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Vikash Institute of Technology,

Bargarh
Barahguda Canal Chowk, Bargarh, Odisha- 768028,
Email : [email protected], Website : www.vitbargarh.ac.in
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha)

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the project report entitled “LOAD FREQUENCY


CONTROL OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM USING DIFFERENTIAL
EVALUTIOND” being submitted by Name (Regd Number), all members
name in partial fulfilment if the requirement of the award of the degree
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering is bonafide
work carried out at Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha under
my supervision.

The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted
for award of any other degree.

Guide
(Guide Name) (Dr. Girish Padhan)
Designation., Dept. of CSE HOD, Dept. CSE

External Examiner

i
DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “PROJECT TITLE” is a


sterling project report which is submitted by us, the student of 8 th Semester B.
Tech of Computer Science and Engineering, Bargarh of Vikash Institute of
Technology, Bargarh under the guidance of Guide Name, Designation, CSE,
Vikash Institute OF Technology, Bargarh is original and this has not been
submitted to anywhere else for the award of any other degree.

Sl. No. Name Regd. No. Signature


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

B.Tech 8th semester


Branch- CSE
Session-

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, for


giving us the opportunity to carry out this major project, which is an integral
fragment of the curriculum in B. Tech program at the Vikash Institute of
Technology, Bargarh. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and regards to
our Project guide, Designation, Department Computer Science & Engineering, for
being the anchor of our project. It was incessant motivation and guidance during
periods of doubts and uncertainties that has helped us to carry on with this project.

We sincerely thank our Chairman, Sj. D. Nageshwar Rao Sir, Chief


Administrative Officer, Prof. Ajay Kumar Mohapatra Sir, for extending their
unconditional support towards our research and project work. We sincerely thank
Dr. Purnendu Mishra Sir, Principal of Vikash Institute of Technology, and Dr.
Dillip Khamari Sir, Principal of Vikash Polytechnic, Bargarh, for their continued
support for providing the technical platform to create innovative projects both in real
time as well as in academic domain. We would like to thank Dr. Girish Padhan Sir,
HOD, Computer Science & Engineering Dept., for his guidance, support and
direction for the completion of our project work. We thank all the HODs of different
departments and all our teachers and technical supporting staffs for their contribution
in our studies and project work. They have been a great source of inspiration to us
and we thank them from the bottom of our heart.

Last but not the least; we want to acknowledge the contribution of our family
members and friends, for their constant, never-ending motivation and valuable help
directly or indirectly in the completion of our project work.

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ABSTRACT

iv
CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………………..….…..I

DECLERATION…………………………………………………………………………….................II

ACKNOWLADGEMENT……………………………………………………………….……………III

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..................IV

LIST OF
FIGURE………………………………………………………………………….................VII

LIST OF TABULS…………………………………………………………………………………..VIII

CHAPTER-1 ………………………………………………………………………………………..…1

1. INTRODUCTION: ………………………….…………………………………...…………..2
1.1 NEEDS FOR CONTROLLING FREQUENCY DEVIATION: ……………..…................3

1.2 CONSEPT OF CONTROL AREA: …………………………..…………….….


………….3

1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY: ..………………………………………………..……………..4

CHAPTER-2 …………………………………………………………………………………………..5

2. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM : ……………...................6


2.1 INTRODUCTION:…………………………………………………………………………...….6
2.2 LOAD FREQENCY PROBLEMS:………………………………………………………………
6
2.3 SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM:……………………………………………………………….7
2.4 HYDRAULIC VALUE ACTUATOR:…………………………………………………................8
2.5 TURBINE MODEL:……………………………………………………………………………...9
2.6 GENERATOR LOAD MODEL:
………………………………………………………………...10
2.6.1 TO INCREASE K.E ROTOR CONSUMPTION:
…………………………………………..10
2.6.2 TO INCREASE LOAD CONSUMPTION:
………………………………………................10
2.7 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF ALFC LOOP:……………………………………................11
2.8 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF ALFC LOOP:……………………………………………………12

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CHAPTER-3……………………………………………………………………………….................15

3. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF TWO AREA SYSTEM: …………………………


16

3.1 MODELING THE TIE-LINE:………….…………..…………….………………………….….16

3.2 STSTIC RESPONSE OF TWO AREA SYSTEM:…..……………………………………….…


17

3.3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TWO AREA SYSTEM:…………….…………..………………..19

CHAPTER-4……………………………………………………………………………………..22

4. CONTROLLER:…………………………………………………………………………....23

4.1 PROPERTIONAL INTEGRAL CONTROLLER(PI):…...…………………….…..……….23


4.2 PROPERTIONAL DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER (PID):…………………………………24

CHAPTER-5……………………………………………………………………………………...25

5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS:…………………………………………….


…………….26

5.1 STEP LOAD CHANGE IN AREA-1:


………………………………………….................27
5.2 STEP LOAD CHANGE IN AREA-2:
…………………………………………………….29
5.3 SIMULTANEOUS STEP LOAD CHANGE OF 10% IN AREA-1 & 20% IN AREA-2:..30
5.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:……………………………………………………………...31

CHAPTER-6………………………………………………………………………………………33

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:


………………………………………………….34

6.1 CONCLUSION:…………………………………………………………………………..34
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
………………………………………………………………………...34

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………...35

REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………………………...35

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2.1 Speed Governing System………………………………………………………………….….07


Fig 2.2 Block Diagram of Speed Governing System……………………………………….................08
Fig 2.3 Block Diagram of Hydrulic Amplifier…………………………………………………….….09
Fig 2.4 Block Diagram of Turbine Model…………………………………………………………….09
Fig 2.5 Block Diagram of Generator Load Model………………………………………….................11
Fig 2.6 Single Area power system model……………………………………......................................14
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of two area system…………………………………………………….……...16
Fig 3.2 Block Diagram of Tie-Line…………………………………………………………………...17
Fig 3.3 Two area power system model [3]……………………………..…….......................................21
Fig 4.1 Structure of PID controller…………………………………………………………………....24
Fig 5.1 Change in frequency of first area for 0.1 p.u change in area 1……………………………..…28
Fig 5.2 Change in frequency of second area for 0.1 p.u change in area 1………………….................28
Fig 5.3 Change in tie-line power for 0.1 p.u change in area 1………………………………………...28
Fig 5.4 Change in frequency of first area for 0.1 p.u change in area 2………......................................29
Fig 5.5 Change in frequency of first area for 0.1 p.u change in area 2………......................................29
Fig 5.6 Change in Ptie for 0.1 p.u change in area 2…………….……………......................................30
Fig 5.7 Change in frequency for first area 0.1 p.u change in area 1 and 0.2 p.u in area 2….................30

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Fig 5.8 Change in frequency for second area 0.1 p.u change in area 1 and 0.2 p.u in area 2…………31
Fig 5.9 Change in Ptie for 0.1 p.u change in area 1 and 0.2 change in area 2………………………...31
Fig 5.10 Frequency deviation of area 1 for 10% change in area1 with the variation of Tg…………...32
Fig 5.11 Frequency deviation of area 1 for 10% change in area1 with the variation of Tt……………32
Fig 5.12 Frequency deviation of area 1 for 10% change in area1 with the variation of T12…………..32

LIST OF TABLES

Table-5.1 Optimized PI/PID controller parameters……………………………………….………….26


Table-5.2 Comparative performance values for 10% step load charge in area 1…………………….26

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