≈p-I. tImIn-e-sØ-
t∏mse \obpw ]c-`r-X-bm-W-t√m. \ns∂ ChnsS ImWp-∂tX F\n-°n-jvS-a-√.''
Zpjvj¥s‚ \nμm-h-N-\-߃ tI´v e÷n-X-bmb iIp-¥f Cßs\ {]Xn-I-cn®p:
""A\y-cpsS ISp-Ip-a-Wn-t]m-esØ tZmj-߃ t]mepw \o Is≠-Øp-∂p. hep-Xm-
bm¬t∏mepw kz¥w tZmj-ß-ƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-√. ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS t]mepw ioe-am-
Wn-Xv. \ns‚ P∑-sØ-°mƒ t{ijvT-amWv Fs‚ P∑w. `qan-bn-e-√msX \n\°p k©-
cn-°m-\m-hp-tam. F\n°v `qan-bnepw BIm-iØpw Hcp-t]mse k©-cn-°m-\m-hpw.
A√tbm cmPmth \Ωƒ XΩn¬ hfsc hyXy-kvX-cm-sW-∂-dn-bp-I. tacp-]¿h-Xhpw
ISpIpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw \mw XΩn-ep-≠v. Xm¶ƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ C\nbpw
Adn-™n-´n-√m-Ø-bm-fm-Wv. hncq-]-∑m¿ IÆmSn ImWp-∂-Xp-hsc Xs‚ apJ-amWv
G‰hpw \√-sX∂p hnNm-cn-°pw. Xs‚ Ipd-hp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bmsX Ah¿ a‰p-≈-hsc
Ip‰w ]d-™p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ \√ a\p-jy-cm-Is´ Ip‰-ap-≈-h-sc-t∏mepw
\nμn-°p-I-bn√. Znh-khpw ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ Ipfn-®mepw B\ s]mSn-aÆn¬ InS∂p
ckn-°m-\m-Wt√m CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]msebmWv Nne-cpsS kz`m-h-hpw. k÷-
\-ßsf \nμn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Zp¿÷\w kt¥m-jn-°p-∂X - v. k÷-\ß- f
- m-Is´ Bscbpw
\nμn-°m-dn-√. kXyhpw [¿Ωhpw Dt]-£n® ]pcp-js\ k¿∏-sØ-°mƒ t]Sn-°-
Ww. AØ-c-°m-tcmSv Adn-hp-≈-h¿ \√ Imcy-߃ ]d-™mepw Ah¿ a-\- n-em-°n-
√. ]mepw sh≈hpw Iq´n-°-e¿Øn h®m¬ Ac-b∂w ]mep-am{Xw IpSn-°p-∂-Xp-
t]mse a\- n¬ \∑-bp-≈-h¿ \√ Imcy-߃ s]s´∂p {Kln-°pw.''
iIp-¥f Cß-s\-sbms° ]d-™p-\n¬°th Ai-cocn tI´p. ""tZh-kv{Xo-k-a-
bmb iIp-¥-f-sbbpw kz¥w ]p{X-s\bpw \o kzoI-cn-°p-I. cmPy-`-cWw sshImsX
aIs\ Gev]n-°p-I. Ah≥ `c-X-s\∂p {]kn-≤-\m-Ipw.'' Cu hm°p-Iƒ Zpjy-¥≥

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inc-km-h-ln-®p. iIp-¥f `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w kt¥m-j-tØmsS IqSn-t®¿∂p.
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ `mj
Š ]m´n-s‚bpw aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn-s‚bpw taf-\-^-e-amWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ `mjm-ssien.
Š `mh-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v `mj {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Fgp-Ø-—\v {]tXy-I-ssh-`hw
Xs∂-bp-≠v.
Š hmsam-gn-bpsS ap{Z ]Xn-™n-´p≈ hm°p-Ifpw {]tbm-K-ßfpw Fgp-Ø-—≥ Ihn-
X-bn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂n-´p-≠v. tI´p-tIfn, ISp-In-∑Wn XpS-ßnb ]Z-߃ DZm-l-
c-Ww.
Š Dh-∂p, \√-\m-bn-cn-∏-h≥, XΩpsS XpSßnb {]mNo-\-]-Z-ß-fpsS {]tbm-Khpw
Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øp-Im-Wmw.
Š ]c-`rX F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-ku-μcyw {it≤-bw. iIp-¥-fsb Im°-°q-
´n¬ ap´-bn-Sp∂ Ipbn-en-t\mSv (tIm-In-e-\m-cn) D]-an-°p-∂p. A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS ]cn-
N-c-W-Øn¬ hf-cmØXn\m¬ hf¿Øp-tZm-j-ap-≈-hƒ (]-c-`r-X) F∂ \nμm-
kq-N-\bpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Š efn-X-amb ]Z-ß-fpsS DNn-X-amb {]tbm-Khpw hnin-jvS-]-Z-c-N\ DW¿Øp∂
kuμ-cym-\p-`-hhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ihn-X-bpsS henb khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
tNmZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
1. "kXy-[¿ΩmZnshSn-™o-Sn\ ]pcp-js\
{Ip≤\mw k¿∏-sØ-°m-tf-‰hpw t]Sn-t°Ww' ˛ ChnsS iIp-¥-f, Zpjvj-¥s‚
kz`m-h-Øn-ep-≈-Xmbn Icp-Xp∂ Imcy-ß-sf-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv.
Š Zpjvj-¥≥ kXyhpw [¿Ωhpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-bm-fm-Wv.
Š Zpjvj¥s\ k¿∏-sØ-°mƒ t]Sn-°-Ww.
Š kXyhpw [¿Ωhpw shSn-™-bm-fmWv Zpjvj-¥≥
Š ]pcp-j-∑m¿ k¿∏-ß-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv. (kvtIm¿ ˛2)
2. "tacphpw ISp-Ip-ap-≈-¥-c-ap≠p \Ωn¬' ˛ Bsc-sbm-s°-bmWv ChnsS ]cm-
a¿in-°p-∂Xv? (kvtIm¿ ˛ 2)
3. Xs‚ P∑w t{ijvT-sa∂p hmZn-°p∂ iIp-¥f AXn\p ]n≥_-e-ta-Im-\mbn
]d-bp∂ ta∑-Isf°pdn®v Hcp- e-Lp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI (kvtIm¿˛4)
4. ""\√\mbn-cn-∏-h≥ \√Xp {Kln-®oSpw
sh≈sØ shSn™p ]me-∂-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse'' F∂ hcn-I-fnse Bi-bhpw
Zbm-_m-bn-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-hhpw Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp tdUntbm kp`m-
jnXw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)

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5. Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ koX F∂ IYm-]m-{Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-bnse iIp-¥-
fbpw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-{]-h-W-X-Iƒs°Xnsc \S-Øp∂ {]Xn-I-cWw Xmc-X-ay-
s∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-ج Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
6. iIp-¥-f-bpsS hm°p-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ temtIm-‡n-I-fn-eqsS kaq-
l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Btcm-Ky-I-c-a-√mØ Nne {]h-W-X-I-sf-bmWv Fgp-
Ø-—≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)
ssZh-Z-iIw
B{i-a-Ønse At¥-hm-kn-I-fmb Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]m¿∞-\-bv°mbn \mcm-b-W-
Kpcp 1914¬ Fgp-Xnb ]Øp-t«m-I-ß-f-S-ßnb IrXn-bmWv ssZh-Z-i-Iw. Ct∏m-
gXv hniz-{]m¿∞-\-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
Š \ma-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]tXyI t]cv ]d-bmsX F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-amb
"ssZhta' F∂p am{X-amWv Cu {]m¿∞-\-bnse kwt_m-[-\.
Š Fs∂ c£n-°-W-sa-∂-√, Rßsf c£n-°-W-sa-∂mWv ChnsS {]m¿∞n-°p-
∂-Xv. {]m¿∞\ F√m-h¿°pw th≠n-bm-sW∂ k¶-ev]-amWv Kpcp-hn-\p-≈-Xv.
kp`m-jnXw
Pohn-X-Øn¬ KpW-I-c-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂ Bi-b-ß-fpsS efn-X-amb
Ah-X-c-W-amWv kp`m-jn-X-ß-fn-eqsS \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. {]k-‡-amb Imhy-i-
I-e-߃ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ahbv°v Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw
hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv kp`m-jn-X-ß-fn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

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 {]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv
K{_n-tb¬ Km¿knb am¿sIzkv

]mT-kw{Klw
em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb K{_n-tb¬ Km¿knb am¿sIzkv Fgp-
Xnb IY-bmWv {]Imiw Pew-t]m-se-bm-Wv (Light is like water). em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥
\K-c-amb ImSvPns\ C¥ym-kn¬ \n∂v bqtdm-]y≥ \K-c-amb am{Un-Un-te°v Xma-
kn-°m-s\-Ønb Hcp IpSpw-_-amWv IY-bpsS ]›m-Ø-ew. A—\pw AΩbpw tSmt´m,
tPmh¬ F∂o c≠v B¨Ip-´n-I-fp-amWv {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-߃. ISepw I∏epw
Pem-i-b-ßfpw h≈-ßfpw [mcm-f-ap≈ ImSvPn-s\-bn¬ ck-I-c-amb _meyw sNe-h-
gn- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ n- s S- b mWv kv s ]bn- \ ns‚ Xe- ÿ m- \ - a mb am{Un- U nse CSp- ß nb
A∏m¿´vsa‚n-te°v Ip´n-I-fpsS PohnXw ]dn-®p-am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-I-ƒ, Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏´ _mey-Øns‚ ck-ßfpw P∑-\m-Sns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
Ifpw `mh-\-bn-eqsS Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bhn-jvImcw IY-bn-ep-≠v. AXn-\-∏pdw
cmjv{So-bhpw Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb A¿Y-X-e-ß-fn-te°v IYsb
Db¿Øp-∂-h-cp-≠v. amPn-°¬ dnb-enkw F∂ khn-ti-j-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-k-t¶Xw
Cu IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠Xm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im-cnbpw A[ym-]n-I-bp-amb N{μ-a-Xn-bmWv Cu
IY-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
Hº-Xp-h-b- mb tSmt´mbpw Ggp-h-b- p-Im-c≥ tPmhepw A—-\-Ω-am-tcm-sSm∏w
am{UnUv F∂ bqtdm-]y≥ ]cn-jvIrX \K-c-Øn¬ Hcp henb ^vfm‰v kap-®-b-
Ønse A©mw-\n-e-bn-ep≈ A]m¿´vsa‚n-emWv Xnßn-°q-Sn-°-gn-bp-∂-Xv. em‰n-\-ta-
cn-°-bnse ImSvPns\ C¥ymsk∂ Xpd-ap-J-\-K-c-amWv Ah-cpsS kztZ-iw. ISepw
I∏epw h≈-ßfpw [mcm-f-ap≈ AhnsS Ah-cpsS hoSn\v Hcp-ap-‰hpw Dƒ°-S-ent\m-
Sp-tN¿∂v t_m´p-Iƒ ASp-∏n-°m-hp∂ ÿehpw c≠p-henb h≈-߃ hbv°m-hp∂
Hcp sjÕpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. NqXm´w aqew henb IS-_m-[yX h∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv B
IpSpw-_-Øn\v ImSvPns\ hn´v am{UnUv \K-c-Øn-seØn Xma-kn-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv.
{InkvXpakv kΩm-\-ambn X߃°v Xpg-h≈w thW-sa∂p tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv IY-bpsS XpS-°w. P∑-\m-Smb ImSvPn-s\-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-
tºmƒ Ah hmßm-sa∂v ]∏m ]d-™p. BsI jh-dn¬ \n∂p-h-cp∂ sh≈w am{X-
ap≈ am{Un-Un¬ h®p Xpg-h≈w hmßp-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-an-√mØ Imcy-am-sW∂v
AΩbpw \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. F∂n´pw Ip´n-Iƒ ]n≥am-dn-bn√. ]T-\-Øn¬ anIhp
]pe¿Øn-bm¬ hmßn \¬Im-sa-t∂‰ kΩm\w hmßp-I-Xs∂ thW-sa∂v Ah¿
hmin-]n-Sn-®p. Ip´n-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ \n∂p kΩm\w hmßn-bXp IW-°n-se-SpØv ]∏
Ah¿°v Xpg-h≈w hmßn \¬In. sh≈sØ kv]¿in-°p-∂n-SØv kz¿W-h-c-I-
fp≈ Hcp Aeq-an-\nbw h≈-amWv Abmƒ hmßn-b-Xv.

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 ^vfm‰p kap-®-b-Øn-\p-Xmsg Imdn-Sp∂ ÿe-ØmWv h≈w kq£n-®-Xv. Fen-th-
‰¿ hgntbm GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ hgntbm AXp-ap-I-fn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cm-\m-hn-s√-∂mWv
A—-\-Ω-am¿ Icp-Xn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ ASpØ Ah[n Znhkw Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ kl-]m-
Tn- I - f psS klm- b - t ØmsS h≈sØ GWn- ∏ - S n- I ƒ hgn A©mw \ne- b nse
A]m¿´vsa‚n¬ FØn-®p.
A—-\-Ω-am¿°v F√m _p[-\m-gvNbpw kn\na ImWm≥ t]mIp∂ ]Xn-hp-≠v.
sXm´-SpØ _p[-\mgvN Ah¿ t]mb-tXmsS hoSns‚ k¿hm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmbn amdnb
Ip´n-Iƒ F√m IX-Ip-Ifpw P\-ep-Ifpw AS-®n´v kzoI-c-W-ap-dn-bnse hnf-°p-I-fn¬
G‰hpw {]Im-i-ap≈ HscÆw s]m´n-®p. s]m´nb _ƒ_n¬ \n∂pw XWpØ sh≈-
Øns‚ IpsØmgp°pt]mse IpXn-®p-Nm-Snb {]Im-isØ aq∂-Sn-tbmfw Db-c-Øn¬
\nd® Ip´n-Iƒ Xpg-h≈w AXn-en-d°n ho´n-\p-≈nse F√m Zzo]n-te°pw CjvSw
t]mse k©-cn-®p.
IYm-IrØv AYhm IY-bnse BJym-Xmhv Xs∂-bmWv Ip´n-I-fp-sS Cu kml-
k-Øn\p Imc-W-°mc≥. "ho´p-]-I-c-W-ß-fnse IhnX F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ \S∂
Hcp N¿®-bv°n-S-bn¬, kzn®n¬ sXmSp-tºmƒ {]Imiw {]h-ln-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv
F∂v tSmt´m At±-l-tØmSv tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. ""{]Imiw Pew-t]m-se-bm-Wv, Sm∏v Xpd-
∂m¬ aXn IpXn-s®m-gpIpw'', F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂-t±-l-Øns‚ adp-]-Sn.
A—-\-Ω-am-c-dn-bmsX tSmt´mbpw tPmh-epwCu kmlkw amk-ß-tfmfw XpS¿∂p.
Xß-fpsS kml-ksØ Ipd-®p-IqSn apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\mbn ap߬ ]co-£-
W-Øn-\p≈ apJw-aq-Sn-Iƒ, Ip™n-®n-d-Ip-Iƒ, hmbp-\n-d-®-tXm-°p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kma-
{Kn-Iƒ hmßn \¬I-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ASpØ Bh-iyw. Xpg-h≈w
tPmen-°m-cn-°p≈ apdn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ A—-
\-Ω-am¿ Cu Bh-iysØ i‡-ambn FXn¿Øp. H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ G‰hpw anI®
hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p≈ kΩm-\߃ X߃ t\Sn-bm¬ Ah hmßn-Ø-c-W-sa-∂mbn
Ip´n-Iƒ. ""sNtø-≠Xp sNbvXn´v Cu ]nt≈¿ Hcm-Wn-t]mepw kΩm-\-ambn hmßn-
√. F∂m¬ Fs¥-¶nepw thW-sa-∂-h¿°p hmin tXm∂n-bm¬ Ah¿ F¥pw
sNøpw. thW-sa-¶n¬ So®-dpsS Itk-c-t]mepw Ah¿ t\Sn-sb-Sp°pw'' F∂m-bn-
cp∂p Cu ka-bØv AΩ-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
ap߬ kma-{Kn-Iƒ hmßn-s°m-Sp-°m-sa∂ Dd-s∏m∂pw A—-\-Ω-am¿ \¬In-bn-
s√-¶nepw tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw anI® hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p≈ kΩm-\-߃ Ic-ÿ-am-
°n. A∂p-®bv°v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-SmsX Xs∂ ap߬ kma-{Kn-Iƒ Ah¿°v kΩm-
\-ambn e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A—-\-Ω-am¿ kn\n-abv°p t]mIp∂ _p[-\m-gvN-I-
fn¬ A]m¿´vsa‚ v \ndsb ]{¥-≠Sns]m°-Øn¬ {]Imiw \nd®p apßn-Ø-∏m\pw
If-™p-t]m-bXpw h¿j-ß-fmbn ImWm-\n-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-amb ]e-Xn-s\bpw ASn-Ø-
´n¬ \n∂p Is≠-Øm\pw CXp Ip´n-Iƒ°p klm-b-I-am-bn.
h¿jm-h-km-\-Øn¬ c≠p ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw amXr-Im-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fmbn Xnc-s™-
Sp-°-s∏-´p. F¥mWv kΩm-\-ambn th≠-sX∂v A—-\-Ω-am¿ Ctßm´p tNmZn® kμ¿`-
am-bn-cp-∂p, AXv. Xß-fpsS kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°v ho´n¬h®v Hcp ]m¿´n sImSp-°Ww

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F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ip´n-I-fpsS Bh-iyw. Cu \ymb-amb Bhiyw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]mIX
h∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-sW∂v A—≥ ]d-™p. AΩ AXv icn-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ASpØ _p[-\mgvN A—-\-Ω-am¿ ]Xn-hp-t]mse kn\na ImWm≥ t]mb-t∏mƒ
HØp-Iq-Snb Ip´n-Ifpw kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw Htc-k-a-bØv Hcp-]mSp sse‰p-Iƒ {]Im-in-∏n-
°p-Ibpw A]m¿´vsa‚n¬ {]Im-i-Øns‚ sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a´p-
∏m-hp-Iƒ \nd-™p-I-hn™v kph¿W-{]-f-b-ambn am{UnUv \K-c-Øns‚ sXcp-hp-I-fn-
eqsS {]Imiw IpXn-s®m-gp-In. tSmt´m-bp-sSbpw tPmh-en-s‚-bp-sam∏w ]Tn-°p∂ c≠p
¢mkp-I-fn-sebpw Ip´n-Iƒ B sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ apßn-Øm-Wp-t]m-bn. {]Im-i-
Øn¬ Xpg-™p-\-S-°p∂ imkv{Xw Hcn-°epw kz¥-am-°mØ Bfp-Ifp≈ am{UnUv
\K-c-Øn-emWv CXp \S-∂-sX∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv IY Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
amPn-°¬ dnb-enkw:
kzm`m-hn-I-amb IYm-k-μ¿`-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂v Xs∂ Akzm-`m-hn-Ihpw ambn-I-hp-
amb kμ¿`-߃ CS-I-e¿Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bmWv amPn-°¬ dnb-
en-kw. kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fn¬ am{X-a√ Nn{X-I-e-bnepw kn\n-a-bnepw Cu kt¶-X-
Øns‚ kzm[o\w ImWmw. bYm¿YysØ IqSpX¬an-gn-thmsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ D]m-[n-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv amPn-°¬ dnb-enkw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \nXy-
Po-hn-X-Ønse bmYm¿Yy-ß-tfmSv kam-\X ]pe¿Øp∂ hy‡n-Ifpw kw`-h-ßfpw
Bhn-jvIc - n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- n-s\m∏w Xs∂ Akw-`m-hy-ßf
- m-bh
- bpw IS-∂p-hc
- p-∂Xv \sΩ
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw. Ah Akw-`m-hy-ß-fm-sW∂v t_m[y-ap-s≠-¶nepw kzm`m-hn-I-
kw-`-h-ß-fm-sW∂ \ne-bn¬ Xs∂ Bkz-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw F∂-XmWv amPn-
°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. K{_n-tb¬ Km¿knb am¿sIz-kn\v t\m_¬
kΩm\w t\Sn-s°m-SpØ GIm-¥-X-bpsS \qdp-h¿j-߃ (One Hundred Years of
Solitude) F∂ t\mh-emWv amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap≈ IrXn-I-fn¬
G‰hpw {]kn-≤w.
Š BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
kqN-\-Iƒ
1. BJym-Xmhv IY ]d-bp∂ coXn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
2. BJym-Xmhv IY-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂ kμ¿`-ßfpw D≠v.
IYm-IrØv AYhm BJym-Xmhv CS-s]-Sp∂ aq∂p kμ¿`-ß-sf-¶nepw IY-bn¬
ImWm-\m-hpw. ho´p-]-I-c-W-ß-fnse IhnX F∂ hnj-b-Øn-ep≈ N¿®bv-°n-S-bn¬
tSmt´m-bpsS tNmZy-Øn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn BJym-Xm-hmWv {]Imiw Pew-t]m-se-bmWv
F∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h\ Ip´n-I-fn-ep-f-hm-°nb kzm[o-\-
amWv IYm-K-Xnsb am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xv.
ap߬ kma-{Kn-Iƒ hmßn-b-tijw A]m¿´vsa‚n¬ ]{¥-≠Sn s]m°-Øn¬
{]Im-i-Pew \nd®v apßn-Ø-∏p∂ Ip´n-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ BJym-
Xmhv \S-Øp∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. If-™p-t]m-bXpw h¿j-ß-fmbn
Ccp-´n-em-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb ]e-Xn-s\bpw Ah¿ {]Im-i-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬ \n∂p Is≠-
8

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SpØp F∂ {]kvXm-h\ Ip´n-Iƒ X߃°v \jvS-s∏´ P∑-\m-Sns‚ ku`m-Ky-ß-sf-
bpw, ssItamiw h∂ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw `mh-\-bn-eqsS hos≠-
Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ hy‡-amb kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p.
IYm-¥y-Øn¬ am{Un-Uns\ {]Im-i-Øn¬ Xpg™p \S-°p∂ imkv{Xw kzmb-
Ø-am-°mØ P\-ß-fpsS \Kcw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw BJym-Xm-hns‚ CS-s]-
S-em-Wv. bptdm∏v tI{μo-I-cn-®p-h-f¿∂p-h∂ imkv{X-t_m-[-Ønepw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bnepw
em`-t_m-[-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbmSpw temI-{I-a-tØm-Sp-ap≈ hntbm-
Pn∏pw `mh-\m-fl-I-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns‚ cmjv{So-b-tØm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyhpw CXn-
eqsS IYm-IrØv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
3. amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ ka¿Y-amb D]-tbm-Kw.
amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-sØ-°p-dn®v apºp kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. IY-bnse kzm`m-hn-I-
amb IpSpw-_m-¥-co£ Nn{Xo-I-cWtØmSv CS-I-e¿∂pXs∂ Bkzm-`m-hn-I-amb kw`-
h-ßfpw hnf-°n-t®¿ØmWv IYm-IrØv amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ at\m-l-c-amb
Bhn-jvImcw \n¿Δ-ln-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
_p[-\mgvN A—-\-Ω-am¿ kn\n-a-bv°p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Ip´n-Iƒ kzoI-c-W-ap-dn-bnse
hnf-°p-I-fn¬ HscÆw s]m´n-°p-Ibpw s]m´nb _ƒ_n¬\n∂pw sh≈-Øns‚
IpsØm-gp-°p-t]mse kz¿W{]Imiw ]pd-tØ-s°m-gpIn F∂pw ]d-bp-∂-tXmsS
km[m-c-W-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂v ambn-I-amb Hc-¥-co-£-Øn-te°v IY amdp∂p.
]n∂oSv Ip´n-Iƒ CXp ]e-hpcp Bh¿Øn-°pbpw sNøp-∂p.
tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°v ]m¿´n \S-Øp∂ Znh-ksØ kw`-h-ß-
fpsS h¿W-\-bn¬ amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ am{¥n-IX apgp-h≥ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p. ac-
߃°n-S-bn¬ ad-™p-\n¬°p∂ ho´n¬\n∂v {]Im-i-Øns‚ {]hmlw Hcp sh≈-
®m-´w-t]mse hcp-∂p. A¤p-X-°mgvN ImWp∂ P\-߃, {]Im-i-Øns‚ kph¿W-
{]-f-b-Øn¬ apßp∂ sXcp-hp-Iƒ, {]Im-i-Øns‚ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ apßn-Øm-
Wp-t]mb Ip´n-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ amb-°m-gvN-I-fpsS Hcp ]c-º-c-Xs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p.
4. kw`m-j-W-i-I-e-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw e`y-am-Ip∂ A¿Y-km[y-X-
Iƒ.
Xmc-X-tay\ sNdn-sbmcp IY-bmWv "{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bm-Wv.' AXnse kw`m-
j-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fp-sSbpw kq£va-hm-b-\- IYm-X-¥p-hns\ hnim-e-amb A¿Y-
X-e-ß-fn-te°v Db¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-am-Wv.
am{UnUv \K-c-Øn-s‚bpw ImSvPn-s\-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb \n›-b-Zm¿Vyw, Af-hn-√mØ `mh\
A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\w, kvt\lw, hne-bn-cp-ج.
IpSpw_w am{Un-Un¬ Xma-kn-°m-\n-S-bmb ]›m-Øew
XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° CØ-c-Øn¬ kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xp Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
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IYm-]m{X hni-I-e\w
tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw
kqN-\-Iƒ : P∑-\m-Smb ImSvPn-s\-bnse _mey-Im-ew.
Š am{Un-Un-te°v ]dn-®p-\-S-s∏´ kml-Ncyw
Š am{Un-Unse Pohn-X-Ønse hnc-k-X.
Š `mh-\b
- n-eqsS \jvSs
- ∏´ kt¥m-jß
- ƒ Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ {iaw; Bkq-{X-Ww.
Š Xpg-h≈w hm߬, XpS¿∂p≈ Bh-iy-ßfpw Bkq-{Xn-X-am-Imw.
Š `mh-\m-i‡n ˛ {]Imiw Pew-t]m-se-bmWv F∂ BibsØ BJym-Xm-hns‚
{]kvXm-h\- b
- n¬ \n∂v {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn-te°v hf¿Øn-bXv tSmt´mbpw tPmh-
ep-am-W-t√m.
Š \n›- b - Z m¿Vyw ˛ Xpg- h ≈w hmß- W - s a∂ Bh- i y- Ø n¬ Dd- ® p- \ n- ∂ - X v ,
XpS¿∂p≈ Bh-iy-ß-fn-epw.
Hmtcm kμ¿`Ønepw anI® hnZym¿Yn-I-fmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
`mh-\-bn-eqsS ]eXpw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`m-hsØ°pdn-®p≈ AΩ-bpsS hm°p-Ifpw Cu Bibw hni-Zo-I-
cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS temIhpw apXn¿∂-h-cpsS temIhpw IY-bn¬ Ds≠∂ kqN-\.
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS `mh-\m-fl-I-amb temIw.
Š apXn¿∂-h-cpsS temIw bmYm¿Yy-߃°v {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xv.
Š NqXm- ´ - Ø n- e qsS h∂ ISw ImcWw am{Un- U n- t e°p IpSn- t b- t d- ≠ n- h ∂
Ah-ÿ.
Š {]iv\-߃°n-S-bnepw Ip´n-Isf \∂mbn kwc-£n-°m\pw kvt\ln-°m\pw
a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ {i≤.
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-fnse bp‡n-bn-√mbva t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p-
s≠-¶nepw Ah km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv {it≤-bw.
* F√m _p[-\m-gvNbpw kn\na ImW¬ ˛ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp Xcw Hfn-
t®m-´-am-Imw.
* Ip´n-Iƒ `mh-\-bn-eqsS \jvS-ku-`m-Ky-߃ hos≠-Sp-°p-tºmƒ apXn¿∂-h¿
hnt\m-Z-Øn¬ A`bw tXSp-∂Xpw BImw.

