VERBALS

(GERUND, PARTICIPLE,
INFINITIVES)

Review Lesson
 OBJECTIVES
I can ...

1.define what a verbal is;

2.identify the kinds of verbals and their
functions; and
3.use verbals correctly in sentences.
 A verbal is a verb
form that does not
RBALS function as a verb.
VE
Verbals function as
nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs.
 There are 3 types of VERBALS:
GERUNDS participles infinitives
esent past
boiling pr to boil
boiling boiled
Examples: adverb
noun Pass the boiling Heat the pan to boil
water. the water.
Boiling the water adjectives
is essential. Buy a pan to boil
Pass the boiled water.
water. adjective
 VERBAL: PARTICIPLES

A participle is a verb form that

functions as an adjective.
There are two types of participles:
the present participle (ending "ing") and
the past participle (usually ending "-ed,"" -d,"" -t,"" -en," or "-n").
Here are some participles being used as adjectives:

verb The Present Participle The Past Participle

bake the baking bread the baked bread

break the breaking vow the broken vow
print the printing document the printed document
freeze the freezing yogurt the frozen yogurt
lower the lowering prices the lowered prices

Note: In forming the past participle of the verb, one should take
note whether the verb is regular or irregular
 present participle

A stirring dwarf we do allowance give before a

sleeping giant. (Playwright William Shakespeare)
(Two present participles)

The twinkling stars are clearly seen on a dark

night.
(present participle)
pAst participle

Food is an important part of a balanced diet.

(Author Fran Lebowitz)
(past participle)

Drunken shrimp in chili-garlic sauce will be

served for dinner tonight.
(past participle)
Participial phrase

Note: Often, a participle will head up a

participle phrase that functions as an
adjective. In the examples below, all
participles are in bold and the participle
phrases are shaded.
Participial phrase

a. Drooling saliva over the day's mail, the barking

boxer quickly singled out the parcel from the bills
and junk mail.

(This example has two present participles. The first heads up

a participle phrase that describes "the barking boxer." The
second modifies "boxer" in the normal way.)
Participial phrase
b. Baked in the oven for over six hours, the roast
looked ruined.
(This example has two past participles. The first heads up a
participle phrase that describes "the roast." The second
describes the roatst as subject complement)

c. The police worked to locate the car stolen from

my neighbor's driveway.
(describing the noun car)
Participial phrase

More Examples:
1. Shining like a diamond in the sky, the actress walked
gracefully on the stage.
2. Mother looked for the cake eaten by the children at the
party.
3. She found an envelope sealed with the initials of the
late king and queen.
VERBAL: GERUNDS

Even though gerunds look like present

participles (i.e., they also end "-ing"), a
gerund is a noun, not an adjective.
Here are some examples of gerunds:
NOUN Functions: subject, direct object, object of the preposition,
pred. nominative, appositive

Subject Laughing is good for the health.

You don't stop laughing because you grow old.

Direct object You grow old because you stop laughing.
(Comedian Michael Pritchard)

Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has

seen and thinking what nobody has thought.
Object of the preposition

(Biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi)

Here are some examples of gerunds
NOUN Functions: subject, direct object, object of the preposition,
pred. nominative, appositive

He has no other choice except seeing him the

Object of the preposition
soonest.

Predicate Nominative His favorite hobby is painting.

Appositive His favorite hobby, painting, is expensive.

Gerunds
A gerund will often appear in a
gerund phrase.

A gerund phrase consists of a

gerund + its object and all
modifiers.
Functions of gerund phrase:

(NOUN: subject, DO, OP, PN,

Appositive)
Examples:

Singing + the words out loud helped him with

his stammer. (subject)

I started by + photographing birds in my

garden. (OP)

Marie enjoys reading + romantic novels. (DO)

Examples:

Don't you ever get tired of watching + to your

favorite Shakespeare plays? (OP)

Marie's difficulty is painting + using charcoal as

medium. (PN)

Marie's hobby, painting + using charcoal as

medium, became very popular. (Appositive)
More Examples:

1. Sandy likes collecting stamps of different countries.

2. Seeing classic movies every weekend relaxes my

mind.

3. He likes all the activities except cooking using

firewood.
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb form (often preceded
by "to," e.g., "to dance," "to sing")
that can function as a noun, an adjective, or
an adverb.
Example:
An infinitive as a NOUN:
a. To win was everything. (subject)
(The infinitive is the subject of "was.")

b. The team wants to win. (DO)

c. His aim is to win. (PN)

Example:
An infinitive as a NOUN:
d. He has no other goals except to win. (OP)

e. His goal, to win, was never materialized.

(Appositive)
Example:
An infinitive as an ADJECTIVE:
It is an appropriate saving to propose.
(The infinitive modifies "saving." This means it is
functioning as an adjective.)

The plan to win for the election was exposed.

(modifies the noun plan)
Example:
An infinitive as an ADVERB:

(answers the questions -why, how, where, when.

in what manner, to what extent, how often)
Example:
An infinitive as an ADVERB:
1. The man paid to watch.
(The infinitive modifies the verb "paid." This means it is
functioning as an adverb.)

2. It is dangerous to drive on this slippery road.

(modifying the adjective)
Example:
An infinitive as an ADVERB:
3. It is early to leave for school.
(modifying an adverb)
Infinitive
Phrase
 An infinitive will often appear in an
infinitive phrase. An infinitive phrase
consists of the infinitive and any
objects and modifiers.
1. To wear face masks is still necessary until today.
(subject)
2. She needed to find a lot of money quickly. (DO)
3. A good habit to have is to go for a walk in the evening.
(PN)
4. Edsel has no choice except to agree with the team's
decision. (OP)
5. Anna's dream, to travel around the world, was never
materialized. (Appositive)
6. I need a magazine to search for the article about food.
(adjective)

7. I showed her the best way to make a Yorkshire pudding.

(adjective)

8. They sat down to discuss about the plan for the

holidays. (adverb)

9. It was not easy to forget her easily but I did. (adverb)

Thank you! see
you next
meeting!