tNmZy-am-Xr-II
- ƒ
1. 2 kvtIm¿ _lp-hnIev] tNmZy-߃
Š amPn-°¬ dnb-enkw {]I-S-am-Ip∂ hmIy-߃ Is≠-ج.
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 Š hmIy-ß-fpsS, {]tbm-K-ß-fpsS A¿Y-Xew kqN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠-ج.
Š {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS A¿Y-tØmSv tbmPn-°p-∂h/tbmPn-°m-Øh kqN-\-I-fn¬
\n∂v Is≠-ج.
Š IYm-]m-{X-kz-`m-h-tØmSv tN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂h kqN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xnc-s™-
Sp-°¬.
DZm-l-cWw:
tNmZyw : Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂pw amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap≈
hmIy-߃ Xnc-s™-SpØv Fgp-Xp-I.
kqN-\-Iƒ
Š Ip´n-Iƒ \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p.
Š \ne-Øp-\n∂v aq∂-Sn-tbmfw Db-c-Øn¬ {]Imiw Xfw-sI-´n.
Š {]Imiw kph¿W-{]-f-b-ambn sXcp-hn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-∂p.
Š thW-sa-¶n¬ So®-dpsS Itk-c-t]mepw Ah¿ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pw.
c≠m-a-sØbpw aq∂m-a-sØbpw kqN-\-I-fmWv icn-bm-bh F∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m.
CXp-t]mse amPn-°¬ dnb-en-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap≈ hmIy-߃ ]mT-`m-K-Øn¬
\n∂pw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-a-t√m.
2. 2 kvtIm¿ AXn-{l-tkzm-Øc tNmZy-߃
Š IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS {]tXy-IX Is≠-ج
Š hmIy-ß-fpsS A¿Y-Xew Is≠-ج.
Š ÿe-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-ج.
Š kqN-\-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°¬.
Š XpS-ßn-bh 2 kvtImdn\v tNmZn-°m-\n-S-bp≈hbm-Wv. ct≠m aqt∂m hmIy-ß-
fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xn-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
3. 4, 6, 8 kvtIm¿ tNmZy-߃
4 kvtIm¿ D≈ tNmZy-߃°v Ac-∏p-d-Øn¬ Ihn-bm-sXbpw 6 kvtIm¿ D≈-
hbv°v Hcp ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bm-sXbpw 8 kvtImdn\v H∂-c-∏p-d-Øn¬ Ihn-bm-sX-bp-
amWv DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠-Xv.
eLp-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬, hni-I-e-\-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬, km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-
°¬, Xmc-X-ay-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬, {]Xn-I-c-W-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬, kzm`n-{]mbw
cq]o-I-cn-°¬, IYm-]m-{X-kz-`mhw hne-bn-cp-ج, A¿Y-X-e-߃ Is≠-ج,
BJym\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-ج XpS-ßn-b sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-߃ ]mT-
`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂p-h-cm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.

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tNmZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
Š {]Imiw Pew-t]m-se-bmWv F∂ IY-bnse Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`m-h-Ønse \n›-
b-Zm¿Vyw {]I-S-am-hp∂ c≠v kμ¿`-߃ Fgp-Xp-I. (2 kvtIm¿)
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`m-h-Ønse c≠v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IY-bn¬ \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-
߃ \¬In hy‡-am-°pI. (4 kvtIm¿)
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-I. (6 kvtIm¿)
Š Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw A—-\-Ω-am-cp-sSbpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IYm-k-μ¿`-߃
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. (8 kvtIm¿)
Š ""ImSvPns\ C¥ym-kv,- am{UnUv ˛ F∂o \K-c-߃ c≠p kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS
{]Xo-I-߃ IqSn-bmWv'' ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kz¥w A`n-
{]mbw Ipdn-∏mbn Fgp-Xp-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
Š tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw A—-\-Ω-am¿ Icp-Xn-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-ap-≈-h-
cm-bn-cp∂p ˛ IYm-k-μ¿`-߃ kqNn-∏n®v Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
(kvtIm¿ 6)
Š Ip´n-I-fpsS kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v AΩ-bpsS \nco-£Ww F¥mWv ˛ Ah-tbm-
Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Ipdn-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 4)
Š "If-™p-t]m-b, h¿j-ß-fmbn Ccp-´n-em-bn-cp∂ ]e-Xn-s\bpw Ah¿ {]Im-i-
Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬\n∂pw Is≠-SpØp' ˛ {]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv F∂
IY-bnse BJym-Xmhv C{]-Imcw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? hni-I-
e\w sNøp-I.
Š {]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv F∂ IY-bpsS BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-
°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)
Š `mh-\bpw bmYm¿Yyhpw sI´p-]n-W™pInS-°p∂ cN-\m-co-Xn-bpw, [z\ym-fl-I-
X-bp-amWv "{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv' F∂ IYsb ck-\o-b-am-°p-∂Xv ˛
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ IYbv°v Bkzm-Z\w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
(kvtIm¿ 8)
Š imkv{X-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Abp-‡n-I-amb Imcy-߃ `mh-\-bpsS am{¥n-I-X-bn¬
bmYm¿Yy-ambn amdp∂p "{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv' F∂ IYsb Bkv]-Z-
am°n Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
Š "am{UnUv \K-csØ `mh-\-bn-eq-sS, Xß-fpsS P∑-tZ-i-amb ImSvPn-s\-bm°n
am‰p-I-bmWv tSmt´mbpw tPmhepw' ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
Š {]Im-i-Øn¬ Xpg-™p-\-S-°p∂ imkv{Xw Hcn-°epw kz¥-am-°mØ Bfp-I-
fp≈ \K-c-amWv am{Un-Uv, F∂ \nco-£-W-Øns‚ A¿Y-X-e-߃ N¿® sNøpI.
(kvtIm¿ 6)
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 Incm-X-hrØw
ISΩ-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥

B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-I-fn¬ {]ap-J-\mb IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvWs‚ {]kn≤ Ihn-

X-bmWv Incm-X-hr-Øw. Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-ß-fpsS Xo£vWX,
]pXpa-bp≈ Imhy-`m-j, km¿Δ-eu-In-I-amb kmwkvIm-cnI `qanI XpSßn At\Iw
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu IhnXsb {it≤-b-am-°p-∂p.
]mT-kw{Klw
Inc-mX-hrØw F∂ Ihn-Xsb aq∂p Jfi-ß-fm-°n-Øn-cn-°mw. Incm-Xs‚
C∂sØ Ah-ÿbpw \n¬]pw `mh-am-‰-ß-fp-amWv BZy-`m-KØv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
XpS¿∂v Incm-X≥ Xs‚ ]q¿Δ Ime-ß-sf-°p-dn-t®m¿°p-Ibpw Xs‚ \jvS-ß-sf-°p-
dn®p t_m[-hm-\m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Incm-Xs‚ {]Xn-Im-chpw {]Xo-£-bp-amWv Ah-
km-\-`m-KØv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-hp-∂-Xv. Im´m-fs‚ h¿Ø-am-\hpw `qX-Im-ehpw `mhnbpw
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv Ihn-X-sb∂v kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bmw.
\odmb h\-Øns‚ \Sp-hn¬ \n¬°p∂h\m-bmWv Im´m-fs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xv. Cu‰-∏p-en-t\m‰p InS-°p-∂X
- mWv Ahs‚ IÆv. B{I-at- Wm-’p-IX
- t- bmsS hmen¬
Inf¿∂p\n¬°p∂ Icn-aq¿Js‚ `mh-amWv Ahs‚ ]pcn-I-߃°v. s\©-sØmcp
]¥w-Ip-Øn-bmWv Im´m-f≥ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
BIm-iØv A—≥ NØp-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v Ah≥ \Sp-ßp-∂p. ae-tbm-cØv AΩ-
bn-cp∂p Zln-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v Ahs‚ a\- p-I-e-ßp-∂p. am\-`w-K-Øn-\n-c-bmb amXm-
hns‚ \ne-hnfn Hcp Nm´p-fn-bmbn Ahs‚ Ic-fn¬ Xd-bv°p-∂p. AΩ-tbm-Sp≈ AXn-
{I-a-a-dn™v AΩ-bpsS tcmZ\w tI´v Im´m-f≥ {Ip≤-\m-hp-I-bm-Wv. Atº-‰-I-cn-ºp-
ensbt∏msebpw Dcpƒs]m-´n-b-am-ae t]msebpw temI-amsI hnd-sIm≈pw a´n¬
Ah≥ Ae-dp-∂p. Ae-I-S-ens‚ thcp-]-dn-°m≥ t]mcp∂ i‡n-tbmsS Ah≥ IpX-
dp-∂p.
kwlm-ca - q¿Øn-bmbn amdp∂ Im´m-f≥ Xs∂, ASp-Ø\ - n-anjw \jvSt- _m-[Ø
- ns‚
ssZ\y-Øn-te°p hogp-∂p-≠v. ag-sh-≈-Øn\p am\w t\m°n-bn-cn-°p∂ thgm-º-en-
s\-t∏m-se, Hcn‰p kvt\l-Øn-\p-th-≠n, ]cn-K-W-\-bv°p-th≠n Ah≥ am\tØ°p
t\m°p-∂p. kvt\l-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {`m¥-amb Zml-tØmsS Ah≥ am\-tØ°p
t\m°p-tºmgpw {]Xo-£bv°p hI-bn-√. ag-ta-L-߃ Pe-ambv s]øm≥ Xnc-°n´v
k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw NØp-In-S-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ amt¥m-∏p-
Iƒ Xotb-‰p-cp-Ip-tºmƒ, BImiw t]mepw {]Xo£ \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Icn-a-
cWw Imh-en-cn-°p∂ ISp-t\m-hn≥ tIm´-bn-emWv Xm\-I-s∏-´-sX∂v Im´m-f\p
tXm∂p∂p.
\ncm-i-Iƒ am{Xw _m°n-bm-hp∂ Cu Ahÿbn-emWv Ah≥ BÀm-Zhpw kzmX-
{¥yhpw \nd™ `qX-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-t®m¿°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ kz]v\-߃ hnX® am\Øv
CSn-an-∂-ep-Iƒ ]q°-fmbv hnS¿∂n-cp-∂p. Xpf-kn-°m-Sp-I-fpsS kpK‘w \nd™ B
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Zn\-ß-fn¬ Cud≥ap-Sn-tIm-Xn-b- kpμ-c-k-‘y-Iƒ hncp-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. apØ-ßm-∏p-√p-
Iƒ hf-cp∂ Im\-\-Øm-c-I-fn¬ ]®-ss∏-°ƒ NmSn \S-∂n-cp-∂p. F√mw \jvS-am-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.- I-dp-I-∏p¬ØpºØv \nemhv If-sa-gp-Xn-∏m-Snb cm{Xn-Ifpw Im‰m-Ip∂
Nne-¶-Iƒ Inep°n Im´m-dns‚ If-I-f-am-Ip∂ Xcn-h-f-Iƒ ap´nbpw CW-I-tfm∏w
B\μ\rØ-am-Snbpw e÷-bn-√m-sX, {]tem-`-\-an-√msX AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ kvt\l-
tØmsS Xs‚ Iq´-tcm-sSmØv Nph-Sp-h®pw ]g-©m-dn-eqsSbqdnb el-cn-\p-I¿∂pw
k¿Δ-X-{¥-kz-X-{¥-cmbn B\-μn® \mfpIƒ \jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ \√-Zn-\-߃
\jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tX≥Iq-Sp-Iƒ tXSn-t∏mb Xs‚ B¨Ip-´n-Ifpw ]q°q-S-\n-d-
bv ° m≥ t]mb s]¨Ip- ´ n- I fpw aS- ß n- s b- Ø p- ∂ n- √ . AΩn™ Np≠n- s em- ´ nb
Bº¬∏q-sam-´p-t]m-ep≈ B Ipcp-∂p-Iƒ FhnsS? Ah-cpsS Cfw-X-fn-cp-t]m-ep≈
F√p-Iƒ Icn-bp∂ aW-amtWm \mUn-I-fn¬ Xd-bp-∂Xv?
CØcw Nn¥-I-fn-eqsS Im´m-f≥ Xs‚ {]Xn-Im-cm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v Hcp-sº-Sp-I-bm-
Wv. Ahs‚ IÆp-Iƒ apc-fp∂ Cu‰-∏p-en-sb-t∏mse cu{Z-`m-h-am¿∂p. IÆp-I-
fn¬\n∂p XoØp-≈n-I-f-S¿∂p. Xo{h-]o-U-bm¬ a\ p XI¿∂p-t]mb Ah≥ \s´√p
\nh¿s∂-gp-t∂‰v Icp-Øns‚ i‡n-Isf Bhm-ln-®p-W¿Øn-s°m≠v {]Xn-Im-c-\n¿Δ-
l-W-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ ImSns\ XI¿Ø- h ¿ Xs‚ hwisØ XI¿Ø- h ¿, Xs‚ Bhmk
ÿm\sØ Aip-≤-am-°n-b-h¿ ˛ B th´-°m-cpsS ssIbp-Iƒ I¬a-gp-hm¬sh-´n,
I_-‘-ß-fm°n B‰n-sem-gp-°pw. Ah-cpsS IpS¬am-e-IƒsIm≠p temI-Øn\p
tXmcWw Nm¿Øpw. Ah-cpsS Ipc-ep-I-fm¬ Xo¿Ø Ipg-eqXn Xm≥ hnP-b-Im-lfw
apg-°pw.
Xs‚ Ipe-hn-√n\p {]mW-R-c-ºp-Iƒ ]ncn®v Rm¨ Xo¿°pw. CSn-an-∂-ens\
Aºm°n, AXn¬ A·n-\n-d®v Im¿ta-L-߃°p t\¿°-b®p ag-s]-øn-°pw. B ag
s]cp-a-g-bmbn, t]am-cn-bmbn s]mgn-bp-tºmƒ C∂ns‚ Nmc-Øn¬ \n∂pw ho≠pw
Pohs‚ apf-Iƒ s]m´p-Ibpw ]pXn-b- kq-cy\pw ]n∂mse Aºn-fnbpw ho≠pw hcn-
Ibpw sNøpw. Xs‚ Im\-\-`w-Kn-Iƒ Xncn-®p-h-cpw, ZpxJ-a-I∂v ho≠pw Xm≥ BÀm-
Zn-°pw. CØ-c-Øn¬ {]Xn-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-£-bp-sSbpw kz]v\-ß-fn-eqsS IS-
∂p-t]m-hp∂ Im´m-f≥ ho≠pw bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°pWcp-∂-Xmbn h¿Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv
IhnX Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
""\odm-b-h-\-Øn≥ \Sp-hn¬ \n¬∏q-Im-´m-f≥
s\©-sØmcp ]¥w IpØn \n¬∏q-Im-´m-f≥''

Incm-X-hr-Ø-Ønse Im´m-f≥
Nqj-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂, IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ h¿W-˛-h¿K hnth-N-\-߃°n-
c-bm-Ip-∂, ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Incm-X-hr-
Ø-Ønse Im´m-f≥. Ah≥ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-∂Xv Cu hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ a\p-jy¿°p-
th≠n am{X-a-√, hwi-\m-i-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip∂ Pohn-h¿K-߃°p-th-≠nbpw \in-∏n-°-
s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°p-th-≠nbpw IqSn-bm-Wv. kºØpw kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bp-ap-≈-h-cpsS
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`uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´
a\p-jy-scbpw \njvI-cpWw NqjWw sNøp∂ hnI-k\ kwkvIm-csØ sNdp-°p-∂-
Xn-\mWv Ah≥ I¬a-gp-thmßn {]Xn-Im-c-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xv.
Ihn-X-bpsS XpS-°-Ønse Im´m-fs‚ \n¬]v \odmb h\-Øn-em-Wv. h\w Ahs‚
Bhm-k-ÿ-e-am-Wv. a‰-t\Iw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-tØmsS Pohn-°p∂
CS-amWv h\w. \odmb h\w F∂ {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS AXv \in-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xmbn hy‡-
am-Ip-∂p. AXn-\p-Im-c-W-°m-cm-b-h-tcm-Sp≈ tcmjw Ahs‚ IÆp-I-fnepw ]pcn-I-ß-
fnepw {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. Ah-s‚-bp-≈n¬ Pzen-°p∂ t{Im[w ss`c-hn-t°mew
s\©Øp ]¥w IpØn ]S-b-Wn-°-f-Øn-se-Øp-tºm-sg-∂-t]mse {]I-S-am-hp-∂p.
BIm-iØ- — - ≥ NØp-In-S°
- p-∂Xpw ae-tbm-cØ- Ω- b
- n-cp∂p Zln-°p-∂X
- p-amWv Im´m-
f≥ ImWp-∂-Xv. BIm-isØ A—≥ ssZh-am-Imw, c£-I-\mImw kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-
sa∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ AXo-X-i-‡n-I-tf-Xp-am-Imw. hnim-e-amb {]Xo-£-b-psS BIm-
iØp kwc-£-I-\mb A—≥ NØp-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. c£-I-s\-Øp-sa-∂p≈ henb
{]Xo-£-bpsS XI¿®-bmWv Im´m-fs\ \Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
AΩ {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. ae-tbm-c-Øn-cp∂p Zln-°p∂ AΩ-bpsS Nn{Xhpw ape-]mXn
apdn-™-h-fmbn AΩ-bp-b¿Øp∂ tcmZ-\hpw AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-am-Xm-
hns‚ Ah-b-h-ßfpw DS-bm-S-I-fp-amWv kky-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw Ip∂p-Ifpw ]pg-I-fp-sam-
s°-sb∂ k¶ev]w Ihn-X-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-W-t√m. Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsSsb√mw amXm-
hmWv {]Ir-Xn-sb∂ ]c-º-cm-KX k¶-ev]sØ Incm-X-hrØw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Incm-X-s\-t∏mse {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-W-ßn- Po-hn-°p∂h¿°mWv Ahƒ AΩ-bm-Ip-∂Xv.
adp-]-£sØ AΩsb Aip-≤-bm-°p-∂-h-cmbpw AΩ-bpsS a°sf th´-bm-Sp-∂-h-cm-
bp-amWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AΩ-bpsS thZ-\bpw AΩ-bpsS tcmZ-\-hp-amWv Im´m-fs\ IqSp-X¬ {Ip≤-\m-°p-
∂-Xv. {Zmhn-V-amb AΩ ssZhk¶-ev]-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Xbpw Im´m-fs‚ `mh-Nn-{Xo-
I-c-W-Øn¬ ImWmw.
F√mw \jvS-s∏-´-Xns‚ thZ-\-bm¬, \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-tcm-Sp≈ t{Im[-Øm¬
\ne-sX-‰nb Im´m-fs‚ kzm`m-hnI Nn{Xo-I-cWw Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWmw. Im´m-fs‚
hnIm-c-hn-t£m-`-߃ A\p-£Ww amdn-a-dn-bp-∂Xv AXns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv. AΩ-tbmSv
AXn-{Iaw Im´n-b-hsc XI¿°m≥ De-ImsI Debv°pwa´n¬ Ae-dn-b-Sp-°p∂ Im´m-
f≥ Xs∂ ASp-Ø-\n-anjw Hcn-‰p-kvt\-l-Øn-\p-th≠n Zmln-°p∂ thgm-ºens\-
t∏mse amt¥m-∏p-I-fp-cp-Ip∂ aÆn¬, am\-tØ°p t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp \mw
ImWp∂p.
Im´m-f≥ Xs‚ kzX-{¥hpw BÀm-Z-]q-cn-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂ `qX-Im-esØ Hm¿°p-
∂p-≠v. AXns‚ h¿W-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tIhew h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ am{Xw {]Xn-
\n-[n-b√ Incm-X-s\∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. BZn-a-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS X\-Xp-kw-kvIm-c-
k-hn-ti-j-XI-fpsS Ncn-{X-kq-N-\-Iƒ Ie¿∂-h-bmWv Im´m-fs‚ `qX-Ime kvarXn-
Iƒ. Ah-bn-eqsS ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Nqj-W-Øn-\pw A[n-\n-th-i-߃°pw Cc-bmb
At\Iw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n[n IqSn-bmWv Im´m-f≥ F∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
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 `qX-Im-e-kvar-Xn-Iƒ ]I-cp∂ Du¿÷hpw Xt∂m-sSm-∏-ap-≈-h¿°v, {]tXy-In®v
`mhn-{]-Xo-£-I-fmb Ip´n-Iƒ°p t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ {Iqc-X-Isf°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw
Im´m-fs\ {]Xn-Im-c-k-÷-\m-°p-∂p. Xßsf XI¿°m-s\-Øp-∂-, {]Ir-Xn-Nq-j-Isc
th´-°m-cm-b sIme-bm-fn-I-fm-bmWv Im´m-f≥ ImWp-∂-Xv. Ah-tcmSv AtX-\m-W-b-
Øn¬ Xncn-®-Sn-°m-\m-W-h≥ shº¬ sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS Xe-sh´n I_-‘-
߃ B‰n-sem-gp-°p-sa∂pw IpS¬am-e-IƒsIm≠v temI-Øn-\p-tXm-cWw Nm¿Øp-
sa∂pw Ah≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. lnwkm-fl-I-amb ]Z-߃ [mcm-f-am-bp-s≠-¶nepw
{]I-S-amb lnwkbv°v Ihn t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂p Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√. Ihn-X-bn-ep-S-\o-f-
ap≈ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb A¥-co-£hpw AØcw kzm[o-\hpw Cu `mKØpw Btcm-
]n-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. AΩ ssZh-߃ ZpjvS-i-‡n-Isf \n{K-ln-°p∂ A\p-jvTm-\-]-
c-amb D®m-S-\-I¿Ω-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ AYhm ip≤o-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Im´m-fs‚
{]Xn-Im-c-\n¿Δ-l-WsØ HuNn-Xy-]q¿Δw hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
i{Xp-\n-{Klw Ign™v im¥-X-bn-te°p aS-ßp∂ D{K-aq¿Øn-sb-t∏mse Im´m-
f≥ ]pXnb {]Xo-£-I-fn-te°p aS-ßp-∂p-≠v. ImtIm-f-°-S-emb am\Øp NØp-In-S-
°p∂ Icn-ta-L-߃°p-ta¬, CSn-an-∂n-sem-Sn®p Xm≥ \n¿Ωn® Aºp sIm≈n-®mWv
Im´m-f≥ t]amcn s]øn-°p-I. AXn¬\n-∂p-¤hw sIm≈p∂ {]f-b-Øn¬ ho≠pw
]pXp-ap-f-Iƒ hnS-cp-sa∂pw B\-μ-Øns‚ kqcy\pw Ag-Ins‚ N{μ\pw aS-ßn-h-cp-
sa∂pw Im´m-f≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. Ah k¶-ev]-߃ am{X-am-sW∂ bmYm¿Yyw Hm¿Ωn-
∏n-°m-\m-hWw BZy-h-cn-Iƒ Ah-km-\hpw Ihn Bh¿Øn-°p∂Xv.
"Incm-X-hrØ'Ønse Im´m-f\v kwlm-c-aq¿Øn-bmb inh-t\m-Sp≈ km[¿Ωyw
\ncq-]-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. Incm-Xs‚ {]Xn-Im-c-Ønepw XpS¿∂p≈ B\-μ-aq¿—-
bnepw Ihn-X-bn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ kvarXn-\r-Ø-Ønepw inhs‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb kwlm-
c-Øns‚bpw Xmfi-h-\-S-\-Øns‚bpw kzm[o\w Zriy-am-Wv.
Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ B{^n-°bn¬ Bcw-`n® "Idp-
Ø-I-hnX'sb∂ {]h-W-X-tbmSpw Incm-X-hr-Ø-Øn\v _‘-ap-≠v. IdpØ h¿K-°m-
tcm-Sp≈ sh≈-°m-cpsS Ah-K-W-\-Iƒ°pw Nqj-W-߃°pw ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-
Iƒ°psa-Xn-scbp≈ kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-Xn-tcm-[-amWv IdpØ Ihn-X.
Incm-X-hrØw kmaq-ln-I-Xew
Incm-X-hr-Ø-Øn¬ kqNn-X-am-hp∂ {][m\ kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]´nI
]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
1. sX‰mb hnI-k-\-k-¶ev]w
2. NqjWw
3. ]cn-ÿnXn \miw
4. Xpey-\oXn \ntj[w
5. _me-]o-U\w
6. A\ym-b-amb IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬
7. h¿W-hn-th-N\w
8. .......................................
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{][m\ Bi-b-߃
Š Fgp-Ø-—≥ apX¬°p≈ Ihn-I-fpsS Imhy-`m-jm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kzmwio-I-
cn® Ihn-bmWv IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥.
Š ]q¿Δ-I-hn-I-fpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssi-en-bn¬ \n∂v apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im\pw hgn-amdn
k©-cn-°m\pw IS-Ω-\n´ {ian-°p-∂p.
Š ae-bm-f-Ønse hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ßfpw \mS≥io-ep-Ifpw A\p-jvTm-\-Km-\-ß-fnse
Xmf-{I-a-ßfpw kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm≠pw ]c-º-cm-KX Imhy-`m-j-bn¬ Ah k∂n-
th-in-∏n-®psIm≠p-amWv IS-Ω-\n-´-bpsS Imhy`mj {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
Š hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Imhy-k-μ¿`-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ hnIm-c-kw-{I-a-W-
Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-bXpw A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb sNm¬h-g-°-߃°-∏pdw lrZ-b-
kv]¿in-bp-amb hyXykvX CuW-ßf - n¬ kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbn hm¿∂p hogp-∂h
- bmWv
IS-Ω-\n´°hn-X-Iƒ.
Š Im´m-fs‚ \n¬∏v, Im´m-fs‚ ]q¿Δ-Ime kvarXn-Iƒ, Im´m-fs‚ {]Xn-Imcw
Cu hyXy-kvX-k-μ¿`-ß-fnse `mj, Xmfw, LS\ F∂n-h-bn¬ hcp∂ hyXy-
kvX-X-Iƒ CXn-\p-Zm-l-cn-°mw.
Š hyXy-kvXhpw ]pXp-a-bm¿∂-Xp-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-I-fmWv IS-Ω-\n-´-°-hn-X-bpsS
as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X.
Š _nw_-k-ar-≤-amb Ihn-X-bmWv Incm-X-hr-Øw.
Š C{μn-b-kw-th-Z-\-£-a-amb hmMva-b-Nn-{X-ß-fmWv _nw_-߃. _nw_-I-ev]-\-
Iƒ Ihn-X-bpsS kuμ-cy-Xew IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°p-∂p. sshIm-cn-Ihpw
sshNm-cn-I-hp-amb k¶o¿Wm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ A\p-hm-N-I-\n-ep-W¿Øm≥ _nw_-
I-ev]-\-I-fn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p.
Š C{μn-b-kw-th-Z-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-b-\p-k-cn®p _nw_-I-ev]-\-Isf Xcw-Xn-
cn-°mw. ImgvNbv°p {]m[m-\y-ap-≈h Zriy-_nw-_-߃, tIƒhn°p {]m[m\yw
hcp-∂h {ihy-_nw-_-߃, CtX-a-´n¬ kv]¿i-_nw-_-ßfpw K‘-_nw-_-ßfpw
cpNn-_nw-_-ß-fpw.
Š F√m-Øcw _nw_-ßfpw "Incm-X-hrØ'Øn¬ ImWmw. F¶nepw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
]›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep≈ Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ DS-\ofw Zriy-_nw-_-ß-fpsS [mcm-fn-Ø-
am-Wp-≈-Xv.
Zriy-_nw-_-ß-fpsS ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ {ian-°p-at√m?
1. Cu‰-∏pen t\m‰p-In-S-°p∂ Cud≥IÆv
2. Icn-aq¿J≥ hmen¬ Inf-cp∂ ]pcnIw
3. s\©-sØmcp ]¥w-Ip-Øn-\n¬°p∂ Im´m-f≥
4. BIm-i-Øp-N-Øp-In-S-°p∂ A—≥
5. ae-tbm-c-Øn-cp∂p Zln-°p∂ AΩ
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6. Ic-fn¬ B™p-X-d-bv°p∂ Nm´pfn
7. Ae-I-S-ens‚ thcp-]-dn-°m-\p-g-dp∂ Im´m-f≥
8. ...................................................

]S-b-Wn-˛-ss`-c-hn-t°mew
s\©-Øp-]¥w IpØn \n¬°p∂ Im´m-f≥
tIc-f-Ønse X\-Xp-cw-K-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw kq£va-ambn kzmwio-I-cn-®n-´p≈hbmWv
IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvWs‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ. At±-l-Øns‚ P∑-tZiw A\p-jvTm-\-I-em-cq-
]-amb ]S-b-Wn-°p -{]kn≤-am-Wv. At±lw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn A`y-kn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw
]S-b-Wnt°me-ß-fpsS cq]-`m-h-ßfpw ]S-b-Wn-bnse \mtSm-Sn-kw-kvImc ioe-ßfpw
]S-b-Wn-∏m-´p-I-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xmf-ßfpw IS-Ω-\n-´-bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ kzmwio-I-
cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse `K-h-Xn-°m-hp-I-fn¬ BN-cn-®p-h-cp∂ A\p-jvTm-\-I-em-cq-
]-ßf- n¬ {]kn-≤a - mWv ]S-bW- n. ]m´p-If
- psSbpw X∏p-Xm-fß
- f
- p-sSbpw AI-ºS- n-tbmsS
tIme-߃ Dd-™pXp-≈p-∂-XmWv ]S-b-Wn-bnse {][m-\-`m-K-ß-fn-sem-∂v. tImew-
Xp-≈-en¬, F√m tIme-߃°pw tijw Hcp ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp∂XmWv ss`c-hn-t°m-ew. ss`c-hn-t°m-e-Øn-\p-ta¬ ]¥-߃ Xd-®p-h-®n-cn-
°pw. Cu Zriy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-amWv s\©-sØmcp ]¥w IpØn-\n¬∏q Im´m-f≥
F∂ _nw_-I¬]-\-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. AI-s\-©n¬ timIhpw ]pd-s\-©n¬ ]¥hpw
IØp∂ sshh-iy-Øn¬ Pzen-°p∂ Im´m-fs‚ t{Im[w ]q¿W-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-
°m≥ Cu I¬]-\-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-߃
1. \odm-bh- \
- Ø
- n≥ \Sp-hn¬ \n¬°p∂ Im´m-fs‚ `mh-߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ _nw_-
I-ev]-\-I-fpsS HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. (Hcp ]pdw: kvtIm¿ 6)
2. BIm-iØp NØp-In-S-°p∂ A—≥, ae-tbm-c-Øn-cp∂p Zln-°p∂ AΩ ˛ Cu
{]tbm-K-ß-fpsS A¿Y-km-[y-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
(Hcp ]pdw : 6 kvtIm¿)
3. ""Im´m-fs‚ B\-μ-\n¿`-c-amb `qX-Imew h¿Wn-°p-tºmƒ IS-Ω-\n-´-bpsS Imhy-
`m-jbpw Xmfw-sIm-´nbpw Xe-bm-´nbpw Nph-Sp-hb
- v°p-∂X
- p-ImWmw'' ˛ Cu {]kvXm-
h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
4. ""s\©-sØm-cp-]¥w IpØn- \n¬∏q Im´m-f≥'' Cu hcn-I-fpsS A¿Y-X-e-߃
hy‡am-°p∂ eLp°pdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. (A-c-∏pdw: kvtIm¿ 4)
5. _nw_-k-ar-≤n-bmWv Incm-X-hr-Ø-sa∂ Ihn-Xsb BI¿j-I-am-°p∂ kuμ-
cym-fl-I-amb {][m-\-L-SIw ˛ "Incm-X-hrØw' Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu \nco-
£Ww hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)

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6. "IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS i_vZ-amWv Incm-X-hr-Ø-Ønse Im´m-f-\n-eqsS Db-
cp-∂Xv' N¿® sNøp-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)
7. "Incm-X-hrØw' F∂ IhnX \ΩpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp∂ kmaq-ln-I-{]-
iv\-ßsf°pdn®v D]-\ymkw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)
8. Incm-X-hrØw Ihn-X-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-KØv {]Xo-£-I-fn¬ apgp-Ip∂ Im´m-
fs\ ImWmw ˛ Ihn-X-bpsS CXn-hrØw hni-I-e\w sNbvX Im´m-fs‚ {]Xo-
£-I-fpsS HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 8)

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 AhImißfpsS {]iv\w
]n. ]fl-cm-P≥
]mT-kw-{Klw
Bƒ°q´Øn¬ H‰bv°mbnt∏mIp∂ B[p\nI a\pjys‚ hyYIfpw kz¥w
Akv X nXzw Xnc™v \ncmicmIp∂Xns‚ Bib°pg∏ßfpw B[p\nI
sNdpIYIƒ°v hnjbamWv. AØcsamcp hnjbamWv 'AhImißfpsS {]iv\w'
F∂ sNdpIY ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv. hnjmZmflIX, DØcan√mØ {]iv\߃°v
DØcw tXS¬, A\yhXvIcWw, Aip`Nn¥Iƒ, hn]WnbpsS [mcmfnØØn¬
apßnt∏mIp∂ D]t`m‡mhv, B[p\nI a\pjys‚ Ae®nepIƒ F∂nhsbms°
Cu IY N¿® sNøp∂p.
acn®hcpsS Ombm]S߃ am{Xw hn¬°p∂ sXcphnseØp∂ ZnhmIc\mWv
Cu IYbnse tI{μ IYm]m{Xw. kz¥w amXm]nXm°fpsS Nn{XamWbmƒ
At\zjn°p∂Xv . ZnhmIcs\ \n¿hnImcXtbmsS kzoIcn°p∂ IS°mc≥
hn]WnbpsS \n wKXbpw Im]Syhpw shfns∏SpØp∂p. hn]WnbpsS
Ae¶mcßfpw {`a°mgvNIfpw km[mcW°msc hgnsX‰n°mdp≠v. sXcphns‚ Ccp
`mKØpap≈ ISIfn¬ Ombm]S߃ Xnc™v lXmi\mhp∂p, ZnhmIc≥. cm∏I¬
t`Zan√msX FÆnØn´s∏SpØm\mhmØ{Xbpw Nn{Xßfpambn AkwJyw ISIƒ
hmbpw ]nf¿∂ncn°p∂p. Ahbn¬ \n∂v X\n°p th≠sX¥msW∂p Is≠Øm≥
ZnhmIc\p km[n°p∂n√. shfn®Øns‚ [q¿Øn\m¬ NXn°s∏´h\mbn Abmƒ
amdp∂p. shfn® tlXphmb ZnhmIc≥ Xs‚ t]cns\t∏mepw I_fn∏n°s∏´
\nebn¬ \ncmi\mbn amdp∂p.
hn]WnbpsS kap{ZØn¬ \nebn√mXmb ZnhmIc\v Bdpw Ggpw hb p≈
c≠v Ip´nIsf A`napJoIcnt°≠nhcp∂p. sNmSnbp≈ ImeSn i–tØmsS h∂
Ah¿ ZnhmIc\SpsØØn \ndIÆpItfmsS t\m°n.ZnhmIc≥ F∂ Ombm]SsØ
hmßp∂p. Hcp ISemkv Iq´nem°n IS°mc≥ ZnhmIcs\ `wKnbmbn s]mXnbm≥
XpSßp∂p. acn®hcpsS Ombm]S߃ am{Xw hn¬°p∂ sXcphn¬
Pohn®ncn°p∂hcpsS AkvXnXzw Zp»Ip\amIp∂Xv IYmIrØv shfns∏SpØp∂p.
F¥nepw I®hS km[yX ImWp∂ D]t`mK kwk-vImcØns‚ {IqcXbmWnhnsS
shfns∏Sp∂Xv. ]WsamgnsI as‰¥pw hn]Wnbn¬ A{]k‡amWv. Dev]∂w tXSn
kzbw Dev]∂ambn amdp∂p ZnhmIc≥.
\n›eamb Imew Cu IYbnep≠v. acn®hcpsS Ombm]S߃ hn¬°p∂
sXcphv AXns‚ kqN\bmWv. t^mt´mIƒ°v h¿Øam\ ImeØv kw`hn®
]cnWmasØ°pdn®v Nn¥n°m\pw Cu IY hgnsbmcp°p∂p.

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 Cu IYbpsS BJym\Øn¬ `mjbpsS Zp¿{KlXbns√¶nepw {`aIev]\Iƒ
hmb\°mcs\ AbYm¿∞amsbmcp temIsØØn°p∂p. kmam\y bpIv-X - n°p
\nc°mØ, bmYm¿∞yhyambn bmsXmcp _‘hpan√mØ ImcyßfmWnhnsS
Nn{XoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv . IYbn¬ BZyhkm\w {`amflIamb A¥co£w
\ne\n¬°p∂p.
]e XcØnep≈ hymJym\ km[yXIfp≈ sNdpIYbmWv AhImißfpsS
{]iv \ w. acWmk∂\mb Hcp hy‡nbpsS am\knI kwL¿jßfpw ap≥
XeapdtbmSv \oXn ]pe¿Øm≥ IgnbmXncp∂ Hcmfns‚ Ip‰t_m[hpw a\pjy
_‘߃°pw hnImc߃°pw hnebn√mXmhp∂ D]t`mK kwk-vImcØns‚
bm{¥nIXbpsams° Cu IYbn¬ \n∂v \ap°v hmbns®Sp°mw.

{]h¿Ø\w 1
"hoSns‚ k¿hm[nImcnIfmbn amdnb Ip´nIƒ F√m IXIpIfpw P\epIfpw
AS®n´v kzoIcWapdnbnse hnf°pIfn¬ G‰hpw {]Imiap≈ HscÆw s]m´n®p.
XWpØ sh≈Øns‚ IpsØmgp°p t]mse kz¿Æ{]Imiw IpXn®pNmSn
]pdtØs°mgpIm≥ XpSßn "apIfn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ hcnIƒ \n߃°v
]cnNbap≠v. em‰n\tacn°≥ kmlnXyImc\mb K{_ntb¬ Km¿jy am¿Iznkns‚'
{]Imiw Pew t]msebmWv ' F∂ sNdpIYbnse hcnIfmWnXv.
bYmXYambn Hcp IY BJym\w sNøp∂Xn\nSbn¬ am{¥nIamb Nne
h¿Æ\Iƒ IYmIrØv sIm≠phcp∂p. CXv bmYm¿∞ysØ IqSpX¬ angnthmsS
BhnjvIcn°m\p≈ D]m[nbmbn amdp∂p.
aebmfØnepw ]e FgpØpImcpw BJym\ coXnbn¬ ]pXpabm¿∂ ]e
]co£Wßfpw \SØnbn´p≠v. AØcw FgpØpImcn¬ {][m\nbmWv
]n.]flcmP≥.
At±lØns‚ "AhImißfpsS {]iv \ w' F∂ sNdpIYbpsS XpS°w
Fßs\bmWv?
acn®hcpsS Ombm]S߃ hnev ° p∂ sXcphn¬ FØnb ZnhmIcs\
AhXcn∏n®p sIm≠mWv IY XpSßp∂Xv. IYbpsS ]›mØehpw \S°p∂
Imcyßfpsa√mw AbYm¿∞amWv. {`amflIamsbmcp temItØ°v IYmIrØv
hmb\°mcs\ FØn°p∂p. kz]v \ amtWm bmYm¿∞yamtWm a\kns‚
hn{`m¥nbmtWm F∂v Xncn®dnbm\mhmØ Ahÿ. hmb\°mcs‚ a\kn¬
BgØn¬ ]Xnbp∂ Zriy kqN\Ifpw Cu IYbn¬ ImWmw. hn]WnbpsS
{]tem`\obamb Nn{Xw, OmbmNn{XßfpsS [mcmfnØw, cmhpw ]Iepw Hcp t]mse
Xpd∂ncn°p∂ ISIƒ, ZnhmIcs\ ISemkp Iq´nem°n s]mXnbp∂ Nn{Xw
Chsbms° IYbnse Zriy`mjbpsS kqNIßfmWv.
bmYm¿∞yØns‚bpw AbYm¿∞yØns‚bpw AXncpIƒ am™p t]mIp∂
A\p`hamWv AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ sNdpIYbpsS hmb\ \¬Ip∂Xv.
Cu IYbpsS BJym\Øns‚ khntijXIƒ ]cntim[n°pI.
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 {]h¿Ø\w 2
DØa kmlnXyw hyXykvX hmb\Iƒ Bhiys∏Sp∂XmsW∂v Fw.F≥.
hnPbs‚ 'ImhyIesb°pdn®v Nne \nco£W߃ ' F∂ teJ\ØneqsS \n߃
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
]n.]flcmPs‚ 'AhImißfpsS {]iv\w ' F∂ IY AØcØn¬ \nch[n
A¿∞Xeßfpw hymJym\ km[yXIfpw AhImis∏Smhp∂ H∂mWv.
IYbn¬ BZyhkm\w {`amflIamb Hc¥co£amWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. Cu
AbYm¿∞ temIØns‚ Nn{XoIcWØneqsS B[p\nI a\pjys‚
kzXz{]Xnk‘nbpw BflkwL¿jßfpw BhnjvIcn°s∏Sp∂p.
B[p\nI sNdpIYbpsS {]tXyIXIfmb hnjmZmflIX, acWNn¥Iƒ,
DØcw e`n°mØ tNmZy߃°p≈ DØcw tXS¬, A\yhXvIcWw, Ae®nepIƒ
Chsbms° Cu IYbnepw IS∂phcp∂p≠v.
acWmk∂\mb Hcp hy‡nbpsS am\knI kwL¿j߃, Xs‚
amXm]nXm°tfmSv \oXn ]pe¿Øm≥ IgnbmXncp∂Xns‚ Ip‰t_m[w, AtX
Ahÿ Xs∂ X\n°pap≠mIpw F∂ Xncn®dnhn¬ \n∂p≠mIp∂ hnjmZw,
a\pjy _‘߃°pw am\pjnIamb hnImc߃°pw hnebn√mXmhp∂ D]t`mK
kwk- v I mcØns‚ bm{¥nIX F∂nßs\ hyXykv X amb hymJym\߃ Cu
IYbv°v km[yamWv.
kzXz{]Xnk‘n, A\yhXvIcWw, D]t`mK kwk-vImcw kr„n°p∂ Aºc∏v
F∂nßs\ B[p\nI a\pjys‚ kwL¿j߃ BhnjvIcn°p∂ IYbmWv
]n.]flcmPs‚ AhImißfpsS {]iv\w ˛ hniZam°pI.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-߃
1. hn]WnbpsS amb°mgv N Iƒ Fßs\sbms°bmWv km[mcW a\pjysc
{]tem`n∏n°p∂Xv ?˛ AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYbn¬ \n∂v kμ¿`߃
Is≠Øn hniZoIcn°pI.
2. B[p\nI a\pjys‚ kzXz{]Xnk‘n AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYbnse
tI{μ {]tabamWv ˛ hniZoIcn°pI.
3. hyXykv X amb hymJym\ km[yXIfmWv kmlnXyIrXnIsf IqSpX¬
BkzmZyam°p∂Xv ˛ AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYsb ASnÿm\am°n
Cu A`n{]mbØns‚ km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.
4. {`amflIXbpsS Xe߃ AhImißfpsS {]iv \ w F∂ sNdpIYbn¬
Fßs\sbms° {]ISamIp∂p?˛ hniZoIcn°pI.
5. hn]WnbpsS amb°mgv N Iƒ Fßs\sbms°bmWv km[mcW a\pjysc
{]tem`n∏n°p∂Xv ?˛ AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYbn¬ \n∂v kμ¿`߃
Is≠Øn hniZoIcn°pI.

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6. B[p\nI a\pjys‚ kzXz{]Xnk‘n AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYbnse
tI{μ {]tabamWv ˛ hniZoIcn°pI.
7. hyXykv X amb hymJym\ km[yXIfmWv kmlnXyIrXnIsf IqSpX¬
BkzmZyam°p∂Xv ˛ AhImißfpsS {]iv\w F∂ IYsb ASnÿm\am°n
Cu A`n{]mbØns‚ km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.
8. {`amflIXbpsS Xe߃ AhImißfpsS {]iv \ w F∂ sNdpIYbn¬
Fßs\sbms° {]ISamIp∂p?˛ hniZoIcn°pI.
9. "c≠p aq∂p ISIƒ IqSn ]n∂n´p Ign™t∏mgmWv B shfn®Øn\p ]n∂n¬
Hcp NXnbps≠∂v a\ nembXv'˛ hn]WnbpsS {]tem`\ßfpw
a\pjyXzcmlnXyhpw "AhImißfpsS {]iv \ w' F∂ sNdpIYbn¬
IS∂phcp∂p≠v. CXv Fßs\bmWv km[mcW a\pjysc A]chXvIcn°p∂Xv?
IYbnse kqN\Iƒ Is≠Øn hniZoIcn°pI
10. "IS°mc≥ ZnhmIcs\ Hcp henb ISemkp Iq´nem°n s]mXnbm≥ XpSßn' ˛
Cu {]kvXmh\ "AhImißfpsS {]iv\w' F∂ sNdpIYbv°p \¬Ip∂ A¿∞
km[yXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
11. IYbnepS\ofw \ne\n¬°p∂ {`amflIamb A¥co£w IYmkzmZ\Øn\p
\¬Ip∂ A[nI am\w hniZoIcn°pI.

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 bqWn‰v : 2
X\-XnSw
]T-\-t\-´-߃
Š ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-]¶v hln® Iem-am-Xr-I-
I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂p, hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
Š B´-°-Y, \mSIw F∂o cwK-I-e-I-fnse kmln-Xy-]m-T-ß-fn¬\n∂pw A`n-\b
km[y-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Š \mS-I-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A]-{K-Yn®v \ncq-]Ww Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

{]th-iIw ˛ Im°m-c-»n-∏m´v
tIc-f-Ønse {]mNo\ \mS-I-I-em-cq-]-amWv Im°m-c»n \mS-Iw. sX°≥ tIc-f-
Øn-emWv Ch {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \mtSm-Sn-I-em-cq-]-ßfpw \mS-I-ß-fpw-
sIm≠v kº-∂-am-Wv tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{Xw. ae-bm-fn-bpsS X\Xv
Im¿jnI kwkvIm-chpw Iem-]m-c-º-cyhpw tN¿∂ Hcp \mS≥ cwKm-h-X-c-W-amWv
Im°m-c-»n-\m-S-Iw. P\-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ ssh⁄m-
\nI imJ-bmb t^mIvtem¿ (\m-tSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-bw)˛¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv Im°m-c-
»n-\m-S-I-hpw. Zriy-I-em-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ X\Xv \mS-I-th-Zn-tbm-sSm∏w Xs∂
]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ \mS-I-amWv Im°m-c-»n-\m-S-Iw. {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kvIm-c-Ø-
\na \nd™ \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-am-Wn-Xv. ]S-b-Wn, s]mdm-´p-\m-S-I-߃, apSn-tb-‰v, ]d-
tW‰v ]qc-°fn XpS-ßnb \mtSmSn Zriy-I-em-cq-]-߃t]mse sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬
{]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp \mtSmSn \mS-I-cq-]-amWv Im°m-c»n \mS-Iw. I°m-\m-S-Iw, Im°m-
e-®n-\m-S-Iw, Im°m-cp-I-fn, -I-°m-e-\m-SIw XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn-sems° Ch Adn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. inh-]p-cm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp sFXn-lyhpw CXn-\p-]n-∂n¬ {]N-
cn-°p-∂p-≠v. `qan-bn¬ P\-Po-hnXw kpK-a-am-°m≥ Ipd-h\pw Ipd-Øn-bp-ambn inh-
]m¿Δ-Xn-am¿ Ah-X-cn-°p-Ibpw Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-tfbpw hnØp-I-tfbpw Ipdn®v t_m[-
h¬°-cn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. kpμ-c-Im-°m--\mbn inh\pw At±-l-Øns‚ kl-[¿Ωn-
Wn-am-cmbn KwKbpw ]m¿Δ-Xnbpw cwKØv FØp∂p F∂mWv hnizm-kw. B´hpw
]m´pw NSp-e-amb Nph-Sp-h-bv]p-Ifpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-ambn Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw Acßp
sImgp-∏n-°p-∂p. Idp-ØXpw shfp-Ø-Xp-amb apJ-sØ-gpØpw tNe Np‰n-bp-Sp-∏p-ambn
FØp-tºmƒ P∑n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS _m°n-]-{Xw-t]mse tNmZy-߃ tNmZn®v X{ºm\pw
FØp-∂p.. X{ºms‚ tNmZy-߃°v kzbw-]-cn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-ambn amdn Im°m-
e≥ DØcw \¬Ip- ∂ p. kaq- l - Ø nse Xn∑- I ƒs°- X ntc ]cn- l m- k - c q- ] - Ø n¬
hna¿i\w \S-Øp-∂p. bm{X-bn-√msX Hcp {]tZ-iØv am{Xw HXpßn Pohn-®n-cp∂
{Kmao-W¿°v ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ k©-cn-s®-Øp∂ Im°m\pw Im°m-Øn-amcpw \¬Ip∂
A\p-`-h-hn-h-c-W-߃ Adn-hns‚ ]pXn-b-tem-I-߃ IqSn Xpd-∂p-\¬Ip-∂p. ASn-®-
a¿Ø-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp P\-X-bpsS Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏ns‚ IY IqSn-bmWv Im°m-e-\m-
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S-I-߃. A[x-Ir-X¿ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp P\X Xß-fpsS Ie-bn-
eqsS kmaq-ln-I-hn-a¿i\w \S-Øp-∂p.
Pn. `m¿§-h≥ ]n≈ Is≠-SpØ (k-ºm-Z-\w) Hcp Im°m-c-»n-∏m´v BWv X\-Xn-S-
Ønse {]th-i-Iw. Im°m-Øn-am¿ ]pXnb B`-c-W-ßfpw kuμ-cy-h¿≤-I-km-a-{Kn-
Ifpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]≠p-≠m-bn-cp-∂h FhnsS F∂ Im°ms‚ tNmZy-Øn\v
Ah-sbms° \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mbn F∂v adp-]-Snbpw ]d-bp-∂p. Xmf-eb _≤-ambn
sNm¬h-Sn-thmsS sNm√p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ `mK-am-Wn-Xv.
Hm¿Ω-bn¬ kq£n-°m≥
Š \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ `mK-amWv \mtSmSn \mS-I-߃.
Š Iogm-f-P-\-X-bn-epƒs∏´ Im°m-e-k-ap-Zm-b-amWv s]mXpth Cu \mSIw Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
Š sX°≥tI-c-f-Øn-emWv IqSp-X-embn {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Š Im°m-e-\m-S-Iw, Im°m-cp-Ifn XpSßn \nc-h[n t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Š 300 h¿jsØ ]g°w Cu P\-Iob Iebv°v D≠v F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Š inh\pw KwKbpw ]m¿Δ-Xn-bp-amWv Im°m-e\pw Im°m-Øn-am-cp-ambn Ah-X-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Hcp sFXnlyw CXn-\p-]n-∂n-ep-≠v.
Š kwKo-Xw, \rØw, A`n-\-bw, kw`m-jWw.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-߃
1. Z¥-tim` hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Im°m-Øn-am¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥mWv?
(kvtIm¿ 2)
2. Imem-gn-tam-Xncw If-™p-t]m-bXv Ft∏m-gmWv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
3. sam¥-bnse Pew samØn-°p-Sn-®-t∏mƒ ho¿∏mse \jvS-s∏-´Xv F¥mWv?
(kvtIm¿ 2)
4. kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\ß
- f
- mWv Im°m-c»n \mS-Iß - ƒ Cu A`n-{]m-bt- ØmSv tbmPn-
°p-∂pt≠m? kzm`n-{]m-b-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI? (kvtIm¿ 4)
5. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ P\-X-bpsS X\Xv Pohn-Xm-hn-jv°m-c-ß-fmWv Im°m-c-»n-\m-S-
I-߃. \nco-£-W-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
6. Hm¨sse≥ am[y-a-Øn-eqsS Im°m-cin \mSIw Ata-cn-°≥ ae-bmfn kaq-l-
Øn\v ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Cu Iem-cq-]sØ Ah¿°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-hm≥ Hcp Bap-J-`m-jWw Xøm-dm-°pI (kvtIm¿ 6)
7. Im°m-cin Iem-Im-c≥ ]c-∏n¬ Idp-∏s\ \n߃ A`n-apJw \S-Øp-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ tNmZn-°m-\n-S-bp≈ 4 tNmZy-߃ Fgp-Xp-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)

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8. "\mS≥I-ebpw \ΩpsS kmwkv°m-cnI ss]Xr-Ihpw' F∂ {]`m-j-W-]-c-º-c-
bn-te°v Im°m-c-»n\m-SIsØ A[n-I-cn®v Hcp {]`m-jWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.
(kvtIm¿ 8)
9. Im°m-Øn-am¿ {]mW-\m-Y-\mb Im°m-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ
Fs¥√mw? (kvtIm¿ 4)
10. Iøn¬ InS∂ ssIh-f-tam-Xncw Fßs\ \jvS-s∏´p F∂mWv Im°mØn ]d-
bp-∂Xv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
11. sN∏Sn Ifn-°m≥ F¥mWv Im°m-Øn-am¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
12. ]mSp-hm-\p-ff {]mk-`wKn HØn-W-ßnb ]m´mWv Im°m-cin ]m´v. \nß-fpsS
\nco-£Ww Fgp-Xp-I.
13. Im°m-c-»n-∏m´v cwKØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ Hcp t]mÿ Xøm-
dm-°p-I.
14. \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-X-\na \nd™ CS-ß-fmWv \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ. Im°m-c-»n-∏m-
´ns\ ap≥\n¿Øn Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°pI
15. ""kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-]-c-amb cwKm-h-X-c-W-߃ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Db¿∂ kwkvIm-
cnI t_m[-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-ß-fm-Wv.'' Im°m-c-»n-∏m-´ns\ ap≥\n¿Øn A]-{K-
Y\ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Pn. `m¿§-h≥]n≈ (1933-˛2009)
tIc-f-\m-S≥Iem A°m-U-an-bpsS BZy sNb¿am≥. ]¥fw IpS-»-\m-SmWv P∑-
ÿew. tIc-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-SI A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, tch-Xn-]-´-Øm\w Ahm¿Uv F∂nh
e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Im°m-c-»n-\m-SIw {][m\ IrXn-bm-Wv.

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 tIin-\o-samgn
DÆmbn hmcy¿
]mTkw{Klw
tIc-f-Øns‚ kz¥w Zriy-IebmWv IY-I-fn. 17, 18 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂
sIm´m-c-°-c-X-ºp-cm-\mWv IY-I-fn-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. IY-Ifn cwKm-h-X-c-W-am-Wv.
AXns‚ kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv B´-°-Y. kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw, A`n-\-bw, \rØw,
hmZyw Ch-sb√mw ka-RvP-k-ambn ktΩ-fn-°p∂ IY-Ifn Bkzm-Z-I\v \s√mcp
Zriy-hn-cp-∂m-Wv. tIfn, Ac-ßp-tI-fn, tXmS-bw, hμ-\-t«m-Iw, ]pd-∏m-Sv, taf-∏-Zw,
IYm-`n-\-b-amb sNm√n-bm-´w, Cf-In-bm-´w, [\min F∂n-h-bmWv IY-Ifn cwK-Ø-h-
X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gp≈ NS-ßp-Iƒ. ]®, IØn, Icn, XmSn, an\p°v F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\
thj-߃. AXn¬ Xs∂ [otcm-Zm-Ø-∑m-cmb \mb-I-∑m¿°v ]®, Xtam-Kp-W-{]-[m-
\-cm-b-h¿°pw Akp-c-∑m¿°pw XmSn, Incm-X-∑m¿°v Icn, ap\n-am¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw
an\p°v F∂n-hbpw \¬Ip-∂p. IØn Ipdpw-I-Øn, s\Sp-¶Øn F∂v c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v.
XmSn-th-j-߃ sh≈-Øm-Sn, Nph-∂-Xm-Sn, Icn-¥mSn F∂n-ß-s\-bp-am-Wv.
B´-°-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Ønse G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb IrXn-bmWv DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS
\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y. alm-`m-cXw h\-]¿Δ-Ønse \tfm-]m-Jym-\-amWv \mep-Zn-h-k-
ß-fn-embn BSn-Øo¿°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿ B´-°-Y-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \mS-Io-bX ap‰nb kμ¿`-ß-fmWv Cu IrXn-bn-ep-S-\ofw. AXp-
sIm≠v Xs∂ CXns\ "aebmf-Ønse imIp-¥fw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\f-N-cnXw \memw-Zn-h-k-Ønse Bdmw-cw-K-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw. kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-
bm-fhpw at\m-l-c-ambn Iq´n-tN¿Ø `mj-bn-emWv Cu IrXn cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. EXp-
]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hn-s\m-∏w FØp-∂Xv \f≥ Xs∂-sb∂v Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZ-Kv≤-bmb
tXmgn-bmb tIin-\nsb, Za-b¥n \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂p. tIin\n \f-s\∂p kwi-bn-°p∂
_mlp-Is\ t\cn¬ ImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSmsX ad-™p-
\n∂pw _mlp-Is\ {i≤n-°p-∂p. \f-\p-am-{X-ap≈ ]e {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw _mlp-I-
\n¬ D≠v F∂v kq£va-\n-co-£Ww sNbvXv B hnhcw tIin\n Za-b-¥nsb Adn-bn-
°p-∂-XmWv ]mT-k-μ¿`w. ss\j-[-\n-h≥Xm≥ Hco-j-en-√mta \n¿Æbw (_m-lp-
I≥ \f≥ Xs∂-bmWv F\n°v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√) F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Za-
b¥n FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw Bfl-KXw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Bdmw-cwKw XpS-ßp-∂Xv Hcp t«mI-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS kw`m-j-
W-߃ "]Zw' F∂ cq]-Ønepw c≠p-]-Z-߃°nS-bn-ep≈ IYm-kq-N\ "t«mI'Øneq-
sS-bp-amWv B´-°-Y-bn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B´-°-Y-I-fn¬ t«mI-ß-fn¬ IYm-`m-
K-ß-fpsS Iptd-tbsd hnh-c-߃ Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-®n-cn-°pw. Chn-tSbpw tIin\n sNbvX
{]hr-Øn-Iƒ BZy-t«m-I-Øn¬ Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. shfn-®-Ønepw ]n∂oSv ad-
™p-\n∂pw _mlp-Is\ \nco-£n-®v, Ah≥ Ifn-bmbpw Imcy-ambpw ]d™ hkvXp-
X-Iƒ Za-b-¥nsb am{X-ambn hnfn®v a‰mcpw ImWmsX ]d-bp∂p. cwKØv c≠p

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kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. _mlp-I≥ ]pcp-j-c-Xv\-am-Wv.- e-£vao-tZ-hn-°p-k-a-
bmb kpμ-cnbmb Za-b-¥n-tbmSv tIin\n ]d-bp-∂Xv \f-\n¬ bmsXmcp A]-cm-[-hp-
an-√, F∂pw Xs‚ t]cv _mlp-I≥ F∂m-sW∂pw Abmƒ ]d™p F∂m-Wv. Za-b-
¥n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-Xo-cp-am\w Ahn-th-I-am-bn-t∏mbn F∂ coXn-bn¬ \f-\n¬
AYhm A]-cm[w Ds≠-¶nepw Ipe-\m-cn°v tIm]w ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Xs∂
_mlp-I≥ ]d-bp-∂p. ZpjvS-\√ Abm-sf∂pw {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ I≈w C√-sb∂pw
tIin-\n°v t_m[y-am-Ip-∂p. ]eXpw ^en-X-ambn ]d-™-Xn-\m¬ Ah Hfn-®p-\n∂v
ho£n-°p∂p `£Ww ]mIw sNøm-\p≈ \fs‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ ImWp-∂p. ]m{X-
ß-fn¬ Pew kzbw \nd-bp-∂Xpw A·n Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw IØp-∂Xpw ]mIw
t\m°n ]mNIw Xo¿Øv kmtI-X-]-Xn-bmb EXp-]-W¿∂v Blmcw sIm≠p-sIm-Sp-
Ø-tijw Xncn-®p-h∂v tXcn¬ HXp-ßp-I-bpw, tXcnse hmSn Xf¿∂ ]q°sf ssIsh-
≈-bn¬h®v Aa¿Øp-tºmƒ Ahƒ hnS¿∂ ]q°ƒt]mse BIp-∂Xpw tIin\n
ImWp-∂p. _mlp-I-\n¬ Z¿in® Cu {]tXy-I-X-I-sfms° \f-\p-am{Xw kz¥-am-b-h-
bmWv F∂v tIin-\n-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ tI´-t∏mƒ Xs∂ Za-b-¥n°v t_m[y-am-bn.
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu _mlp-I≥ \f≥ Xs∂-bmWv F∂v Zab¥n Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.
Hm¿Ω-bn¬ kq£n-°m≥
Š \f-N-cnXw \memw-Zn-hkw Bdmw-cw-K-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw.
Š tIin\n hnZ-Kv≤-bmb tXmgn-bm-Wv.
Š CXv \f≥Xs∂ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Za-b-¥nsb FØn-°p-∂Xv tIin-\n-bpsS
\nco-£-W-ß-fm-Wv.
Š _mlp-I≥ ]pcp-j-c-Xv\-amWv
Š \f-\n¬ A]-cm-[-an-√. AYhm Ds≠-¶nepw Ipe-\m-cn°v tIm]w ]mSn-√.
Š _mlp-I≥ `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-tºmƒ A·n Al-¶m-c-an-√msX IØp-∂Xpw
IpS-Øn¬ Pew Xmt\ \nd-bp-∂Xpw ]mI-a-\p-k-cn®v `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-
∂Xpw tIin\n I≠p. tXcnse hmSnb ]q°sf "Ah-a¿±\w' sNbvX-t∏mƒ
Ah ]pXnb ]pjv]-߃ t]mse hnS¿∂p aWw sNmcn-bp-∂-h-bm-bn. Ch-sb√mw
\f-\p-am-{X-ap≈ kn≤n-I-fm-Wv. Ah-bn-eqsS Za-b¥n, _mlp-I≥ \f≥ Xs∂
F∂v Dd-∏n-®p.

amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-߃
1. tIin\n hnZ-Kv≤-bmb tXmgn-bm-Wv. hni-Z-am-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 6)
2. _mlp-I≥ ]pcp-j-c-Xv\-amWv F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS tIin\n F¥v
e£y-amWv t\Sp-∂Xv?
(kvtIm¿ 4)
3. _mlp-I≥ \f≥ Xs∂ F∂v Za-b¥n Dd-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ft∏mƒ? (kvtIm¿ 4)

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4. ""Ipe-\m-cn-°-cpXv tIm]w t]m¬.'' ChnsS Ipe-\mcn F∂ hm°v kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv Bsc-bmWv?
1. imIp-¥-fsb
2. ioem-h-Xnsb
3. tIin-\nsb
4. Za-b-¥nsb (kvtIm¿ 2)
5. IY-I-fn-bpsS NS-ßp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-ØXv GXv?
1. [\min
2. Ac-ßp-tIfn
3. Hm´w-Xp-≈¬
4. Cf-In-bm´w (kvtIm¿ 2)
6. tIc-f-Øns‚ Zriy-I-em-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ¢mknIv Ie-bmb IY-I-fn°v D∂-X-
ÿm-\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. \f-N-cn-XsØ ap≥\n¿Øn hne-bn-cp-ج Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-
°p-I.
7. "tIin-\o-samgn' F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv {]I-S-am-Ip∂ DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS Imhy-`m-j-
bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.
(kvtIm¿ 6)
kqN\ : {]mkw an{i-`mj
8. "Je-\√' F∂v Bsc-°p-dn-®mWv tIin\n A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
9. thtK\ hs®-sßm-cpßn ˛ BcmWv h®-sßm-cp-ßn-bXv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
10. _mlp-I≥ \f-\mWv F∂v Za-b¥n Dd-∏n-°p-∂Xv BcpsS hm°p-Iƒ tI´n-
´mWv? (kvtIm¿ 2)
11. tIin\n, _mlp-I≥ \f-\mWv F∂v Fß-s\-bmWv \nco-£n-®-dn-™Xv?
(kvtIm¿ 4)
12. sX°≥tI-cfw Zriy-Ie - I- f
- m¬ kºp-jvSa
- m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv Im°m-
c-»n-\m-S-Ihpw IY-I-fn-bpw. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw F¥v? (kvtIm¿ 6)
13. \mS-Io-bX \nd™ kw`m-j-W-ß-fmWv IY-I-fn-bnse ]Z-߃. hni-Z-am-°p-I.
(kvtIm¿ 8)
{KŸ-Im-c- ]-cn-Nbw:
1675\pw 1755\pw CS-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ B´-°-Ym-Im-c-\mWv DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿ F∂v
IcpX-s∏-Sp-∂p. hmcy-cpsS P\-\w, Pohn-XImew F∂n-h-sb-Ip-dn®v `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ß-
fp-s≠-¶nepw A`n-\-b-KpWw \nd™ Cu H‰ B´-°Y sIm≠v ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-
Øn¬ hmcy¿ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

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 AKv\nh¿Æs‚ ImepIƒ
Imhmew \mcm-bW
- ∏
- W
- n-°¿
]mT-kw-{Klw
tIcfØnse ¢mkn°epw \mtSmSnbpamb IeIfn¬ \n∂v Du¿÷w Dƒs°m≠p
sIm≠p≈ AcßmWv X\Xv \mSI thZn. CXns‚ apJy {]tbm‡mhmb Imhmew
\mcmbW∏Wn°cpsS Bt£]lmkykz`mhap≈ \mSIamWv "AKv-\ - n h¿Æs‚
ImepIƒ'. cwKmhXcWØns‚bpw icoc `mjbpsSbpw auenIXbm¬ Cu \mSIw
IqSpX¬ {it≤bamhp∂p.
a\pjysc ]e XcØn¬ Po¿Æn∏n°p∂ A[nImc hmRvO, kz¥w Imcy߃
km[ns®Sp°p∂ D]Pm]Ihrμw, \n wKcpw \njv{Inbcpambn amdp∂ s]mXp
kaqlw, `cWh¿§Øns‚ F√mØcw NqjW߃°pw hnt[bcmhp∂ ASnÿm\
P\hn`mKßfn¬ \n∂v Xncpج i‡n Db¿∂p hcpsa∂ {]Xo£ CsXms°bmWv
{]lk\ kz`mhap≈ Cu \mSIØns‚ {Inbmwiw. "AKv\nh¿Æs‚ ImepIƒ'
F∂ \mSIw \¬Ip∂ ktμiw P\m[n]XyhmgvNbpsS ]pXpImeØpw {]k‡
amWv.
km[mcW {]PIfpsS {]XoIamb tIhe cma≥, _p≤nPohnIfpsS {]XoIamb
Nn¥m cma≥, \nbaw \S∏nem°p∂ \nbacmas\ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂ sImØphmƒ,
`ctWm]tZiI\pw DtZymKÿ Zpjv { ]`pXzØns‚ {]XoIhpamb cmPKpcp,
`cWm[nImcnIsf F°meØpw Xmßn \n¿Øp∂ am[ya temIØns‚
{]Xn\n[nbmb hnZqjI≥, F√m Po¿ÆXIsfbpw ASn®p hmcnØpS®v hrØnbm°n
]pXnsbmcp temIØns‚ {]Xo£bpw Xncpج i‡nbpamb ASnÿm\
h¿§Øns‚ {]Xn\n[nbmb ASn®p Xfn°mcn F∂o IYm]m{XßfneqsSbmWv
\mSIØnse kmaqly hna¿i\Øn\v Acsßmcpßp∂Xv.
kqcyhwiØnse Ahkm\ IÆnbpw C{μnb t`mKØn¬ apgpIn IpØgn™
PohnXw \bn®bmfpamb AKv\nh¿Æ cmPmhneqsSbmWv A[nImc Po¿ÆX
AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv. {]PIfpsS t£aat\zjn°m≥ cmPmhn\v t\can√mØ
Xn\m¬ cmPmhnt‚sX∂p IcpXp∂ ac°mepIƒ I≠mWv {]PIƒ k¶Sw
t_m[n∏n°p∂Xv. cmPm[nImchpambn _‘s∏´ {]XoIßtfmSpw kmam\y P\w
am\knIambn ASnas∏Sp∂sXßs\sb∂v ChnsS hmbns®Sp°mw.
XßfpsS {]iv\߃ ]cnlcn°m\pw ]cmXn t_m[n∏n°m\pw cmPmthm `cWtam
C√ F∂XmWv km[mcW°mcs‚ hnjbw. hni∏mWv Ahs‚ ASnÿm\ {]iv\w.
AgnaXnIfm¬ No™p\mdp∂ `cW cwKsØbmWv "ImepIƒ Pohn®ncn°p∂p.
C{μnb߃ acn®p Pohn°p∂p; Pohn®p acn°p∂p "F∂ Is≠ج kqNn∏n
°p∂Xv. cmP Kpcphpw hnZqjI\pw sImØp hmfpw XΩnep≈ A[nImcØ¿°w

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P\m[n]XyØns‚ ASnÿm\LSIßfmb \nba hyhÿbpw DtZymKÿ hrμhpw
am[ya temIhpambp≈ G‰pap´ens\ Hm¿an∏n°p∂p.
P\XbpsS kzmX{¥y tamlhpw AXn¬ \n∂p≠mIp∂ Iem] km[yXbpamWv
ASn®p Xfn°mcnsb∂ ASnÿm\ h¿§ {]Xn\n[nbneqsS AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv.
AcßmsI ASn®p hrØnbm°n ac°mepIsf A¥x]pcØnte°v B\bn°p∂
tXmsSbmWv \mSIw Ahkm\n°p∂Xv.
{]h¿Ø\w: 1
D’h∏dºpIfnepw ItemXv-k
- h thZnIfnepw \n߃ \mSI߃ I≠n´p≠v,
Nne \mSIßfpsS enJnX ]mT߃ ap≥ ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn®n´pap≠v.
\mSIØns‚ AhXcW coXn, kw`mjWw, IYm]m{XßfpsS icoc `mj XpSßn
]e Imcyßsf°pdn®pw \n߃°v kmam\y [mcWbp≠v.
Fs¥ms°bmWv \mSIw F∂ cwKIesb°pdn®pw , tIcfØns‚ \mSI
Ncn{XsØ°pdn®pw \n߃ a\knem°nb Imcy߃?
temIsam´msI {]Nmcap≈ Hcp cwKIebmWv \mSIw.
aebmf `mjbn¬ \mSI߃ cNn°s∏´p XpSßnbn´v H∂c \q‰m≠v
Imeta Bbn´p≈qsh¶nepw AXnepw ]g°ap≈ \mSImhXcW ]mcºcyhpw \mSI
kwk-vImchpw tIcfØn\p≠v.
kwk-vIrX \mSI hnh¿Ø\߃, {]lk\߃, Xangv kzm[o\ap≈ kwKoX
\mSI߃, kmaqly ]cnjvIcW {iaßfpsS `mKambn cNn°s∏´ \mSI߃,
{]iv\\mSI߃, ]co£W \mSI߃ F∂nhbneqsSbmWv aebmf \mSI Ncn{Xw
hnIkn®Xv.
tIcfØnt‚Xp am{Xw F∂p ]dbmhp∂ ]e cwKIeIsfbpw \n߃
]cnNbs∏´n´p≠v. Ahbn¬ ¢mkn°v Iemcq]ßfpw A\pjvTm\ IeIfpw \mtSmSn
\mSIßfpap≠v.
Ah GsXms°bmWv?
CØcw IeIfpsS khntijXIfpw cwKmhXcW coXnIfpw ka\zbn∏n®p
sIm≠v Hmtcm tZiØns‚bpw X\Xv F∂v ]dbmhp∂ coXnbn¬ cq]w \¬Inbn´p≈
\mSI thZnbmWv X\Xv \mSI thZn.
aebmfØn¬, 1960Ifn¬ kn.F≥. {ioIWvT≥ \mb¿, Imhmew \mcmbW
∏Wn°¿ XpSßnbhcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ cq]w sIm≠ X\Xv \mSI thZn IqSnbm´w,
IYIfn XpSßnb ¢mkn°v Iemcq]ßfpsSbpw sXøw , Xnd XpSßnb A\pjvTm\
IeIfpsSbpw Im°mc»n \mSIw t]msebp≈ \mtSmSn°em cq]ßfpsSbpw
khntijXIƒ kzmwioIcn®n´p≠v.
B´hpw ]m´pw sIm´pw HØptNcp∂XmWnhbpsS AhXcWcoXn. Xpd∂
cwKthZnbnepw X\Xp\mSI߃ AhXcn∏n°mdp≠v.

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 kaImenIamb GXv {]iv\sØbpw hnjbam°p∂ X\Xp\mSIßfpsS {][m\
khntijXbmWv Xmf\n_≤amb kw`mjWßfpw NphSp hbv]pIfpw {]tXyIw
Nn´s∏SpØnb kwL Ne\ßfpw.
]cºcmKX \mSI thZnIfn¬ \n∂v X\Xp\mSIthZn Fßs\sb√mw
hyXykvXamIp∂p ?
{]h¿Ø\w : 2
X\Xv \mSI߃ IqSpXepw kaImenI {]kIv- X nbp≈ hnjbßfmWv
ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂v \n߃°dnbmw.
AKv\nh¿Æs‚ ImepIƒ F∂ \mSIw Fßs\bmWv kaImenIamhp∂Xv?
\mSIØnse Hmtcm IYm]m{XsØbpw kaImenI kmaqlnI {I--ahpambn
_‘n∏n°m≥ km[n°pw. Cu \mSIØnse {][m\ IYm]m{Xßfmb tIhe cma≥,
Nn¥m cma≥, sImØphmƒ, hnZqjI≥, cmPKpcp, ASn®p Xfn°mcn F∂nh¿
kaImenI P\m[n]Xy hyhÿnXnbnse GsX√mw hn`mKßsf {]Xn\n[oIcn
°p∂p?
CXv \mSIØnse kqN\Ifn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ Is≠Øm≥ km[n°pw.
tIhecmb P\߃°v XßfpsS k¶S߃ t_m[n∏n°m≥ t]mepw
km[n°p∂n√. AKv\nh¿Æ≥ F∂ cmPmhv NqjWØne[njvTnXhpw {]PIfn¬
\n∂I∂Xpamb a¿±I `cWIqSØns‚ {]Xn\n[nbmWv. NqjIcmb
`cWm[nImcnIƒ \nba hyhÿsb a¿±t\m]IcWw am{Xambn Xcw XmgvØpw.
CØcw \oXn\ymb hyhÿbpsS {]XoIambn sImØphmfns\ ImWmhp∂XmWv.
D]tZiIcpsS {]Xn\n[nbmWv hnZqjI≥ . `cWIqS Po¿ÆXIƒs°Xnscbp≈
{]Xntj[w kaqlØns‚ ASnØ´nep≈ km[mcW°mcn¬ \n∂mWv Db¿∂p
hcp∂Xv. AØcsamcp ip≤oIcWamWv ASn®p Xfn°mcnbpsS cwK{]thiØneqsS
kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.
AKv\nh¿Æs‚ ImepIƒ F∂ \mSIØnse IYm]m{Xßsft∏msebp≈hsc
kaImenI kmaqly PohnXØnepw ImWmw. Cu IYm]m{Xßsf hniIe\w
sNbvXv \mSIØnse kmaqlnI hna¿i\ Xew N¿® sNøpI.
{]h¿Ø\w : 3
"F{ºm\ev]w I´p `pPn®m¬
AºehmknIsfms° I°pw'
"]Wsa∂p≈Xp ssIbn¬ hcptºmƒ
KpWsa∂pffXp ZqcØmIpw'
apIfn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ hcnIƒ \n߃ ]cnNbs∏´n´p≠mIpw. aebmf
IhnXbnse lmky km{am´pw Xp≈¬ {]ÿm\Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhpamb Ip©≥
\ºymcpsS hcnIfmWnh. Bt£]lmkyØneqsS kaqlØnse Po¿ÆXIsf
Xpd∂p ImWn°pIbpw sX‰mb {]hWXIsf XncpØm≥ t{]cn∏n°pIbpamWv
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Ip©≥ \ºym¿ sNbvXXv.
a‰p ]e kmlnXy IrXnIfnepw Bt£]lmkyØneq∂nb kmaqlnI hna¿i\
Xew \ap°v Is≠Øm≥ km[n°pw.
AØcsamcp IrXnbmWv Imhmew \mcmbW∏Wn°cpsS AKv\nh¿Æs‚
ImepIƒ F∂ \mSIw.
]pcmW kv]¿iap≈ CXnhrØsØ kaImenI cm{„ob, kmaqly
hna¿i\Øn\p≈ ]›mØeam°pIbmWv \mSIIrØv sNøp∂Xv.
kqcyhwiØnse Ahkm\ cmPm°∑mcnsemcmfmb AKv \ nh¿Æs‚
Zp¿`cWhpw IpØgn™ PohnX coXnbpw P\PohnXØn¬ Ipg∏߃
kr„n°pIbpw cmPhwiØns‚ \miØn\v ImcWamhpIbpw sNbvXp.
AKv\nh¿Æs\t∏msebp≈ `cWm[nImcnIƒ B[p\nI ImeØpw Ipdh√.
{]Pmt£aØn¬ {i≤n°msX kpJt`mKßfnepw ]ckv { Xo Ka\Ønepw
D]Pm]ßfnepw apgpIn°gnbp∂ `cWm[nImcnIfneqsS Cu \mSIw kaImenI
{]k‡amhp∂p.
IYm]m{XßfpsS kw`mjW߃, cwKthZnbpsS k÷oIcWw , KmbI
kwLØns‚ ]m´v XpSßnbhbneqsSbmWv Cu \mSIØnse kmaqly hna¿i\
Xew cq]s∏Sp∂Xv.
hnZqjI≥, Nn¥m cma≥, tIhe cma≥ XpSßnbhcpsS kw`mjWßfn¬ \n∂pw
\mSImcw`Øn¬ hnZqjI≥, cmPmhns\ {]Xn\n[oIcn®v c≠v ac°mepIƒ
ÿm]n°p∂Xn¬ \n∂pw, ASn®p Xfn°mcn cwKthZn ASn®p Xfn®v
ip≤nbm°p∂Xn¬ \n∂psams° kmaqly hna¿i\ kqN\Iƒ
Is≠Ømhp∂XmWv.
Bt£]lmkyØneqsS kmaqly hna¿i\w km[yam°p∂Xn\p≈
DZmlcW߃ AKv\nh¿Æs‚ ImepIƒ F∂ \mSIØn¬ \n∂v Is≠ØpI.
amXrIm tNmZy߃
1. AKv \ nh¿Ws‚ ImepIƒ F∂ \mSIØnse ASn®pXfn°mcn a‰p
IYm]m{Xßfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXbmIp∂Xv Fßs\?
2. ImhmeØns‚ AKv\nh¿W≥ Hcp hy‡ntb A√; adns®mcp {]hWXsb
IqSnbmWv BhnjvIcn°p∂Xv. ˛ Cu \nco£Ww icnbmtWm? A`n{]mbw
hniZam°pI
3. "AKv\nh¿Ws‚ Imep'Ifn¬ ASn®p Xfn°mcn cwK{]thiw sNøp∂tXmsS
\mSIØn\p ssIhcp∂ kmaqlyam\w hy‡am°pI
4. ASn™pIqSn°nS°p∂ N∏pNhdpIfpw amdmeIfpw hrØnbm°p∂ ASn®p
Xfn°mcnbneqsS Imhmew apt∂m´phbv°p∂ kmaqlnI cm{„ob hna¿i\
sas¥∂v hy‡am°pI.

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5. "AKv\nh¿Ws‚ ImepIƒ' F∂ \mSIØneqsS Imhmew \mcmbW∏Wn°¿
\n¿hln°p∂ kmaqlnI hna¿i\sa¥v?
6. "AKv\nh¿Ws‚ ImepIƒ ' F∂ \mSIØn¬ A[nImcØns‚ Po¿ÆXIsf
{]XoImflIambn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v Imhmew kzoIcn°p∂ cN\mX{¥ßƒ
t{ImUoIcns®gpXpI
7. "AKv \ nh¿Ws‚ ImepIfn'se {]tabhpw IYm]m{Xßfpw kaImenI
kmaqlyhyhÿnXnbpsS ]cnt—Zw Xs∂bmWv. ˛ tIhecma≥, hnZqjI≥,
sImØphmƒ F∂o IYm]m{Xßsf hniIe\w sNbvXv Cu A`n{]mbØns‚
km[pX ]cntim[n°pI

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 ]Z-Øns‚ ]Y-Øn¬
Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen

]mT-kw{Klw
kwKoXw am\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ßsf kv]¿in-°p∂ Ie-bm-Wv. IY-Ifn kwKo-Xm-em-
]-\-Øn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ Iem-cw-KØpw atX-X-c-k-aq-l-Po-hn-X-Ønepw CSw-
]n-Sn® Iem-Im-c-\mWv Iem-a-fiew sslZ-c-en. ^yqU¬Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cq]w-
sIm≠ IY-Ifn F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ Ah-X-c-W-cw-K-tØ°v lnμp-a-X-Øn\p
]pd-Øp-\n∂v BZy-ambn IS-∂p-h-∂-bm-fmWv sslZ-c-en. IY-IfnkwKo-XsØ
P\-Io-b-am-°p∂Xn¬ apJy-]¶p hln-®n-´p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bmb
"aRvPp-Xcw' F∂ IrXn-bnse Hcp `mK-amWv "]Z-Øns‚ ]Y-Øn¬.'
Š amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS hm¿[-Iy-Im-eØv P\n® Ip´n F∂ \ne-bnepw hnIr-X-cq-]n-
bmWp Xms\∂ hnNm-c-Ømepw A]-I¿j-t_m[w \nd™ _meyw.
Š A©p-h-b- p-≈-t∏mƒ hn´p-]n-cn™ _m∏- aSn-bn-en-cpØn ]m´p-]m-Sn-Ø∂ _mey-
sØ-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v G‰p-hm-ßnb kvt\l-em-f-\-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
sslZ-cen Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
Š Iem-a-fi-e-Ønse {]th-i-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ C‚¿hyq \S-Øn-bXv alm-Ihn h≈-
tØmƒ, apIp-μ-cm-Pm, Iem-a-fiew \oe-I-WvT≥ \ºo-i≥, In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-
tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv F∂n-h¿.
Š Iem-afi
- e
- Ø
- nse {]th-i\
- Ø
- n-\mbn BƒPmayw \n∂Xpw XpI sI´n-hb
- v°m≥
klm-bn-®Xpw kn.-]n.-B‚-Wn, At]£ Ab-®Xv inh-cm-a≥\m-b¿.
Š ¢m v apdn-bnepw sa nepw kl-]m-Tn-I-fn¬ \n∂-\p-`-hn® AbnØw hI-h-
bv°msX C—m-i-‡n-tbmsS ]Tn-®p-ap-t∂-dp∂ sslZ-c-en.
* shfp-∏n\v aq∂p-aW
- n°v Fgp-t∂-‰p≈ km[-Iw, Bdp-aW
- n-hs
- c. Zn\-Ir-Xy-߃°p-
tijw `mc-X-∏p-g-bnse Ipfn. h¿j-Im-eØv IpØn-sbm-gp-In-bn-cp∂ Hm¿Ω. BZy-
h¿jw tXmS-bw, hμ-\-t«m-I-߃ F∂nh A`y-kn®p. c≠mw-sIm√w ]pd-∏m-Sv,
taf-∏-Zw, aq∂mw-sIm√w In¿Ωo-c-h-[w.
* Io¿Ωo-c-h[w \ºo-i-\m-im\pw `mK-hXw inh-cm-a-\m-im\pw ]Tn-∏n-®p. \ºo-i-
\m-im≥ Itk-c-bn-en-cp∂p ]Tn-∏n-°pw. At±-l-Øn\v A£cw ]d-tb≠ Imcy-
Øn¬ \njvI¿j D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. inh-cm-a-\m-im≥ Ip¥n-®n-cp∂v ap´n- sIm≠v
Xmfw-]n-Sn®v ]Tn-∏n-°pw. ]mSp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰p-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ \√ in£ \¬In-bn-
cp- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ At±- l sØ Ip´n- I ƒ°p t]Sn- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. inh- c m- a - \ m- i m\v
am\pjnI]cn-K-W\ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]m´p thKw ]Tn-s®-Sp-°m≥ anSp-°-\m-
bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw kvt\l-]q¿W-amb ]n¥p-Wbpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw
sslZ-c-en°v In´n-bn-cp-∂p.
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tNmZy-am-Xr-II
- ƒ
1. "Xnc-kvIr-X-\m-bn-´mWv Rm≥ P\n-®Xv' ˛ Cßs\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Iem-
a-fiew sslZ-c-ensb t{]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.
Š amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS hm¿[-Iy-Im-eØv P\n-®p.
Š IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ X≈n-∏-d™ A\p-`hw
Š sslZ-cen P\n®v Ipd-®p-Im-eØ
- n-\p-≈n¬ _m∏-bpsS acWw kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
Š Al-¶mcw \nd™ s]cp-am‰w (kvtIm¿ ˛ 2)
2. "kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw Fs∂-°p-dn®pw ]d-tb≠n hcp-tºm-sgms° Rms\s‚
_m∏-bpsS CuWw tIƒ°p∂p' ˛ _m∏-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sslZ-c-en-bpsS Hm¿Ω-
Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? (kvtIm¿ ˛ 4)
3. Iem-a-fi-e-Ønse {]th-i-\-Øn\v sslZ-cen t\cn´ kmt¶-XnI_p≤nap´p-
Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. (kvtIm¿ ˛ 6)
4. aX-hn-izm-k-߃°-∏pdw am\p-jn-I-Xbpw kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fp-amWv kaq-lsØ
apt∂m-´p-\b
- n-°p-∂s
- X∂v hy‡-am-°p∂ A\p-`h
- t- c-Jb
- mWv Iem-afi
- ew sslZ-
c-en-bpsS Bfl-I-Y. "]Z-Øns‚ ]Y-Øn¬' F∂ ]mT-`m-KsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n
hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. (kvtIm¿ ˛ 8)
5. Iem-a-fie-Ønse ]T-\-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v sslZ-c-en-bpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? (kvtIm¿ ˛ 6)
DØ-c-kq-N-\-Iƒ
1. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS hm¿[-Iy-Im-eØp P\n-®p, sslZ-cen P\n®v Ipd-®p-Im-e-
Øn-\p-≈n¬ _m∏-bpsS acWw kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
2. aSn-bn-en-cpØn kn\n-am∏m-´p-Iƒ ]mSn-t°¬∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. sslZ-cen ]m´p-
sIm≠v ]pe-cp-sa∂v _m∏ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.
3. "c≠m-bncw cq]-bpsS BƒPmayw thW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pmayw \n¬°m≥ Bcpw
Xøm-dm-bn-√. kn.-]n. B‚-Wn-bpsS klm-bw.
4. A—s‚ hm’-eyw, Iem-a-fi-e-Øn-te-°p≈ At]£ Ab-bv°m≥ inh-cm-
a≥\m-b-cpsS klm-bw. BƒPmayw \¬Inb kn.-]n.-B‚-Wn, injy-hm-’-ey-
ap≈ Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿, kl-]m-Tn-I-fpsS s]cp-am-‰w, inh-cm-a-\m-ims‚ am\p-jn-I-
]-cn-K-W-\, \ºo-i-\m-ims‚ t{]m’m-l-\w.
5. aq∂p-a-Wn-°m-cw-`n-°p∂ km[-Iw. Bdp-a-Wn-°p≈ Zn\-Ir-Xy-ßfpw `mc-X-∏p-g-
bnse Ipfn- b pw, BZy- h ¿jw tXmS- b w, hμ- \ - t «m- I - ß ƒ, c≠mw- s Im√w
]pd-∏mSv, taf-∏Zw, aq∂mw h¿jw In¿Ωo-c-h-[w, Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m-cpsS A`y-k-\-
Ønse hyXy-kvX-X.

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 am∏nf∏m´nse tIcfobX
tUm.Fw.F≥. Imct»cn

]mTkw-{Klw
am∏nf∏m´v cNbnXm°ƒ°nSbn¬ Gsd P\{]oXn t\Snb ]pent°m´n¬
sslZdns\ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂tXmsSm∏w Ad_n aebmfw, IeIfpsS
P\m[n]Xyh¬°cWw XpSßnb hnjbßfpw Cu ]mTØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p.
Ad_n aebmfw
]cnjv I cn® Ad_n en]n D]tbmKn®v aebmfw FgpXp∂Xns\bmWv
Ad_naebmfw F∂p hnfn®p hcp∂Xv. tIcfØnse hensbmcp hn`mKw ap…o߃
\q‰m≠pItfmfw Ad_n aebmfØn¬ cN\Iƒ \SØnbncp∂p.KZyhpw ]Zyhpw
Dƒs∏Sp∂ Cu hn`mKØnse IrXnIsfbmWv Ad_n aebmf kmlnXyw F∂p
hyhlcn°p∂Xv. Ad_n aebmf kmlnXyØnse G‰hpw {]Nmcap≈ hn`mKw
am∏nf∏m´pIfmWv.

IeIfpw atXXcXzhpw
hnhn[ P\hn`mKßsf Hcpan∏n°p∂Xnepw kmwk- v I mcnIamb sFIyw
i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xnepw IeIƒ°p≈ ]¶v tUm.Fw.F≥.Imct»cn Du∂n∏dbp∂p.
am∏nf∏m´pIƒ ap…ow kapZmbØns‚ Iemcq]ambmWv DSseSpØsX¶nepw
AXns‚ P\IobX sIm≠v tIcf kaqlØns‚bmsI Iemcq]ambn amdnbn´p≠v.
IeIƒ cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv kmapZmbnItam, hnizmk]ctam, BNmc]ctam Bb
ImcWßfmembmepw Ah Ime{ItaW samØw kaqlØns‚bpw s]mXp
kzØmbn amdpIbmWv sNøpI. tIcfw t]mse aXkulm¿±hpw klnjvWpXbpw
\ne\n¬°p∂ {]tZißfn¬ Cu {]{Inb thKØn¬ \S°p∂p.CXns\ IeIfpsS
P\m[n]Xyh¬°cWØns‚ t\´ambmWv tUm.Fw.F≥ Imct»cn
hntijn∏n°p∂Xv.cN\, Bem]\w, BkzmZ\w XpSßnb taJeIfnsem∂pw
{]tZiØns‚tbm, kapZmbØns‚tbm, hnizmkØns‚tbm, AXn¿hcºpIfn√msX
tIcfØnse F√m Iem ]mcºcyßfpw F√m tIcfobcptSXpamsW∂ at\m`mhw
\aps°√mh¿°paps≠∂Xv tIcf kaqlØns‚ kmwk-vImcnIamb Db¿®sb
ASbmfs∏SpØp∂p.
]pent°m´n¬ sslZ¿
am∏nf∏m´v cNbnXm°ƒ°nSbn¬ Gsd P\{]oXn t\Snb ]pent°m´n¬ sslZ¿
1879 ¬ Gd\mSv Xmeq°nemWv P\n®Xv. tIcf Ncn{Xw, adnb°p´nbpsS IØv,
ZpcmNmcame, IenbpKw, ImXpIpØv ame, sh≈s∏m° ame, \c\mbm´v, Imf]q´v
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]m´v, XpSßn am∏nf∏m´v hn`mKØnse [mcmfw {]kn≤IrXnIfpsS cNbnXmhv.
am∏nf∏m´pIfnse H‰∏m´pIfmWv At±lw [mcmfambn cNn®n´p≈Xv. c≠mbnc
tØmfw H‰∏m´pIƒ ]pent°m´n¬ sslZdnt‚Xmbp≠v.
1975 ¬ At±lw A¥cn®p.
Š Xs‚ cN\Ifn¬ tIcfobXbv°p \¬Inb {]m[m\yw sIm≠mWv ]pent°m´n¬
sslZ¿ Gsd {it≤b\mbXv. At±lØns‚ IrXnIfnse {]tabw, `mj,
ImgvN∏mSv F∂nhbnse√mw tIcfobXbv°v henb ÿm\amWp≈Xv.
Ncn{Xw CXnhrØam°n tIcfNcn{Xsa∂ am∏nf∏m´pImhyw cNn®Xpw
At±lØn\v aebm◊tbmSp≈ kvt\lw hy‡am°p∂p. sh≈s∏m°ame,
\cn \mbm´v, Imf]q´v ]m´v XpSßnb IrXnIsf√mw tIcfØnse X\n \mS≥
Np‰p]mSpIsf°pdn®p≈ h¿W\Ifm¬ kº∂amWv.
Š Ad_n aebmf kmlnXyØnse \m´p samgn°mc\mbpw ]pent°m´n¬ sslZ¿
Adnbs∏Sp∂p. {]apJcmb ]e am∏nf∏m´p cNbnXm°fpw k¶c `mjbn¬
IrXnIƒ cNn®t∏mƒ ]pent°m´nemIs´ Gd\m´nse {]mtZinI `mjbv°pw
hmsamgnhg°ßƒ°pw \mS≥ {]tbmK߃°pw Xs‚ IrXnIfn¬ henb
ÿm\w \¬In.
Š ]pent°m´n¬ sslZsd {it≤b\m°p∂ as‰mcp LSIw At±lØns‚
kv{Xo]£ ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv.
kv{XoIfpsS kuμcysØ h¿Wn°pIbpw Nm]eysØ Ifnbm°pIbpw sNøp∂
At±lw kv{Xo]£]mXnbmbn \n∂psIm≠v A\h[n cN\Iƒ \SØnbn´p≠v.
kv { XoIfpsS s\mºcw Nn{XoIcn°p∂Xnepw At±lw Gsd ]mShw
Im´pIbp≠mbn. adnb°p´nbpsS IØv Cu hn`mKØnse At±lØns‚ G‰hpw
{]ikvXamb cN\bmWv.
Š kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW {ia߃°pw ]ptcmKa\mib߃ {]Ncn∏n°p∂Xn\pw
At±lw Xs‚ ]m´pIfneqsS {ian®p.ZpcmNmcame, IenbpKw, ImXp IpØv
ame, kv{Xo a¿±name, amc≥amcpsS XIcmdv XpSßnb {]kn≤ Km\߃ Cu
hn`mKØn¬ s]Sp∂hbmWv.
Š ]pent°m´n¬ sslZ¿ G‰hpa[nIw kw`mh\Iƒ \¬InbXv am∏nf∏m´pIfnse
"IØp ]m´pIƒ' F∂ hn`mKØnemWv.
hmsamgn°p \¬Ip∂ {]m[m\yhpw A‘hnizmkßtfmSp≈ FXn¿∏pw
sslZdpsS IØp ]m´pIfpsS {][m\ khntijXIfmWv.

amXrImtNmZy߃
Š Ad_n aebmfsØ°pdn®v eLp°pdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
Š tIcfØnse F√m Iem]mcºcyßfpw F√m tIcfobcptSXpamWv˛ ]ZØns‚
]YØn¬, am∏nf∏m´nse tIcfobX F∂o ]mT`mKßsf Bkv]Zam°n Cu
{]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNøpI.
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Š ]pent°m´n¬ sslZdpsS cN\IfpsS khntijXIƒ hniZoIcn°p∂
D]\ymkw Xbmdm°pI.
Š ]pent°m´n¬ sslZdpsS cN\Ifn¬ tIcfobXbv°p \¬Inb {]m[m\yw
hniZam°p∂ eLp {]`mjWw Xbmdm°pI
Š am∏nf∏m´p cNbnXm°fnse ]ptcmKa\ ]£°mc\mbncp∂p, ]pent°m´n¬
sslZ¿ ˛ am∏nf∏m´nse tIcfobX F∂ ]mTsØ Bkv ] Zam°n Cu
A`n{]mbØns‚ km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.
Š ]pent°m´n¬ sslZdpsS kv{Xo]£ ImgvN∏mSp hy‡am°p∂ eLp°pdn∏v
Xbmdm°pI.
Š ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ-dns‚ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-_m-dns‚
cmjv{So-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw Km¿ln-I-hp-amb At\Iw ap{Z-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-´p-
In-S-∏p-≠v. hne-bn-cpج Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. kvtIm¿ 6
Š {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xobpw t\cn´ k¶-S-ß-fpsS t\¿Nn-{X-amWv ]pen-t°m-´-en¬ IrXn-
Iƒ ˛ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. kvtIm¿ 6
Š kz¥w Ih-\-tijn kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\v t_m[-]q¿Δw ]pen-t°m-´n¬
sslZ¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. kvtIm¿ 6
Š 1924-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb "adn-b-°p-´n-bpsS IØv' F∂ IrXn-bpsS \qdmw-hm¿jn-I-Øn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Cu IrXn-bn-eqsS ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂
kv{XobpsS k¶-S-ßsf Ipdn®pw kv{XoPo-hn-X-Øn¬ B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv h∂
am‰-ß-sf-Ip-dn®pw Hcp Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xp-I. kvtIm¿ 6
Š ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ¿ kzoI-cn® {]ta-b-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv sslZ¿ am∏n-
f-∏m´p kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® ]pXp-a-I-sf-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
kvtIm¿ 8
DØc kqN\:
Š ]® ae-bm-f-]-Z-߃, hmsam-gn-h-g-°-߃, {]mtZ-in-I-{]-tbm-K-߃ F∂nh
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Ih-\-coXn
Š ka-Im-enI PohnX hnh-c-W-߃
Š IØv ]m´v, ame-∏m´v XpS-ßnb cN-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ
Š A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-tfmSv Ak-ln-jvWpX
Š `mj-bn¬ hmsam-gn-bpsS ]£-]m-XnXzw
Š ae-bm-fo-b-X°v {]m[m\yw \evIp∂ ImgvN-∏mSv
Š Ie-I-fpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-eqsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS apgp-h≥ kzØmbn amdn-
b-am-∏n-f∏
- m´p Km\-im-J°v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ¿ \evInb kw`m-h\Isf Bkv]-
Z-am°n Hcp {]kwKw Xøm-dm-°p-I. kvtIm¿ 8

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Š ""]mSn Rm≥ aqf-°-amse
Hcp ]m´v X∂mse'' ˛ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ-dns‚ cN-\m-co-Xn°v CXv F{X-tØmfw
tbmPn-®-XmWv? eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. kvtIm¿ 4
bqWn‰v 3
Z¿∏Ww
]T\t\´ßƒ
Š kmlnXy IrXnIfnse lmkymwi߃ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏pIƒ Xømdm°p∂p
Š IhnXbnse AhXcW km[yXIƒ Is≠Øn DNnXamb coXnbn¬
AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
Š aebmfØnse kv{Xo]£ IYIfnse kmaqlnI hna¿i\Xew A]{KYn®v
Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbmdm°p∂p.
Š k©mc kmlnXy IrXnIfpsS khntijXIfpw Du∂epIfpw Xncn®dn™v
Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbmdm°p∂p.
{]thiIw
tamjWw
Aø∏∏Wn°¿
]mT-kw-{Klw
Ip©≥ \ºym¿°p tijw lmkyØns‚ hyXykvX `mh߃ IhnXbneqsS
BhnjvIcn®v kmaqlnI hna¿i\w \n¿Δln® IhnIfn¬ Gsd {it≤b\mWv
Aø∏∏Wn°¿. At±lØns‚ tamjWw F∂ IhnX AXns‚ lmkymwiw,
kmaqlnI hna¿i\w F∂nhbvs°m∏w cwK {]tbmKkm[yX sIm≠pw {i≤
t\SpIbp≠mbn. tIcfØnepS\ofw sNm¬°mgvNbmbn AhXcn∏n°s∏´Xp hgn
Cu IhnX Gsd P\{i≤bmI¿jn®ncp∂p.
Hcp tam„mhns‚ Bfl`mjW cq]ØnemWv IhnXbpsS cN\.
shdpsamcp tam„mhmb Xs∂ I≈s\∂p hnfn°cpsX∂v Abmƒ
]dbp∂p.Xm≥ XpWn tam„n®Xv a‰p≈hcpsS \mWw Im°m\mbncps∂∂pw
tImgnsb tam„n®Xv s]mcn®p Xn∂m\mbncps∂∂pw ]iphns\ tam„n®Xv X\n°p
]mep IpSn°m\mbncps∂∂pw Abmƒ ]dbp∂p≠v. tImgnbnd®nbpw ]iphn≥ ]mepw
sshZy¿ t]mepw hne°nbn´ns√∂ \ymbhpw ]dbp∂p≠v. a\p-jy-cpsS ASn-ÿm-
\m-h-iy-ß-fmb hkv{Xhpw Blm-c-hp-sams° tamjvSn-°p∂ Xm≥ I≈≥ BsW-
¶n¬ tImSn-Iƒ tamjvSn-°p∂ Agn-a-Xn-°msc F¥p hnfn-°p-sa∂ tNmZyw IhnX
Db¿Øp-∂p. \√Xp h√Xpw tam„n°p∂hsc I≈≥amcm°p∂ ChnSsØ N´w
am‰nØo¿°Wsa∂ Blzm\tØmsSbmWv IhnX Ahkm\n°p∂Xv.
hkv X pXIsf kq£v a ambn hniIe\w sNømsXbpw k¶o¿WXIƒ
Dƒs°m≈msXbpw icnsb∂pw sXs‰∂pap≈ c≠p henb I≈nIfnsemXp°m≥
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Ffp∏amWv. kaqlØns‚ Cu s]mXpkz`mhsØbmWv tamjWw F∂ IhnXbn¬
{]iv \ h¬°cn°p∂Xv . tam„mhv , I≈≥ F∂o kam\m¿YkqNIßfmb
]ZßfneqsSbmWv CXp km[yam°p∂Xv.
c≠p ]Zßfpw Htc A¿YØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂hbmsW¶nepw AhbpsS [z\n
hyXykvXamWv. Xs∂°mƒ henb I≈≥amcp≈ kaqlØn¬ Xm≥ shdpsamcp
tam„mhv am{XamsW∂v BJymXmhv ]dbp∂p. shdpsamcp F∂ hntijWØneqsS
tamjWsØ \n mcoIcn°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv . henb IfhpIƒ \S°p∂
kaqlØn¬ Xs∂t∏msemcphs\ I≈s\∂p hnfn®m¬ h≥InS°msc F¥p
hnfn°psa∂ tNmZyw IhnX Db¿Øp∂p.sNdnsbmcp XpItbm Hcp IjvWw sdm´ntbm
tam„n°p∂h≥ Ip‰hmfnbpw h≥ AgnaXnIƒ \SØp∂hcpw tImSnIƒ
sh´n°p∂hcpw ka¿YcpamIp∂ kaImenI bmYm¿YysØ Xs∂bmWv IhnX
\ninXambn ]cnlkn°p∂Xv.
Xm≥ \SØnb sNdpInS tamjW߃s°√mw IrXyamb \oboIcW߃
\¬Ip∂ tam„mhv, Bhiym\pkcWw \√Xp ht√mw tam„n®mepSs\ Ahs\
I≈\m°p∂ hyhÿnXn amdWsa∂v Blzm\w sNøp∂p. Ipamc\mims‚
Zpxchÿ F∂ ImhyØnse "am‰phn≥ N´ßsf kzbas√¶n¬ am‰paXpIfo
\nßsfØm≥' F∂ hcnIfpsS Bt£]lmkycq]Ønep≈ ]cmh¿Ø\
tØmsSbmWv IhnX Ahkm\n°p∂Xv. {]kn≤ßfmb hcnIƒ Cu coXnbn¬
]cmh¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xns\ ]mcUn F∂mWv ]d-bp-I.
amXrImtNmZy߃
Š tam„mhv , I≈≥ F∂o ]Z߃°v tamjWw F∂ IhnXbn¬ hcp∂
A¿Ykm[yXIƒ, AXpb¿Øp∂ kmaqly hna¿i\w F∂nh hy‡am°p∂
eLq]\ymkw Xømdm°pI.
Š "tamjWw \SØp∂Xn\v I≈≥ ]dbp∂ \ymb߃ kaqlØns‚
DØchmZnØßfnte°v hnc¬ Nq≠p∂h IqSnbmWv' tamjWw F∂ IhnXsb
Bkv]Zam°n {]kvXmh\bpsS km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.
Š tamjWw F∂ IhnXbn¬ At£]lmkyØneqsS kmaqlnI hna¿i\w
\n¿Δln®ncn°p∂sXßs\sb∂v hy‡am°p∂ BkzmZ\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°pI
sIm≈nhm°√msXm∂pw
Ip©≥ \ºym¿
]mT-kw-{Klw
Ip©≥ \ºymcpsS ioemhXoNcnXw Hm´≥Xp≈en¬ \ns∂SpØn´p≈XmWv
sIm≈nhm°√msXm∂pw F∂ ]mT`mKw. `rKphwiØnse kpX] v F∂ ap\nbpsS
]p{X\mWv D{KX] v.hncq]\pw £n{]tIm]nbpw tcmKnbpw Zp¿\S∏pImc\pamb
D{KX] ns‚ `mcybmWv ioemhXn. ]Xn{hXbmb ioemhXn `¿Ømhns\
F{XI≠v ip{iqjn®n´pw AbmfpsS Zpjn® kz`mhØn\pw tcmKØn\pw am‰w
D≠mIp∂n√. CXn¬ a\ws\m¥ ioemhXnbpsS ]cn`hßfmWv ]mTkμ¿`w.
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 acp∂pIfpw Ijmbßfpsa√mw [mcmfambn \¬Inbn´pw `¿Ømhns‚ tcmKØn\v
Hcp Ipdhpw ImWp∂n√. Huj[ßsf sh√phnfn®p sIm≠v tcmK߃ A\pZn\w
aq¿—n°p∂p. `¿Ømhn\v Xt∂mSp≈ AkwXr]v X nbpw IqSn°qSn hcp∂p.
kao]Krlßfn¬ t]mbn bmNn®p sIm≠ph∂v \√ tNmdpw Idnbpsa√mw
h®phnfºnbmepw At±lØn\p Xr]vXnbn√. sIm√p∂Xnt\°mƒ ITn\amb
sIm≈nhm°pIf√msX Hcp \√ hm°pw Abmƒ ]dbmdpan√.
FSpØmepw FSpØns√¶nepw, sImSpØmepw sImSp°m™mepw F∂nßs\
F¥p sNbvXmepw Ip‰w am{Xw ]dbpIbmWv At±lØns‚ ioew. Ip‰hpw
Ipdhpa√msX Xs∂°pdn®v as‰m∂pabmƒ°p ]dbm\ns√∂v ioemhXn
]cnX]n°p∂p. Ip‰ßfn√mXm°m\p≈ PmehnZyIƒ X\n°dnbns√∂pw
Ip‰s∏SpØp∂hsc FXn¿°m\p≈ Ahn\bw X\n°ns√∂pw ioemhXn
hne]n°p∂p. Xs‚ IpdhpIƒ°pw hnjaXIƒ°pw ImcWw P\\w apX¬°p≈
PmXItZmjamhmw F∂p IcpXn kam[m\n°pIbmWv ioemhXn.
Š ^enX]cnlmkßfneqsS kmaqly hna¿i\w \SØnb IhnIfn¬ {]apJ\mWv
Ip©≥ \ºym¿.
Š \ºym¿°hnXbnse ]Xnhv lmkycoXnIƒ \ne\n¿Øptºmƒ Xs∂ kv{Xo
PohnXØns‚ lXmihpw \n lmbhpamb hiw IqSn ChnsS A\mhcWw
sNøs∏Sp∂p.
Š kv{Xosb `¿Ømhn\v Iogvs∏´v Pohnt°≠hfmbn, ]mXn{hXysØ alØcamb
kv{Xo KpWambn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v G‰hpa[nIw D]tbmKn®n´p≈XmWv
]pcmWØnse ioemhXnbpsS IY.
Š `¿Ømhv tcmKnbpw hncq]\pw kv{XoeºS\pambn´p t]mepw Abmsf I¨I≠
ssZhambn IW°m°n A\pkcn°p∂hfmWv ]pcmW IYIfnse
ioemhXn.AXn¬ \n∂p hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp∂p≠v ]mT`mKØnse ioemhXn.
Š \ºym¿ AhXcn∏n°p∂ ioemhXn hyhÿbv ° p hnt[bbmsW¶nepw
apdpapdp∏n√msX F√mw kln°p∂hf√.
Š Xm\\p`hn°p∂ ]cnlmkhpw ]oU\hpw AhKW\bpw Xncn®dnbpIbpw
a\ psIms≠¶nepw {]XnIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂hfmWv.
Š sIm√p∂Xns\°mƒ ISpØ sIm≈nhm°pIƒ ]dbp∂XneqsS imcocnI
]oU\tØ°mƒ cq£amb am\knI ]oU\amWv X\nt°¬t°≠n
hcp∂sX∂v Ahƒ°p t_m[yap≠v . \q‰m≠pIƒ Ign™n´pw CØcw
kv { Xohncp≤ \ne]mSpIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p F∂XpsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu
]mT`mKØnse ]e hcnIfpw kaImenI {]k‡nbp≈hbmbnØocp∂p.hn\bw
sIm≠v F√mw D≈nsemXp°p∂ \nebn¬ \n∂v B[p\nI kv { Xo Gsd
apt∂dn°gn™p F∂Xpw ChnsS Hm¿°mw.

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amXrImtNmZy߃
Š ioemhXnbpsS A\p`hsØ kaImenI kv{Xo {]iv\ßfpambn XmcXayw
sNbvXv, kv{XobpsS PohnXmhÿbv°v h∂ am‰ßƒ hnebncpØpI.
Š IÆmSn Im¨tamfhpw F∂ ]mTØnse iIp¥fbpsSbpw sIm≈nhm°√m
sXm∂pw F∂ ]mTØnse ioemhXnbpsSbpw hy‡nXz߃ hnebncpØn
XmcXay°pdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
Š Xs‚ ZpcnX߃s°√mw ImcWw PmXItZmjamsW∂ ioemhXnbpsS
Nn¥mKXntbmSv \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pthm {]XnIcW°pdns∏gpXpI.
Š sIm≈nhm°√msXm∂pw F∂ ]mT`mKØp {]Xn^en°p∂ \ºym¿°hnXbpsS
khntijXIƒ hy‡am°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

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 Kufn P∑w
t{Kkn

]mTkw{Klw
t{Kkn-bpsS Kufn-P∑w F∂ sNdp-IY DS-®p-hm¿°-ep-I-fpsS IY-bm-Wv. "Btcm-
Ky-Øn\v lm\n-Icw' F∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏v No¥n-sb-dn™v ZmºXyw ioen-°m≥ XpS-
ßp∂ c≠p Kufn-Iƒ ˛ B¨Ku-fnbpw s]¨Ku-fnbpw ˛ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-bn-eqsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnNn-{X-amb Zpc-¥-ap-J-ß-sfbpw i‡-amb [mc-W-I-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-
ß-tfbpw IY-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. X߃ ZmºXyw ioen-°p∂ Nph-cn-\p-Io-gn¬ ac-
W-tØmSp a√-Sn-°p∂ Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ tcmKnbpw Abmsf ]cn-N-cn-°p∂ bph-
Xnbpw K¿`n-Wn-bp-amb `mcy-bp-amWv D≈Xv F∂v Kufn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ssl
BwKn-fn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ Xmsg ImWp∂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bm-Wv.
sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ Ct∏m-gsØ Ah-ÿbv°v {][m-\-Im-cWw tUmIvS¿am¿ XΩn-
ep≈ CutKm BsW∂v B¨Kufn Is≠-Øp-∂p. Intim-c-em¬ F∂ s]m≥Ip∂w-
h¿°n-bpsS tUmIvS¿ IYm-]m{XsØ B¨Kufn DZm-l-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v.
hmb-\-bnepw Adn-hnepw Ign™ P∑Ønse Hm¿Ω h®p-]p-e¿Øp∂ B¨Kufn
Ign™ P∑w Xms\mcp IYm-Ir-Øm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠mWv Cu P∑w ta¬°qc Xmßp∂ Kufn-bmbXv F∂ ]d-®n-en¬ IYm-Imcn Hcp
\\pØ \¿Ωw Xp∂n- tN¿Øp-h-®n-´p≠v. Xs‚ B¨ ]nd-∂-hs‚ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w
I≠v aXn∏p {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ s]¨Kufn ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hnØ kaq-lsØ Cu kμ¿`-
Øn¬ ]n≥Xp-W-bv°p∂ kv{Xobm-Wv. BIvkn-U‚mbn h∂ tcmKn°v a™-]nØw
_m[n-®-t∏mƒ Xs∂ P\-d¬ ^nkn-jy\v d^¿ sNtø≠Xmbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]pcp-
j-k-aq-l-Øn-t‚bpw sXmgn¬]-c-X-bp-tSbpw CutKm ]nSn® tUmIvS¿ AXn\v Xøm-
dm-hm-Ø-XmWv Cu sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ ac-W-Øn-tebv°v X≈n hn´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv
F∂ Is≠-Ø-en¬ KqU-amb kaq-ly-hn-a¿i-\-amWv IYm-Imcn \S-Øp-∂-Xv. BXp-
c-tk-h-\-cwKw Agn-a-Xn-bp-tSbpw \n¿±m-£-Wy-amb IrXy-hn-tem-]-ß-fp-tSbpw IqØ-
c-ßm-Ip-∂p≠v F∂ kqN\ hmb-\-°m-c-\n¬ FØn-°p-∂p≠v Cu kμ¿`w. km[m-
cW ^enXw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn IdpØ ^enXw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p≠v IYm-Im-cn.
B¨Kufn Ign™ P∑-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ IpSp-ßp-tºmƒ s]¨Kufn Cu
P∑-Øns‚ k^-eX Bkz-Zn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. H∏w {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ A\-
¥-km-≤y-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. \n›-e-Zr-iyw-t]mse acWw ImØp-
In-S°
- p∂ sNdp-∏°
- m-c\
- mb tcmKn-bpsS ASp-tØ°v Btcm-Ky-{]-kc - t- ØmsS FØp∂
kμ¿i-Isb Ipdn®v B¨Ku-fn-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج ""Cu s]¨]n-d∂ - h
- ¿°v NmIm≥
InS-°p∂ Cu sNdp-∏-°m-c-t\mtSm Ahs‚ kpμ-cn-bmb `mcy-tbmtSm sX√pw A\p-
Xm- ] tam Imcp- W ytam C√'' F∂m- W v . CØcw kμ¿i- I ¿ sskzc- a mbn
NmIm≥t]mepw A\p-h-Zn-°n√ F∂m-Wv. bph-Xn-tbmSv kμ¿iI {]Kv\‚ v BsW-

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¶n¬ B K¿`sØ At_m¿´v sNbvXv X¥-bn-√mØ Ip´nsb hf¿ØpI F∂ sa\-
t°Sv Hgn- h m- ° m≥ Bh- i y- s ∏- S p- t ºmƒ B¨Kufn \n»- _ v Z - \ m- W v . F∂m¬
s]¨Kufn Ie-i-embn Nne®v {]Xn-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬ Kufn-
im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cn®v _p[-\mgvN sX°v ]Sn-™m-dn-cp∂v Kufn Nne-®m¬ _‘p-a-cWw
\n›-b-amWv F∂ hnizm-k-ap-≈Xv sIm≠v s]¨Kufn Nne-bv°m≥ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p
F∂v B¨Kufn imkn-°p-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnizm-k-ßsf Ah
F{X-tØmfw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-b-h-bm-sW-¶nepw DS-®p-I-f-bmsX kwc-£n-°pI
F∂Xv B¨tImbva \ne-\n¿Øp∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xnhv coXn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
s]¨Kufn Ip‰-t_m-[-tØmsS Xe-XmgvØn Ccn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw X¥sb Xo\n
F∂ t]cn¬ temI-tØbv°v Hcp Ip™v hcp-∂Xv PohnXw Zp -l-am-°n-am‰pw F∂
ImgvN-∏m-Sn-t\mSv tbmPn-°p-Itbm hntbm-Pn-°p-Itbm At∏mƒ sNøp-∂n-√. ]pcp-j-
tI-{μo-IrX kaq-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ B¨Ku-fn-bpsS Nn¥-Iƒ°v Nnd-Im-Ip-
tºmƒ Ahƒ \n»-_vZ-X-bn¬ Bgp-∂p. ]pcp-js‚ Al¥ Kufn P∑-Ønepw
B¨Ku-fn-bn¬ Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn-®n-´p-≠v. _p≤s‚ t_mt[m-Zbw Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw
D≠m-hWw F∂pw Hmtcm a\p-jy-\p-≈nepw t_m[n-hr-£-ap-s≠∂pw [ym\-Øn-eqsS
t_mt[m-Zbw t\SnsbSp-°Ww F∂pw B¨Kufn D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. s]Æp-߃°v
Hcn-°epw km≤y-a-√mØ Imcy-amWv _p≤≥ sNbvX-Xv. At±lw Xs‚ kpJ-ku-I-
cy-߃ apgp-h≥ Dt]-£n®v t_m[n-hr-£-®p-h-´n-en-cp∂v [ym\-Øns‚ IhmSw Xpd-∂-
t∏mgmWv kI-e-Zpx-J-߃°pw ImcWw aa-X-bmWv F∂ t_mt[m-Zbw D≠m-b-Xv.
F∂m¬ s]¨Ku-fn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ASp-°-f-®p-h-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Icnbpw
]pIbpw ]nSn-®p-In-S-°p∂ s]Æp-߃°p-t]mepw Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-Wn-Xv.
ac-Wm-k-∂mb bphmhv Xs‚ Ip™ns\ `mcy \in-∏n-°ptam F∂ Bh-em-Xn-
tbm-sS-bmWv ac-W-Øn\v Iog-S-ßp-∂-Xv. B¨Kufn BcXn F∂ sNdp-∏-°m-cn-bmb
`mcy Ah-fpsS DZ-c-Ønse Ip™ns\ shfn®w ImWn-°p-I-bn√ F∂pw AXp-Im-
cWw Cu bphm-hn\v ]nXr-tem-IØv {]th-i\w e`n-°p-I-bn√ F∂pw Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ahƒ as‰mcp PohnXw tXSpw F∂v Xs∂ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. CXv tI´v s]¨Kufn
_‘p-°-fpsS Xnc-°mhpw ap≥t] \ne-hn-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS B sNdp-∏-°m-cn-bpsS
_mKn¬ IS-∂p-I-b-dp-I-bm-Wv. B¨Kufn Xs‚ Ip™p-߃°v AΩ-bmbn Pohn-
t°-≠-hƒ BWv \o A_≤w ImWn-°-cpXv F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ GsXmcp s]¨Ku-
fn°pw \nß-fpsS Ip™p-ß-fpsS AΩ-bm-hm≥ Ignbpw F∂pw ]t£ Cu sNdp-∏-
°m-cn-bpsS PohnXw C\n-sb¥v F∂v Rm≥ Xs∂ Is≠-tØ-≠X - mWv F∂pw ]d™v
Xmtgbv°v IpXn-®p-NmSn Ahƒ B¨Ku-fn-bn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-bm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. s]Æp-
ß-sf-sIm≠v Fs¥ms° km[n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ s]¨Ku-fn-bpsS {iaw
Xs∂ B¨Ku-fn-°p≈ t_mt[m-Zb - a
- m-Ip-∂p. C—m-i‡
- n-bpsS Dƒ°-cp-Øn¬ X\n°v
Adn-tb-≠Xv kzbw Is≠-Øp∂ s]Æmbn Ahƒ amdp-∂p. CØcw kv{XoIƒ
C∂sØ kaq-l-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv.
]pcp-jm-[n] kaq-l-amWv Ip™ns‚ DS-a-ÿX ]nXm-hn\v Iev]n-°p-∂-Xv. Fs‚
Ip™v Fs‚ Ip™v F∂v acn-°m≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ t]mepw B sNdp-∏-°m-c-\pw,
Fs‚ Ip™p-ß-fpsS AΩ-bm-th-≠-hƒ F∂v B¨Ku-fnbpw ]nXr-XzsØ tLmjn-

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°p-∂p. F∂m¬ AΩ F∂Xv ssPhn-I-amb Hcp hmSI ÿm]-\-a√ F∂v s]¨Kufn
A]-IS- I
- c
- a
- mb Xocp-am-\Ø
- n-eqsS sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. kmaq-ln-Ia
- mb \oXn-t_m[w BW-
[n-Imc cmjv{So-b, kaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Isf icn-h-bv°p∂ Imew Ign™p F∂
hnfw-_-c-amWv C°-Y-bn-eqsS t{Kkn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. lmkyw s]Æns‚ apg-
ßp∂ s]m´n-®n-cn-bmbn NnX-dn-°m\pw IYm-Im-cn°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Ccp´v IpØs\
]Xn®t]mse FØp∂ kμ¿i-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Nn¥-Ifpw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ kaq-
lsØ A\p-kc - n-°p-∂tXm `b-s∏-Sp-∂tXm BIp-tºmƒ bph-Xnbpw Kufnbpw ]pXnb
s]◊-bpsS PohnXw krjvSn-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip∂p.
IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-߃: DØcw kqN-\-Iƒ
1. IY-bnse s]¨Kufn kv{Xohn-tam-N-\-Øns‚ h‡m-hmtWm? ""Zn t{K‰v C¥y≥
In®≥'' F∂ kn\n-a-bnse Ah-km-\-cw-K-ß-fp-ambn Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-°m-\m-hptam
s]¨Ku-fn-bpsS IpXn-®p-Nm´w? hni-Z-am-°p-I. kvtIm¿ 8
DØckqN\
Š KufnP∑w IY A]-{K-Yn-®n-´p-≠v.
Š kv{Xo hntam-N\ k¶-ev]-߃ ]¶p-h-®n-´p≠v kn\n-a-bp-ambn tN¿Øv hni-I-
e\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
2. t{Kkn-bpsS Kufn-P∑w F∂ IY hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kv{Xokzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚
AS-bm-f-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
3. apg-ßp∂ lmkyw DƒtN¿Ø IY-bmWv KufnP∑w kzm`n-{]m-b-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-
°p-I.
4. BW-[n-Im-csØ sh√p-hn-fn-°p∂ IYm-]m-{X-amWv s]¨Kufn F∂v ]d-bmtam?
5. t{Kkn, Kufn-P∑w F∂ IY-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-X-e-
߃ Gh?
hni-I-e\ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
1. ""\obn-t∏mƒ Nne-®Xv F¥n\v? a\p-jy¿ F{X ]ptcm-K-an-®mepw Ah¿°v Kufn-
bpsS Nne-bv°-en¬ henb hnizm-k-am-sW∂v \n\-°-dn-™qsS?'' Cu IY-bn¬
sXfn-bp∂ lmkyhpw kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\hpw F¥v?
2. a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-Ønse k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw Po¿Æ-X-Ifpw Kufn-I-fpsS ho£-W-Øn-
eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IYm-c-N-\m-co-Xn-bmWv t{Kkn Kufn-P-∑-Øn¬ sXc-s™-
Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv? CXns‚ km≤y-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
3. PohnXw Xs∂ Hcp apgpØ I≈-tam, Xam-itbm BIp-∂p≠v Kufn-P-∑-Øn¬ ˛
\nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa¥v?
4. _p≤s‚ Z¿i-\-sØ-°mƒ Pohn-X-]mTw DƒsIm-≈p∂XmWv kv{XoPohnXw F∂
IY-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kXy-tØmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ipdn∏v Xøm-
dm-°p-I.

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5. Kufn-P∑w F∂ IY-bn-eqsS t{Kkn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Xew
F¥v?
DØc kqN\
Š a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Ønse kzm¿∞X
Š ]pcp-j-tI-{μo-Ir-X-am-bn- Xp-S-cp∂ kaqlw
Š ]ptcm-K-a-\-tØ-°mƒ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬ Nn¥ Dd-∏n-°p∂ kaqlw
Š NnIn-’m-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ I®-h-S-]-c-X, CutKm
Š Btcm-Ky-k-¶-ev]-Ønepw kmº-ØnI k¶-ev]-Ønepw A`n-c-an-°p∂ kaq-lw.
Š kμ¿i-I-bpsS \n¿±-b-amb s]cp-am-‰w.
Š tcmKn-tbmSpw tcmK-tØmSpw kv{XotbmSpw A\p-`m-h-an-√mØ kao-]-\w.
Š kv{Xohn-tam-N\ {]iv\-߃.
Š Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS ASpØ P∑-Ønepw hns´m-gn-bmØ Al-¥.

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 tXß
sNdnbm≥ sI sNdnbm≥

]mTkw{Klw:
sIm√m¶≠Øn¬ tZhkysXßn≥ tNm´nencp∂v apdp°ptºmƒ s]mSp∂s\
Hcp tXßbS¿∂v tZhkybpsS D®nbn¬ Xs∂ ]Xn®p. CXp I≠p \n∂
Ab¬°mc≥ \mcmbW]n≈, tZhky acn®Xp Xs∂ F∂pd∏ns®¶nepw
tZhkys°m∂pw ]‰nbn√. ]‰nbXp tXßbv°mbncp∂p.AXp \mtcmsS s]m´n°odn
ASpØp≈ IpfØn¬ sXdn®p hoWp. acWØn¬ \n∂p c£s∏´ tZhkybv°mIs´
kw`hßtfm¿Øt∏mƒ Nncn°m\mWv tXm∂nbXv.Nncn®p Nncn®v \nb{¥Ww hn´
tZhky HSphn¬ NncnbS°m\mhmsX izmkw ap´n acn®p.
Xebn¬ tXß hoWm¬ Nncn°cpXv F∂ KpW]mTw IqSn \¬Ins°m≠mWv
IhnX Ahkm\n°p∂Xv.
sFdWnbne[njv T nXamb Hckw_‘ IhnXbmWv tXß. PohnXØns‚
A{]hN\obX Gsd IhnXIƒ°pw IYIƒ°pw hnjbambn´p≈ XmWv. ]ecpw
]e coXnbnemWv AXmhnjvIcn°p∂sX∂p am{Xw. Zm¿i\nIam\ap≈ hnjbsØ
lmkymflIambn, efnXamb `mjbn¬, KZymflIambn BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂p
F∂XmWv tXß F∂ IhnXsb {it≤bam°p∂Xv.
s]cp¥≥ tXß h∂p hoWn´pw H∂pw kw`hn°mØ tZhky HSphn¬
AtXm¿Øv Nncn®v izmkw ap´n acn°p∂p .PohnXØnse Bizmk߃ ÿnc
as√∂pw henb {]Xnk‘nIsf AXnPohns®∂v BflhnizmktØmsS Hm¿°p∂
h¿t]mepw \n mc {]iv\߃°p ap∂n¬ ASn sX‰nhogmdps≠∂pw Cu IhnX
\sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p.
km[yXIƒ ap≥Iq´n°≠v {Ias∏SpØn hbv°mhp∂ H∂√ PohnXsa∂ henb
ktμiw Cu IhnX \¬Ip∂p. AhnsS kw`hn°p∂ F√m Imcyßfpw bp‡n°p
\nc°p∂XmIWsa∂pw C√.]eXpw Akw_‘ßfmbn tXm∂mw. Aßs\ Cu
IhnX A{]hN\obamb PohnXØns‚ Hcp t\¿ Nn{Xw Xs∂bmbn amdp∂p.
PohnXXØzNn¥Ifpw temIXØzßfpw \nc¿YIamhp∂ kμ¿`ßfpw D≠mImw.
AXp hy‡am°p∂XmWv Xebn¬ tXß hoWm¬ Nncn°cpXv F∂ KpW]mTw.

amXrImtNmZy߃
Š tXß F∂ IhnXbnse lmkyØn\p≈n¬ PohnXØzßfp≠v : Cu
{]kvXmh\sb ap≥\n¿Øn 'tXß' bv°v BkzmZ\w Xbmdm°pI
Š tXß, tamjWw F∂o IhnXIfnse lmkyØns‚ khntijXIƒ XmcXayw
sNøp∂ Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI
Š tXß F∂ IhnXbnse KpW]mTØns‚ {]k‡n F¥mhmw ˛ IhnX
hniIe\w sNbvXv kzm`n{]mbw hy‡am°pI.
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 _Z-cnbpw ]cn-kc
- ß
- fpw
(ln-am-eb km{am-Py-Øn¬ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]ms‰-°m-Sv)

]mT-kw-{Klw
k©mc kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Ipe-]-Xn, ⁄m\-]oT tPXmhv Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°m-
Sns‚ "lnam-eb km{am-Py-Øn¬' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw FSp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv
_Z-cnbpw ]cn-kc
- ß
- f
- pw. At±-lhpw Iq´cpw \S-Ønb _Z-co-\mY bm{X-bmWv CXnse
{]Xn-]m-Zyw.
At±-lhpw Iq´cpw _Z-cn-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p. Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]p¬ta-Sn\p
apIfn¬ ImW-∏´ Aeq-an-\nbw sIm≠p-≠m-°nb Hcp ]m¿∏n-S-Øn\p ap∂n-embn
Ah¿ AhnsS Npa-X-e-bp≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-\mbn ImØp-\n-∂p. Bscbpw ImWm-Ø-Xn-
\m¬ AXns‚ hcm-¥-bnse _©n-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠v Xß-fpsS ap∂n-embn ImW-s∏´
B kpμ-c-cw-K-ßsf Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. lna-°m-Sp-Iƒ Dcp-In-sbm-en-
®p-f-hmb Af-I-\μ \Zn-bpsS Hgp°pw AXns‚ Ic-bn¬ kz¿W-Øm-gn-I-°p-S-tØm-Sp-
Iq-Snb _Z-co-\m-cm-b-W-t£-{Xhpw AXns‚ Hcp-h-isØ \mcm-b-W-Kncn-tbbpw
At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp acw t]mepw C√mØ, ]p√p-Iƒ am{Xw \nd™ Ip∂n≥
sNcp-hv. Idp-ØXpw shfp-Ø-Xp-amb ]md-°q-´ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Nen-°p∂ BSp-Iƒ.
Ahn-SpsØ ImgvN-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ a\- n¬ ]ucmWnI kvac-W-I-fpsS Hcp
]q¶m-h\w Xs∂ hncn-bn-°p-∂p. thZ-hym-k-\mb IrjvW-ssZz-]m-b-\≥ injy-K-W-
ß-tfm-sSmØv thZ-߃ k©-bn-®Xpw ]Ip-ØXpw Ahn-sS-bp≈ Hcp Kpl-bn¬
h®mWv. alm-`m-cXw cNn-®Xpw AhnsS h®p-X-s∂. ]n¬°m-eØv {ioi-¶-c≥ D]-\n-
jXv hymJym-\-߃ (`m-jy-߃) cNn-®Xpw AhnsS h®m-Wv.
At∏m-tg°pw Aeq-an-\obw Iymºns‚ Npa-Xebp≠m-bn-cp∂ "kqcy-{]-Imiv' F∂
]´m-f-°m-c≥ AhnsS FØn-t®¿∂p. Xm≥ sshIn-b-Xn\v £a tNmZn-®p-sIm≠v B
]´m-f-°m-c≥ Xm≥ sshIn-b-Xns‚ ImcWw Ah-tcmSv hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. C¥y-\-Xn¿Øn-
bnse G‰hpw Ah-km-\sØ {Kma-amb am\m-{Km-a-Øn¬ Imh¬ t]mÃns‚ ]cn-
tim-[-\bv°p t]mbn-cp-∂p. t\cw sshIn-b-Xn-\m¬ Hcp "…o∏nwKv _mKn¬' Ahn-sS-
Øs∂ Dd-ßm≥ InS-∂p. F∂m¬ cm{Xn-bn-ep-≠mb I\Ø lna-]m-X-Øn¬ At±lw
aqSn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw hfsc t\cw \o≠p\n∂ AXn-km-l-kn-I-amb ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ^e-
ambn ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hfsc \n m-c-a-´n¬ kqcy-{]-Imiv
Cu A\p-`hw ]d-™-t∏mƒ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°m-Sn\pw Iq´¿°pw B `S-t\mSpw cmPy-
Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ Im°p∂ a‰p `S≥am-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS tkh\ hy{K-Xbnepw
kl-\-i-‡n-bnepw A`n-am\w tXm∂n. Cuiz-c≥am¿ t]mepw Ip∂n-d-ßp∂ a™p-
Im-eØpw AhnsS Imh¬\n-ev°p∂ \ΩpsS Phm≥amscbmWv IqSp-X¬ BZ-cn-t°-
≠-sX∂v At±lw Adn-bmsX ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
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 IYm-IrØv k©m-cn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ D≠mIp∂, kuμ-cymw-i-߃ CXn-ep-S-\ofw
ImWmw. A]-cn-Nn-Xa- mb `q`m-Kß
- f
- n-te°pw P\-kw-kvIm-cß
- f
- n-te°pw hmb-\°
- mcs\
Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip∂ At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\m-coXn Cu teJ-\-Ønepw ImWmw. shdpw
ImgvN-°-∏pdw AhnSpsØ Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw `qan-im-kv{X-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]ucm-
Wn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb Xe-ßfpw hmb-\-°m-c≥ A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-∂p. _Z-co-
t£-{Xhpw Af-I-\-μbpw _Z-co-Im-{i-ahpw Zriy-Nm-cp-X-tbmsS \nev°p-tºmƒ I\Ø
lna-]m-X-Øn¬ aqSn-t∏mb A\p-`-h-ap≈ kqcy-{]-Imiv Hcp ]cm-Xn-bp-an-√msX
AXn¿Øn-Im-°p-∂-Xns‚ t\¿Nn-{Xhpw Cu bm{Xm-\p-`-h-°p-dn-∏n-eqsS \ap-°-\p-`-hn-
®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\/tNmZy amXr-I-Iƒ
1. Hcp ÿe-Øns‚ KX-Ime aln-a-tb-°mƒ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv {i≤n-°p-∂Xv
AXns‚ h¿Ø-am\ `mh-sØ-bm-Wv. _Z-cnbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw F∂ ]mT-`m-KsØ
Bkv]-Z-am°n Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Š lnam-e-b≥ Xmgvhc-bn¬ sImSpw ssiXyw kln®v AXn¿Øn Im°p∂ ]´m-f-
°m-cpsS Pohn-Xw.
Š s\mº-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ aq¿®-bp≈ lna-°m‰v Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imem-hÿm ]cm-a¿iw.
Š ]´m-f-°m¿°v e`n-°p∂ ]cn-an-X-amb PohnX kuI-cyw.
Š ]´m-f-°m-cpsS XymK-]q¿W-amb Pohn-Xw.
Š t\¿°m-gvN-Iƒ°v Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv sImSp-°p∂ {]m[m-\yw.
Š tZh≥am-sc-°m-f-[nIw ]´m-f-°msc _lp-am-\n-°Ww F∂ {]tbm-Kw.
2. "B {]tZ-iØp Imh¬\n-ev°p∂ \ΩpsS Phm≥amscbt√ tZh≥am-tc-°mƒ
IqSp-X¬ BZ-cn-t°-≠-Xv.' s]m‰-°mSv Cßs\ ]d-bm-\n-S-bmb kml-Ncyw F¥v.
Š kqcy-{]-Im-ins‚ A\p-`-hw.
Š \ΩpsS ]´m-f-°m-cpsS XymK-]q¿W-amb Pohn-Xw.
Š a™p-Imew hcp-tºmƒ tZh≥am¿t]mepw Xmsg \ne-ß-fn-te°v Hgn-™p-t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ At∏mgpw AhnsS Imh¬\n-ev°p∂ \ΩpsS Phm≥am-cpsS A\p-`-hw.
3. _Z-cn-Im-{i-a-Ønse ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb Xew Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-
°mSv Fßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p?
Š Af-I-\-μ, \mcm-b-W-Kn-cn, _Z-co-\m-cm-b-W-t£{Xw F∂n-h-bpsS ]›m-Øe hnh-
c-Ww.
Š _mZ-cn-Im-{i-aw, thZ-hym-k\pw injy≥am-cpw, thZ-߃ k©-bn-®Xpw ]Ip-ØX
- pw.
Š alm-`m-c-Xhpw Ahn-sS-h®v hnc-Nn-®-Xv.
Š {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ°v `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv.
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 bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujvaf
- X
- b
- n¬
(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬ ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿)

]mT-kw-{Klw
Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿ cNn®v [mcmfw Ahm¿Up-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p≈ hf-sc-b-[nIw
]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Cd-ßn-bn-´p≈ ssla-h-X-`q-hn¬ F∂ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw FSp-
Øn-´p-≈-XmWv bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujva-f-X-bn¬ F∂ Cu ]mT-`m-Kw. hfsc t¢i-I-
c-amb bm{X-bv°p-ti-jta bap-t\m-{Xn-bn-se-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂-t±lw A\p-kva-cn-
°p-∂p. _μ¿]p©v ]¿h-X-Øn\p kao-]-amWv bap-t\m-{Xn. th\¬°meØpt]mepw
\√ XWp-∏-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ChnsS ssiXy-Im-eØv ]qPyw Un{Kn-bnepw Xmsg-bmIpw
Xm]-\ne. Gsd hen-∏-ap-≈-X√ bap-t\m{Xn t£{X-sa-¶nepw Cu ]cn-k-c-sØ-Øp-
∂-tXmsS `‡¿ F√mw t¢i-ßfpw Ah-iX - I
- fpw ad-°p-∂p. ChnsS Bflob hnip≤n
\nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂q F∂v teJ-I≥ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Pbv]q-cnse alm-dmWn Kpem-cn-b-bmWv 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu t£{Xw ]Wn-X-Xv.
bap-\m-tZ-hn-bpsS apJy-{]-Xn-jvT. 1923se `qN-e\- Ø
- n¬ XI¿∂p-t]mb t£{Xw ]n∂oSv
]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. bap-\b
- psS CS-Xp-Ic
- b
- n-ep≈ t£{X-Ønse bap\mtZhn-
bpsS hn{Klw IdpØ am¿_n-fn-emWv \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]n∂oSpw ]p\-cp-≤m-cW
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. hfsc Db-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ Imfnμv ]¿h-X-
Ønse k]vX-¿jn-Ip-finse lnam-\n-bn¬ \n∂mWv bap\ DZv`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
XpS¿∂v Ae-lm-_m-Znse bap-\bpw KwKbpw `qK¿`-\Z- n-bmb kc-kz-Xnbpw tNcp∂,
`‡¿ ]cn-]m-h-\-ambn Icp-Xp∂ {Xnth-Wn-kw-K-asØbpw bap-t\m-{Xn-bnse G‰hpw
henb AZv`q-X-amb kqcy-Ipfiv F∂ DjvW-P-e-{]-hm-l-sØbpw Ipdn®v ]d-bp-∂p.
Cu kqcy-Ip-WvUn¬ Hcp XpWn-bn¬ sI´n-bn´v thhn-s®-Sp-°p∂ Acn-bmWv tZhn°v
\nth-Zn-°p∂ {]km-Zw. kar-≤-amb K‘-I-ti-J-c-amWv Cu DjvW-P-e-{]-hm-l-Øn\p
Imc-W-sa∂p imkv{X-X-Øzhpw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
XpS¿∂v bap-t\m-{Xn-bn¬ X]- -\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂ Akn-X-ap\nbpambn _‘-s∏´
sFXn-ly-amWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ KwK-bnepw bap-\-bnepw kv\m\w
sNbvXn-cp∂ Akn-X-ap-\n°v hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv KwtKm-{Xn-bn¬ t]mIm≥ Ign-bmsX
h∂-t∏mƒ KwK Hcp sIm®-cp-hn-bmbn bap-t\m-{Xn-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´-t{X. ]md-s°-´p-
Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS Hgp-In-h-cp∂ Acphn KwK-bm-sW-∂mWv hnizm-kw.
\hw-_-dn¬ lnaw s]bvXp-Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ ]n∂oSv G{]n¬ ˛ sabv amk-Øn-emWv
kμ¿iI {]hm-l-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv, AXpw ]mh-\-amb A£b XrXob Znh-k-Øn¬.
]mTsØ Ah-ew-_-am°n {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃
Š bm{Xsb Hcp ]T-\m-\p-`hw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kao-]-\w.

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Š hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-cw.
Š Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øe hnh-cWw
Š cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w
Š k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Pn⁄mk
Š bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-]-›m-Ø-ehpw Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-ehpw shfn-hm-Ip-∂p.
Š bap-t\m{Xn t£{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿iw.
Š kqcy-Ip-fins‚ {]tXy-I-X.
Š K‘-am-Z\ ]¿Δ-X-km-\p-°-fnse {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-߃.
Š sFXn-lyhpw Bflo-b-hn-ip-≤nbpw ktΩ-fn-°p∂ cN-\m-co-Xn.
tNmZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
1. bap-t\m-{Xn-bnse Bflob hnip≤n teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?
Š t£{X-k-∂n-[n-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ `‡≥ F√m Ah-i-X-Ifpw t¢i-ßfpw
ad-°p-∂p.
Š t£{X-Ønse {]Xn-jvT-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿iw.
Š ITn-\-amb ssiXy-Ønepw kqcy-Ip-finse DjvW-P-e-{]-hm-lw.
Š tZhn°v \nth-Zn-°p∂ {]km-Z-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-Ww.
Š {XnthWn kwK-a-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-h-\-X.
Š Akn-X-ap-\n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFXn-lyw.
2. Ae-lm-_m-Zns‚ ]cn-]m-h\
- X
- °p Imc-Wa
- mbn teJ-I≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂s
- X¥v?
Š {Xnth-Wn-kw-Ka ÿe-amWv Ae-lm-_m-Zv.
Š ]pWy-\Z- n-If
- mb KwK, bap-\, `qK¿`-\Z- n-bmb kc-kzXn F∂nh IqSn tNcp∂
ÿew AXmWv ]cn-]m-h-\-amb {XnthWn kwK-aw.
3. bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew F¥v?
Š Pbv]q-cnse alm-dmWn Kpem-cnb 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t£{Xw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.
Š 1923se `qI-º-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v \S∂ ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-Ww.
Š 1982¬ tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ kw`-hn-®-t∏mƒ \S∂ ]p\-cp-≤m-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃.
Š hn{Klw IdpØ am¿_n-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.
5. Akn-X-ap-\n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFXnlyw F¥mWv?
Š Akn-X-ap\n KwtKm-{Xn-bn¬ X]- -\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p.
Š Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ KwK-bnepw bap-\-bnepw kv\m\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

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 Š {]mbm-[nIyw ImcWw KwKm-kv\m-\-Øn-\m-bn -Kw-tKm-{Xn-bn¬ t]mIm≥ Ign-
™n-√. AXn-\m¬ KwKm-\Zn Hcp sIm®-cp-hn-bmbn bap-t\m-{Xn-bn¬ {]Xy-
£-s∏-´p.
5. Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am-dns‚ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-`m-KØv Hcp Ncn-{X-t\z-jn-sb sXfn-™p-
Im-Wmw. ]mT-`mKw A]-{K-Yn®v Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ kw{K-ln-°p-I.
Š bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Ncn-{X-]›
- m-Øew ap≥tNm-Zy-ßf
- n¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈X
- p-IqSn
Dƒs∏-SpØn kz¥w \nco-£-W-ßfpw IqSn tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
6. Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am-dns‚ teJ-\-Øn¬ GsX√mw LS-I-ß-fmWv ap∂n-´p-\n-ev°p-
∂Xv?
Š kμ¿in-°p∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.
Š Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-ew.
Š Bflob hnip≤n \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ ]›m-Ø-ew.
Š ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw sFXn-ly-hp-amb hi-߃.
Š imkv{Xob Nn¥-Iƒ.
Š KX-Ime {]uVnbpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ime `mhhpw tN¿∂p≈ cN-\m-co-Xn.
7. Fkv.sI. s]m‰-°m-Sns‚ _Z-cnbpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fpw F∂ ]mT-`m-K-hpw, Fw.-]n.
hotc-{μ-Ip-am-dns‚ bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujva-f-X-bn¬ F∂ ]mT-`m-Khpw Xmc-Xayw
sNbvXv c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw cN-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
Š Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am-dns‚ cN-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ap≥tNm-Zy-Øns‚
DØ-c-kq-Nn-I-bn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn kz¥w \nco-£-
W-߃ IqSn tN¿°p-I.
Š k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-߃ Bkzm-Z-\-{]-Z-ßfpw hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-ßfpw BImw.
Š Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°m-Sns‚ ]mT-`mKw IqSp-Xepw Bkz-Z-\m-fl-I-am-Wv. k¿§m-
fl-I-amb hcn-Iƒ/`mK-߃ D≤-cn-°-Ww.
Š Fkv.-sI. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ß-fpsS BJym-Xm-hm-Wv. (kq-cy-{]-Im-ins‚ A\p-
`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv DZm-l-cn-°mw)
Š Fkv.-sI.-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ/hcn-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw Imhym-fl-I-am-Wv. (D-Zm-l-c-W-
߃ FSp-sØ-gp-X-Ww)
DZm: Ipt_-c-in-e-bn¬ \n∂v, Hcm-izmk s\Sp-ho¿∏p-t]mse hml\w thKw
Iogvt∏m´v IpXn-®p.
Š ]p¬ta-Sn\p apXp-In¬ H‰-s∏-´p-\n-ev°p∂ sNdnb Hcp KpZmw.
Š sh≈n-bn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-Ø-t]m-se-bp≈ AXns‚ lna-in-Jcw shbn-te‰v
sh´n-Øn-f-ßp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Š c≠v cN-\-I-fn-tebpw `mjm-ssien Xmc-Xayw sNømw.
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 k©m-cm-\p-`-h-߃ tNm¿∂p t]mImsX ]I¿∂p \¬Im-\p≈ Ign-hp≈
`mj-bm-I-Ww. sshIm-cn-IX {][m-\-am-Wv.
Š ]mcm-b-W-kpJw Xmc-Xayw sNø-Ww.
Š P\-ß-fpsS/Ahn-SpsØ a\p-jy-cpsS \mUn-an-Sn-∏v, lrZ-b-kv]-μ-\w, PohnXw
F{XtØmfw Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v F∂v t\m°-Ww.
Š ImgvN-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ hmb-\-°m-c\p Ign-b-Ww. AØcw kao-]-\-
߃ Xmc-Xayw sNømw.
Š {]ta-b-Øn-t\-°m-fp-]cn Fgp-Øns‚ k¿§m-fl-I-Xbv°v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂
{]m[m\yw Xmc-Xayw sNø-Ww.
Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿ : 1936¬ Iev]-‰-bn¬ P\n-®p. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, ]{X-{]-
h¿Ø-I≥, kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-I≥, {]`m-j-I≥, ]m¿e-sa-t‚-dn-b≥ F∂o \ne-
I-fn¬ {]kn≤≥. ]cn-ÿn-Xn, hnZym-`ym-kw, kwkvImcw XpSßn hnhn[ taJ-e-I-
fnse kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ sIm≠v {it≤-b≥. amXr-`q-an-bpsS amt\-PnwKv Ub-
d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-\Øpw a{¥n-]Zw Ae-¶-cn-®n-´p-≠v. tI{μ ˛
tIcf kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan Ahm¿Up-Iƒ, hb-em¿ Ahm¿Uv XpSßn \nc-h[n ]pc-
kvIm-c-߃ t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. ssla-h-X-`q-hn¬, cmas‚ ZpxJw, _p≤s‚ Nncn, Ba-
tkmWpw Iptd hymIp-e-X-I-fpw, Nß-ºp-g, hn[n-bpsS th´-arKw XpSßn [mcmfw
IrXn-Iƒ.

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 bqWn‰v 4
am[yaw
]T\ t\´ßƒ
`mjbpsS sXmgn¬]camb km[yXIƒ Xncn®dnbpI .
]{X\n¿ΩmWØns‚ {][m\ D≈S° taJeIfmb dnt∏m¿´nwKv , ^o®¿,
apJ{]kwKw F∂nhbn¬ {]mtbmKnI ]cnNbw t\Sp∂p
am[yaßfnse hm¿ØIfpw teJ\ßfpw hna¿i\ ]cambn hnebncpØp∂p.
]cºcmKX am[ya߃ s]mXpP\ßfn¬ sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w
hnebncpØp∂p.
hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS kzm[o\^eambn cq]s∏Sp∂ k¿§mflI cN\Iƒ
\ncq]Ww sNøp∂p.
\h am[yaßfpambn _‘s∏´ kmt¶XnI ]Z߃ Is≠Øp∂p.
{]thiIw
\s√mcp hcƒ®sb F√mhcpw C„s∏Sp∂p
]n.kmbv\mYv
am[ya߃°v \nXyPohnXØn¬ hfsctbsd {]m[m\yap≠v. ]{Xam[yßfpw
Zriyam[yaßfpw Dƒ∏sS am[ya taJe hfsc hn]peamWv. ]{Xam[yaßfpsS
I¿Øhyßsf Ipdn®v sNdnb ¢mkn¬ \n߃ ]Tn®n´p≠t√m? C≥Uy I≠ G‰hpw
anI® kzX{¥ ]{X{]h¿ØI\mb ]n kmbv\mYns‚ teJ\ßfpsS kamlmcamWv
" \s√mcp hcƒ®sb F√mhcpw C„s∏Sp∂p" F∂Xv. ]{X߃°v kaqlØnep≈
kzm[o\w, apXemfnØ CSs]S¬ aqew ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ D≠mIp∂
]cnanXnIƒ, kzX{¥ ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ km[yXIƒ, am[yaßfpsS
I¿Øhy߃ F∂nhbmWv {]thi\ ]mTØns‚ D≈S°w. ]{X߃°v
kaqlØnep≈ kzm[o\sØ tIm¿∏td‰nkw D]tbmKn°p∂p≠∂pw AXns\Xnsc
kzX{¥ ]{X{]h¿Ø\ØneqsS kaqlØns‚ Zp¿_eXIƒ Nq≠n°m´m≥
IgnbWw F∂pw At±lw Blzm\w sNøp∂p .
]T\{]h¿Ø\w
1. "Ct∏mgpsØ Ahÿbnepw am[ya߃°v Iptdb[nIw Imcy߃ sNøphm≥
Ignbpw' ˛ am[yaßfpsS I¿Øhy߃ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI?
kqN\Iƒ
Š kXyk‘ambncn°Ww
Š kpXmcyambncn°Ww

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 Š Bi¶bn√mØ hy‡amb `mj D]tbmKn°Ww
Š tZi t_m[w hf¿ØWw
Š cm{„sFIyw i‡ns∏SpØWw
Š AhImi߃°p th≠n \nesIm≈Ww
Š sX‰pIƒ Nq≠n°m´Ww
Š \n¿`bambn hm¿ØIƒ AhXcn∏n°Ww

hmwJsUbpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ
sI. hniz\mY≥
]mT-kw-{Klw
kXyk‘ambpw kpXmcyambpw hm¿Øsb AhXcn∏n°emWv am[yaØns‚
[¿Ωw. ]{Xam[yaØntem Zriyam[yaØntem hm¿ØIƒ°p am{Xa√
ÿm\ap≈Xv. hm¿ØIsf IqSmsX Nn{X߃, teJ\߃, IØpIƒ,
A`napJ߃, apJ{]kwK߃, ]cky߃, hn⁄m\ hnt\mZ hm¿ØIƒ
Im¿´qWpIƒ, ^o®dpIƒ XpSßn hy‡n PohnXØns‚ F√m taJeIfpambpw
]{XØn\v _‘ap≠v. sI hniz\mYv FgpXnb hmwJsUbpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ
F∂Xv Hcp kvt]m¿Svkv ^o®dmWv. IYmcq]Ønep≈ teJ\ßsf ^o®¿ F∂v
s]mXphmbn hnfn°mw. B¿´n°nƒ F∂v CXn\v as‰mcp t]cpw IqSnbp≠v .
hm¿Øm{]m[m\yap≈ H∂ns\ IYmcq]Øn¬ sshImcnIambn AhXcn∏n°emWv
^o®dns‚ coXn. khntijamb {]tbmKßfpw ssienbpw CXns‚ as‰mcp
{]tXyIXbmWv. hm¿Øsb°mƒ BkzmZ\Øn\mWv ^o®dpIfn¬ {]m[m\yw.
2013 \hw_¿ 16\v C≥Uy I≠ G‰hpw anI® {In°‰dmb k®n≥ sX≠p¬°¿
A¥mcm„ a’cßfn¬ \n∂v hnS hmßp∂ \nanjØns‚ sshImcnI
AhXcWamWv hmwJsUbpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ F∂ kvt]m¿Svkv ^o®dns‚
D≈S°w . Cu ^o®dn\v c≠p `mK߃ BWv D≈Xv . H∂matØXv hnShm߬
\nanjØnse sshImcnI aplq¿Øßsf AhXcn∏n°epw , c≠matØXv k®ns‚
{In°‰v PohnXsØ°pdn®p≈ eLp hnhcWhpw . k®ns‚ hnShm߬ a’cw
ImWp∂Xn\v Bbnc°W°n\v Bcm[Icpw _‘p°fpw FØnbncp∂p. F∂m¬
temI {In°‰v Bcm[n°p∂ {_b≥ emdbpsS km∂n[yw khntijambncp∂p
F∂v teJI≥ ]dbp∂p. as‰mcp ImbnI XmcØn\pw e`n°mØ bm{Xbb∏v
Bbncp∂p k®n\v e`n®Xv. klIfn°m¿ CcphiØpw \n∂v "{In°‰ns‚ ssZhØn\v
" ]mXsbmcp°n. At±lØn\v \nch[n ]pck-vImc߃ ka¿∏n°s∏´p . AXn¬
khntijamb ]pck-vImcw {ioe¶≥ k¿°mdnt‚Xmbncp∂p. C¥ybpw {ioe¶bpw
XΩnep≈ \bX{¥_‘w tamiambncp∂ kabambncp∂p. IeIsft∏mse ImbnI
a’cßfpw a\pjy≥ \n¿Ωn® AXncpIsf ambv ® pIfbp∂p. hnShm߬
{]kwKØn¬ At±lw {]Xy£ambpw ]tcm£ambpw Xs‚ {In°‰v PohnXsØ
]n¥pW®h¿°v \μn ]dbp∂p≠v. B \nanjØn¬ Xs∂bmWv `mcXcXv\w
k®n\v kΩm\n®psIm≠p≈ ktμisaØp∂Xpw.
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 ^o®dns‚ c≠mw `mKw At±lØns‚ {In°‰v Icnbdpambn _‘s∏´p≈XmWv
. 1989 \hw_¿ 15 \v ]mInÿms\Xnsc Ifn®p sIm≠mWv A¥mcm{„ {In°‰n¬
ActßdnbXv. hnShmßptºmƒ samØw 34357 d¨kv At±lØns‚
A°u≠nep≠mbncp∂p. 100 sk©zdnbpw 164 A¿≤ sk©zdnbpw . {In°‰v Ifn®v
X\n°v aXnbmbn´n√ ]t£ icocw Nne knKv\epIƒ \evInØpSßnbncn°p∂p
F∂ A`n{]mbw {In°‰nt\mSp≈ _‘Øns‚ Bgw kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. ^o®dpIƒ
sshImcnIXbv°v {]m[m\yw \evIp∂p F∂Xn\v anI® DZmlcWamWv Cu
]mT`mKw. "kqcy≥ assd≥ ss{Uhn\∏pdw ISentebv ° v Xmgv ∂ v XpSßn',
"lrZbØn¬ sImØnhen°ptºmgpw AXv kpJap≈ A\p`hambncp∂p' F∂o
`mK߃ Imhy `mjtbmSnWßn \nev°p∂ A\p`qXn \evIp∂p≠v. hm¿Øsb°mƒ
AhXcWØnse `wKnbmWv Cu ^o®dns\ hyXykvXam°p∂ {][m\ LSIw
{][m\ kqN\Iƒ
^o®dpIƒ am[yaßfnse Hgnhm°m\mImØ LSIamWv .
IYmcq]Ønep≈ teJ\amWv ^o®¿ F∂p ]dbmw .
^o®dpIfn¬ sshImcnI `mj D]tbmKn°p∂p.
k¿§mflI cN\ItfmSv ASpØp \nev°p∂ cN\mcoXnbmWv ^o®dnt‚Xv.
k®ns‚ hnShm߬ a’cØn¬ FØnt®¿∂h¿°v At±ltØmSp≈
Bfl_‘w
{In°‰ns‚ ssZhw F∂ {]tbmKØns‚ {]tXyIX.
ImbnI a’c߃ a\pjy¿ kr„n°p∂ AXncpIsf C√mXm°p∂p.
k®ns‚ hnShm߬ {]kwKØns‚ {]m[m\yw
A¥mcm{„ Icnb¿ , ]pck-vImc߃ F∂nh .
]T\{]h¿Ø\߃
1. ^o®dns‚ `mjmssien sshImcnIamWv . hmwJsUbpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ
F∂ `mKØv \n∂v DZmlcWw Is≠ØpI?
kqcy≥ assd≥ ss{Uhn\∏pdw ISentebv°v Xmgv∂p XpSßn .
2. C{X hnImc\n¿`camb bm{Xbb∏v C¥ybn¬ Hcp ImbnI XmcØn\pw
e`n®n´n√. bm{Xbb∏v cwKw teJI≥ AhXcn∏n°p∂sXßs\?
Š Iq´pIm¿ {In°‰ns‚ ssZhØn\v Km¿Uv Hm^v HmW¿ sImSp°p∂p .
Š k®n≥ ]n®n¬ \n∂v Ãw]v ]ngpsXSp°p∂p .
Š hnhn[bnSßWn¬ \ns∂Ønb ]pck-vImc߃ \evIp∂p
Š hnShm߬ {]kwKw

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3. ImbnI a’c߃ a\pjy≥ kr„n® cmPymXn¿ØnIsf adnIS°p∂p.
hmwJsUbpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ F∂ ]mTsØ Bkv]Zam°n eLpIpdn∏v
Xømdm°pI?
{ioe¶≥ k¿°mcns‚ D]lmcw
\bX{¥_‘w tamiambncp∂p
tIma¨sh¬Øv ktΩf\Øn¬ ]s¶Spt°≠∂v C≥Uy Xocpam\n®ncp∂p.
{ioe¶≥ ]pck-vImcw cmPy߃ XΩnep≠mbncp∂ {]iv\sØ eLqIcn®p.

am[yahnNmcw
tUm. hn B¿ {]t_m[N{μ≥
]mT-kw-{Klw
hyXykvX P\hn`mK߃°v Adnhpw BlvfmZhpw ]I¿∂p sImSp°pI
F∂XmWv ]w‡n am[yaßfpsS e£yw
]{X]Mv X nIfn¬ apJyÿm\Øp IpSpX¬ ÿehpw tdUntbm Snhn
F∂nhbn¬ Xnc°ns‚ ]mcayØn¬t∏mepw IqSpX¬ kabhpw t\Sp∂
hnjb߃ _lpP\Zr„nbn¬ {][m\ambnØocpw
e£°W°n\p≈ hmb\°mcpsSbpw t{imXm°fpsSbpw t{]£IcpsSbpw
{i≤sb Htc kabw BI¿jn®p \ne\n¿Øns°m≠p t]mIp∂sXßs\sb∂
{]iv\w F√m am[yaßfpw kZm t\cn´psIm≠ncn°p∂p
BI¿jIXzhpw KpW\nehmchpw an°t∏mgpw At\ym\yw ASp°m≥
Ad®p\nevIpw
A¿YØn\v G‰°pd®n¬ IqSmsX Htc ktμiw IqSpX¬ t]cnseØn°pI
tdUntbmhnepw Sn hn bnepw kabØn\pw ]{Xam[yaßfn¬ ÿeØn\pamWv
{]m[m\yw. GXpXcw ]cn]mSnItfmSp _‘s∏´mWv XßfpsS ]cky htc≠sX∂v
]cky hnZKv[¿ {i≤n°pw
]cky߃ Ipds®¶nepw AXnitbm‡nbp≠mIpw F∂p IcpXn X≈n°f
bp∂Xv icnb√. P\ßsf ]e Imcyßfpw Hm¿Ωn∏n°phm≥ Ch klmbn°pw
]{Xßfpw B\pImenIßfpw \mw Pohn°p∂ temIsØ∏‰nbp≈
ÿnXnhnhckw{Klw \ap°p \evIp∂p
hn⁄m\hpw hnt\mZhpw kz¥w ho´nencp∂v Adnbm\pw BkzZn°m\pw Sn hn
kuIcyw Xcp∂p
bmsXmcp sX‰n≤mcWbv°pw ]gpXn√mØhn[w hy‡hpw i‡hpw
Bbncn°Ww am[yaßfnse `mjmcoXn.
c≠mw temIbp≤Øn\p tijw temIsaºmSpw am[ya߃°v A`qX]q¿hamb
hnImkw D≠mbn
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 imkv{Xobhpw kmt¶XnIhpamb hn⁄m\imJIfn¬ Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v
ssIhcn® t\´ßƒ am[ya hnImkØn\v B°w Iq´n
hkv X pXIfpsSbpw hnhcßfpsSbpw {]fbamWv am[ya hnImkØns‚
{]ISamb ^ew
{KŸimeIƒ ]pkv X Ißfpw B\pImenIßfpw Nn{Xßfpw `q]Sßfpw
hcpwXeapdIfv°p IqSn {]tbmP\s∏Spwhn[w kw`cn®v ASp°n kq£n°pIbpw
Bhiy°m¿°p e`yam°pIbpw sNøp∂p
tcJIfpsS h≥tiJcØn¬ \n∂v \ap°mhiyap≈ hnhc߃ s]s´∂p
Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn\p Iºyq´¿ {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p
]ckv]cw _‘n∏n®n´p≈ Iºyq´dpIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ irwJe hnhc߃ F{X
ZqcØp\n∂pw e`yam°p∂p
ÿeImeßfpsS k¿hkm[mcWamb AXncpIƒ AXnewLn°phm\pw
Adnhns‚ F√m afießfnepw D≠mbn´p≈ t\´ßƒ ssI∏nSnbnsemXp°m\pw
{]]©Øns‚ _mlymXn¿ØnIƒ Bcm™v _lncmImiØnte°pw
bm{XXncn°m≥ a\pjys\ CXp {]m]vXam°n.

\ham[ya߃ i‡nbpw km[yXbpw

hn sI BZ¿iv
]mT-kw-{Klw
AdnhpIfpw hnhcßfpw X’abw \ap°p e`n°p∂Xn\pw AhtbmSv
{]XnIcn®pw A√msXbpw kzX{¥mhnjvImc߃ \SØp∂Xn\pap≈ CSamWv
\ham[ya߃
`mhnbn¬ CXnepw \ho\amb am[ya߃ D≠mIpsa∂Xn\m¬ kmaqlnI
am[ya sa∂ t]cmWv DNnXw
CcpØw h∂ `mj, ]e X´nep≈ FUn‰nMv F∂nßs\bp≈ km{ºZmbnI
coXnIƒ C√
am[ya_lpkzcXbpsS i‡nbpw Zu¿_eyhpw CXn\p≠v
samss_¬ C≥d¿s\‰ns‚ hym]\hpw kvam¿´v t^mWpIfpsS {]Nmchpw
hm¿ØIƒ D¤hn°p∂nSØp \n∂v At∏mƒØs∂
am[ya `mjbpsS ]cºcmKX hm¿∏p amXrIIIsf XI¿°p∂p
km[mcW FUnt‰mdnb¬ t]Pv teJ\ßtf°mƒ anI® XcØn¬ FgpXp∂
hbv°v hmb\°m¿ [mcmfw
\nc¥c kwhmZ߃°v km[yXsbmcp°p∂p
^n^vXv FtÉv (\nba\n¿ΩmWw, FI-vknIyq´ohv, PpUojy¬, am[ya߃
F∂nhbmWv \mev FtÉpIƒ. A©maXv as‰m∂pIqSnbps≠∂v Iq´nt®¿ØXv)
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 bqWnt°mUv aebmfw t^m≠pIƒ
hnhn[ t]m¿´epIƒ, kmlnXy Iem kw_‘nbmb ssk‰pIƒ, apgph≥ kab
hm¿ØmbnS߃, aebmfw hn°o]oUnb, Hm¨sse≥ \nL≠p XpSßnbh
C˛ aebmfØns‚ {]h¿Ø\taJe hn]peam°p∂p
C≥d¿s\‰ns‚ `mhn hnImkw {]mtZinI `mjbneqsSbmWv
hy‡nbpsS FgpØp PohnXsØ {Iaambn am‰p∂p
A®Sn am[ya߃ Zp„emt°msS D]tbmKn® kmlNcy߃ Ncn{XØnepw
h¿Øam\Ønepap≠v
C‚¿s\‰v hnhc∏pcIƒ
kam\ Nn¥mKXnbp≈h¿°v cays∏Sm\pw Hcpan®p {]h¿Øn°m\pw kmlNcyw
Zqjyhißfp≠v F∂p IcpXn ]c»Xw KpWhißtfmSv ]nWßn
\n¬°m\mhn√
hy‡nbpsS kzImcyXbv°v I\Ø sh√phnfn
P\m[n]Xy thZnIfmWv (\ham[yaßfnse FgpØnS߃ B¿°pw
FgpXmhp∂ kmlNcyw Hcp°p∂p, A`n{]mb{]IS\߃ kzX{¥ambn \SØmw.
am[ya ÿm]\Øns‚ \nb{¥Wan√ XpSßnbh hniZam°mw)
{]h¿Ø\߃
"\h am[yaßfpsS {]NmcØn\nSbnepw A®Sn am[ya߃ P\ßsf
kzm[o\n°p∂p≠v' ˛ Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv ]mT`mKsØ Bib߃ D]tbmKn®v
{]XnIcW°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI
]cºcmKX am[yaßfpw C‚¿s\‰v A[njvTnXamb kmaqlnI am[yaßfpw
AhbpsS auenIkz`mhw sIm≠v thdn´p \n¬°p∂p. ]eXeßfn¬ FUn‰nMv
D≈ ]cºcmKXamb am[y߃°v AXp sIm≠v Xs∂ hnizmkyXbpw
B[nImcnIXbpw IqSpw. F√mhcpw hnhc hn\nabØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂ \h
am[yaßfn¬ FUn‰nMv C√mØXn\m¬ hnizmkXybpw B[nImcnIXbpw
IpdhmWv. hnhc߃ AXv DZv`hn°p∂ CSØp \n∂p Xs∂ GsXmcmƒ°pw
\nanjt\cw sIm≠v temIamsI hn\nabw sNøm\p≈ A\¥ km[yXbmWv
kmaqlnI am[yaßsf thdn´p \n¿Øp∂Xv. \nanjt\cw sIm≠v HcmibØn\v
]n∂n¬ temIsØ H∂msI AWn\ncØm\p≈ A]cntabamb Ignhv Chbv°v
D≠v. AXpsIm≠v H∂v H∂n\v ]Ictam XSktam A√, \ham[yaßfpw A®Snam[y-
a-ßfpw ]ckv]c]qcIamWv.
kmaqlnI am[yaßfnse FgpØpIƒ `mjsb hnIeam°pIbmsW∂pw
hn]peam°pIbmsW∂pw c≠p Xcw hmZ߃ D≠v . AØcw {]tbmK߃
Is≠Øn {]XnIW°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI
s]m¶mebn´p, iinbmbn, ]penbmbn, πnßmbn

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 CØcØnep≈ {]tbmK߃ IqSpX¬ Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏SpØpI
amXrIm tNmZy߃
Š \ham[ya߃ F∂ t]cnt\°mƒ kmaqlnI am[yaw F∂ t]cnep≈
A¿Ykm[yXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
Š "]cºcmKX am[yaßfn¬ \n∂v kmaqlnI am[ya߃ GsX√mw \neIfn¬
hyXykv X ambncn°p∂p' ˛ \ham[y߃: i‡nbpw km[yXIfpw F∂
]mT`mKsØ Bkv]Zam°n hniZam°pI
Š "am[yaßsf ]XnhpcoXnIfn¬ \n∂p am‰n Ahsb P\m[n]Xy thZnIfm°n
]cnh¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn¬ kmt¶XnI hnZybnse ]ptcmKXn \√ ]¶phln
°p∂p≠v' kmaqlnI am[yaßfpsS khntijXIfpw CSs]S¬ km[yXIfpw
hniIe\w sNbvXv D]∂ymkw Xømdm°pI
Š ]cºcmKX am[yaßfpw kmaqlnI am[yaßfpw GsXms° Awißfn¬
hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp∂p. ]mT`mKßsf ap≥\n¿Øn hniZam°pI '
teJI ]cnNbw
1. tUm hn B¿ {]t_m[N{μ≥
(am[ya hnNmcw)
{]apJ `mjmimkv{X Nn¥I\pw KthjI\pw A[ym]I\pamWv tUm hn B¿
{]t_m[N{μ≥ (hn B¿ {]t_m[N{μ≥ \mb¿). aebmf`mjbv°p \¬Inb
ka{Kkw`mh\ ap≥\n¿Øn cm{„]XnbpsS BZy t{ijv T `mjm ]pck- v I mcw
Dƒs∏sS \nch[n AwKoImc߃ e`n®n´p≠v.
{][m\IrXnIƒ
hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ `mjmimkv{X`qanI
kz\hn⁄m\w
aebmfw aebmfntbmfw
`mjmimkv{X \nL≠p
D®mcWw \∂mhm≥
ssieo `wKnIƒ
temI`mjIƒ
2. hn.sI BZ¿iv
(\ham[ya߃ i‡nbpw km[yXbpw)
hnhckmt¶XnI hnZybpambn _‘s∏´ \nch[n IrXnIfpsS I¿ØmhmWv
hn sI BZ¿iv.

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 C\n hmb\ C hmb\
C aen\oIcWw
hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZy \nXyPohnXØn¬
hcq \ap°v Iw]yq´dpw C‚¿s\‰pw ]cnNbs∏Smw
F¥mWv tªmKv? tªmKnwKv Fßs\ XpSßmw?
XpSßnb IrXnIfpsS I¿ØmhmWv.
tIcf kwÿm\ imkv{X kmt¶XnI ]cnÿnXn IuWvknens‚
imkv{XkmlnXy Ahm¿Uv (2010)
tIcfm Du¿Pkwc£W Ahm¿Uv (2007) F∂nhbpƒs∏sS \nch[n
AwKoImc߃ e`n®n´p≠v.

Isøm∏n√mØ ktμiw (\rØw)

Fw apIpμ≥
]mT-kw-{Klw
kmt¶XnIhnZy {]tabam°nb aebmfØnse BZy t\mhemWv Fw apIpμs‚
\rØw. hyXykvXamsbmcp BJym\ØneqsS hmb\°m¿°v \hym\p`hw ]I¿∂
Cu t\mh¬ ssk_¿ CSØnse ambnItemIØv k©cn® {io[ct‚bpw
AKv\nbptSbpw IY ]dbp∂p.
kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS hcthmsSbmWv IØpIƒ°pw IºnIƒ°pa∏pdw as‰mcp
Bibhn\nab temIsØ Ipdn®v \mw Adnbp∂Xv. Hmtcm sk°n‚nepw AXns‚
km[yXIƒ hn]pes∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂p. C∂v C˛sabn¬ hnemkan√mØhcmbn
Bcpap≠mbncn°n√. ÿeIme t_m[sØ ambv ® p IfbpIbpw F∂mev
temIØns‚ GXp tImWnepw kz¥w hnemkw ÿm]n°pIbpamWv H‰hcnbnep≈
Hmtcm C˛sabnev hnemkhpw sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. hyXykvX
kmwkvImcnI˛kmaqly˛kmºØnI LSIßsf ka\zbn∏n®v ]pXnb CSßsf
\n¿Ωn°pIbmWv AKv\nbpw {io[c\pw XßfpsS C˛sabn¬ hn\nabØneqsS
sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. CXneqsS kzXzsØ°pdn®pw tZisØ°pdn®pap≈
]pXnsbmcp hymJym\amWv apIpμ≥ \n¿hln°p∂Xv. kmt¶XnIhnZy
D]tbmKn®p≈ inev]kt¶Xw hgn aebmf t\mhev `mhpIXzØn\v ]pXnsbmcp
XpS°hpw.
temIØns‚ GtXm tImWn¬ \n∂pw Abbv ° p∂ sabnepIfn¬ IqSn
tIcfØnse Ifcnap‰Øp \n∂pw ]m›mXy \rØtemIØns‚ D∂XnIfnte°v
\rØ®phSpIƒ h®pIbdnb AKv \ nbpsS IY {io[cs‚ ap∂nseØp∂p.
Bibhn\nabØn\v ]pXnsbmcp Xew Is≠Øp∂, amdp∂ aebmfnbpsS
]cnt—ZamWv Fw apIpμs‚ \rØw.

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 2000 HtŒm_dnemWv \rØØns‚ BZy ]Xn∏v Unkn _pI-vkv ]pdØnd°p∂Xv.
Ct∏mƒ 2018˛¬ t\mhens‚ ]Xn\mdmw ]Xn∏v ]pdØndßptºmgpw hmb\°m¿
GsdbmWv.({]km[I°pdn∏n¬ \n∂v)
]mTmhtemI\w
aebmfØnse BZyssk_¿ t\mh¬ AWv Fw apIpμs‚ \rØw F∂
t\mh¬. hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZy kr„n°p∂ {]XoXn bmYm¿∞yØns‚
temIhpambn _‘s∏´p \nev°p∂ t\mhemWv \rØw. C‚¿s\‰v temIØv
XΩn¬ t\cn´√msX \S°p∂ Bibhn\nabamWv \rØØns‚ {]tabw. Sn.]n.
{io[c≥ F∂ a[yhbkv°≥ D≠m°p∂ C sabnev hnemkØn¬ e`n°p∂
"AKv\n' Fs∂mcmfpsS IØpIfneqsSbmWv Cu t\mh¬ ]ptcmKan°p∂Xv.
{io[c≥ {]XnIcn°m≥ XpSßp∂tXmsS 'AKv \ n'sb∂bmfns‚ `qXImew
hmb\°mc≥ Adnbp∂p. 'ktμlßsf ZqcoIcn°pI, ImWp∂Xns\ hnizkn°pI.
Fs∂, AKv\nsb hnizkn°pI. s\‰nse kXyamWv Rm≥''. F∂mWv AKv\n
\evIp∂ adp]Sn. FbnUvkv ]nSnIqSn°gn™ AKv\n F∂ \¿ØI≥ C¥ybn¬
Xs‚ {KmaØn¬ h∂v AΩsbbpw _meyIme kJnsbbpw I≠v XncnsI t]mIp∂p.
Xs‚ t^mt´m{Km^v Bhiys∏´ {io[c\v Ahkm\sØ C sabnen¬ Abmƒ
Hcp Iºyq´¿ {Km^nIv Nn{Xw Ab®psImSpØv AKv\n ssk_¿ kvt]bvkn¬
adbp∂nSØv t\mh¬ Ahkm\n°p∂p. CsabnepIƒ°v ImekqN\tbm ÿe
kqN\tbm C√t√m AXpt]mse t\mhen¬ HcnSØpw AKv\n F∂
_meIrjvWt‚tbm Sn.]n {io[cs‚tbm ÿew kqNn∏n°p∂n√ .
tNmZyamXrIIƒ
1. Iºyq´¿ hmßpIbpw C‚¿s\‰v IW£≥ FSp°pIbpw sNbvX tijamWv
AbmfpsS (Sn.]n. {io[cs‚) hnizmkßfn¬ Cßs\ Nne am‰ßƒ h∂p
XpSßnbXv ˛ \ham[yaßfpsS kzm[o\i‡n shfns∏SpØm≥ Cu t\mhh¬
`mKw F{XtØmfw ]cym]vXamsW∂v hnebncpØpI
\ham[yaßfpsS kzm[o\w {]tabam°n aebmfØn¬ BZyambn ]pdØndßnb
t\mhemWv Fw. apIpμs‚ '\rØw'. AKv\n F∂ A]cnNnX\mb hy‡nbpsS
C˛sabn¬ ktμi߃°mbn ImØncn°p∂ {io[c\neqsSbmWv t\mh¬
apt∂dp∂Xv.
tlm´v s abn¬ ta¬hnemkw D≠mbtXmsS AbmfpsS (Sn.]n. {io[cs‚)
Zn\Ncybn¬ Nne am‰ßƒ kw`hn®p. cmhnse DW¿∂v ]√p tX®v Nmb IpSn®v
]{Xhpambn Ccn°p∂Xn\v ]Icw DW¿∂ DSs\ t\sc Iºyq´dn\p ap∂n¬
sN∂ncn°p∂ kz`mhw h∂p. BZyw X\n°v Fs¥¶nepw ktμi߃ Dt≠msb∂v
Xnc°nb tijw bmlqhnse Hcp ssk‰n¬ {]thin®v A∂sØ hm¿ØIƒ
hmbn®dnbpw. ]ns∂ Nmb. ]√p tX∏v Ahkm\ambn. 'Ip´n°mew apXte
]√ptX°msXbpw Ipfn°msXbpw Hcp Xp≈n sh≈w IpSn°pIbn√' F∂
ioetØmsS hf¿∂ Abmƒ, Ct∏mƒ {]mX¬ Ign™mWv ]√p tX°p∂Xv. Ipfncp

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XpSßnbm¬ Ipfn°msX CcpI£ßfnepw Un HmUd‚ v kvt{] sNbvXv j¿´n´v
Hm^oknte°v t]mIp∂p. Ipfn Hcmhiyas√∂pw icocw hrØnbmbn kq£n®m¬
aXnsb∂pamWv AbmfpsS hmZw.
{io[cs‚ Zn\NcyIfpw BtcmKyioeßfpw am‰nadn®Xv Iºyq´¿ Xs∂sb∂v
ImWmw. \ham[yaßfpw {]XoXnbmYm¿∞yhpw Hcp hy‡nbpsS PohnXsØ
Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂Xn\v sXfnhmWv {io[c\n¬ h∂ am‰ßƒ.
2. X\n°v Abmsf AdnbpIbns√¶nepw AKv\n°v Xs∂ Adnbmambncn°mw.
As√¶n¬ F¥n\mWv X\n°v ASnb¥ncambn Hcp ktμiw Ab®Xv ˛ {io[c≥
F∂ IYm]m{XØns‚ PohnXØn¬ {]XoXn bmYm¿Yyw kr„n® am‰ßƒ '
Isøm∏n√mØ ktμiw' F∂ ]mT`mKØp ImWmw. a‰p kμ¿`߃ Is≠Øn
Ah {io[cs‚ PohnXsØ am‰nØo¿ØsXßs\sb∂v N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏m°pI
Isøm∏n√mØ C sabn¬ ktμiØneqsS Sn.]n {io[cs‚ PohnXØnte°v
IS∂phcp∂ AKv\nbpsS IY ]dbp∂ \rØw F∂ t\mhen¬ ssk_¿ PohnXw
hy‡n PohnXsØ Fßs\ am‰nadn°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. C‚¿s\‰n¬ Hcp
ta¬hnemkw D≠mbt∏mƒØs∂ {io[cs‚ PohnXNcyIsf AXv kzm[o\n°m≥
XpSßn. ssk_¿ PohnXØns‚ coXnbnte°v AbmfpsS PohnXw ]cnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXp. ssk_¿ temIØv NpΩm Ae™v Xncnbp∂Xpw AhnsS X\n°p≈
ktμi߃ Xncbp∂Xpw Abmƒ°v ioetam Ak‡ntbm Bbn. cmhnse DW¿∂v
]√ptX®v Nmb IpSn®v ]{Xw hmbn®ncp∂ ]Xnhpioeapt]£n®p. DW¿∂mepSs\
Iºyq´dn\v ap∂nencp∂p C‚¿s\‰n¬ apßnØ∏¬ ]pXnb ioeambn. ktμiw
Xncbepw C‚¿s\‰n¬ hm¿Ø hmb\bpw Nmb IpSnbpw {]mXepw Ign™mbn
]√p tX∏v . Ipfncp XpSßnbm¬ Ipfnbpw Cs√∂mbn. Ipfn°msX Un HmUd‚pw
]qin Hm^okn¬ t]mIp∂Xmbn ]pXnb ioew. icocw hrØnbmbncp∂m¬
Ipfnt°≠Xn√ F∂ \ymboIcWhpw Abmƒ Is≠Øn.
Iºyq´¿ hmßpIbpw C‚¿s\‰v IW£≥ FSp°pIbpw sNbvX tijamWv Sn
]n {io[cs‚ PohnXw CØcØn¬ amdn adn™Xv.
Fw apIpμ≥
aebmfØnse B[p\nI kmlnXyImc≥amcn¬ {][m\nbmWv Fw. apIpμ≥.
{^©v \bX{¥ DtZymKÿ\mbpw, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan A[y£\mbpw
{]h¿Øn®n´p≠v.
IrXnIƒ: aøgn∏pgbpsS Xocßfn¬, ssZhØns‚ hnIrXnIƒ, Bhnembnse
kqtcymZbw, U¬ln, lcnZzmdn¬ aWnapgßp∂p,BZnXy\pw cm[bpw a‰pNnecpw,
Hcp ZfnXv bphXnbpsS IZ\ IY, kmhn{XnbpsS Ac™mWw, djy, tIihs‚
hnem]߃, \rØw (2000 ¬ FgpXnbXv),Cu temIw AXnsemcp a\pjy≥, {]hmkw,
Z¬ln KmYIƒ, IpS \∂m°p∂ tNmbn, ]peb∏m´v, \rØw sNøp∂ IpSIƒ
F∂nßs\ \nch[n t\mhepIfpw hoSv , \Znbpw tXmWnbpw, thiyItf
\n߃s°mcºew, A©c hb p≈ Ip´n, lrZbhXnbmb Hcp s]¨Ip´n,
X´mØns∏Æns‚ IeymWw, tXhnSn»n°nfn, I≈\pw t]meokpw, IÆmSnbpsS
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Imgv N , apIpμs‚ IYIƒ, djy,apfi\w sNøs∏´ PohnXw, \Kchpw
kv{Xobpw,Hmt´mdn£°mcs‚ `mcy F∂nßs\ sNdpIYmkamlmcßfpw AS°w
\nch[n IrXnIƒ..

ŠŠŠŠŠ

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