PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

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 INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1. Willoughby has given administration the status of a fourth branch of government.
2. According to Henry Fayol, “The administrative process is universal”
3. Woodrow Wilson, ‘father of public administration’, wrote the book, ‘History of
administration’.
4. In 1926, L.D Whites, ‘Introduction to the study of public administration’. It was the first
text book of public administration.
5. Dwight Waldo said that ‘Separation between politics and administration have become
an ‘outworn credo’.
6. Lucknow University became the first one in India to have included a full compulsory
paper on public administration.
7. Madras University became the first one in India to have started a diploma course in
Public Administration.
8. Indian Institute of Public Administration (1954) was established at New Delhi on the
recommendation of Paul H Appleby report on public administration in India (1953).
9. The growth of Comparative public administration come from the Comparative
Administration Group (CAG) established in 1960, USA, as a committee of American
Society for Public Administration (1939).
10. Fred Riggs is the major exponent of the comparative approach to public
administration. He is considered as the father of Comparative public administration.
11. The Decision Making approach advocated by Martin Landau.
12. Riggs employed 3 analytical tools to explain his administrative theories. These are,
Ecological approach, Structural functional approach and Ideal Models (Model
building).

DEVELOPMENT ADMINSTRATION
13. “Development administration” was first coined by U.L Goswamy,an, Indian scholar.
He used this term in his article The structure of development administration in India
1955
14. George Gant, an American scholar, is regarded as the father of development
administration.
15. Edward Wiedner is the foremost proponent of development administration. He is also
the first to conceptually explain the definition of development administration.
16. Minnowbrook conference (1968, USA) held under the patronage of Dwight Waldo
gave rise to New public Administration.
17. The New Public Management was coined by Cristopher Hood. He used it in his article
A public management for all seasons.(1991)
18. The New Public Management is also called as Managerialism (by Pollitt), Market
based public Administration (by Lan and Rosenbloom), Third Way between Public
administration and Private administration (by U.A Gunn)
19. The New Public management aims at three Es; Economy, Efficiency and Effectiveness
(by Pollitt).

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20. The major landmarks in the growth and emergence of new Public Administration are
;
 The Honey report on higher education for public service,1967,USA
 Philadelphia conference on the theory and practice of public administration
1967.
 Minnowbrook Conference 1968
 The publication of Towards a New Public Administration edited by Frank
Marini.1971.
 The publication of Public Administration in a time of Turbulence, edited by
Dwight Waldo, 1971.
21. New Public administration which emerged in late 1960s gave importance to public
aspect of administration; relevance, values, equity and change.
DECISION MAKING AND ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
1. The first comprehensive analysis of the Decision making process is given by Chester
Bernard. He observed, “the process of decisions are largely techniques for narrowing
choice”
2. Herbert A Simon is the first decision theorist. He defined, “decision making as the
optimum rational choice between alternative courses of action.”The three phases
include:Intelligence phase,The design phase and The Choice phase.
3. Simon and March have stated that the administrator who is responsible for both
routine activities and longterm planning devotes greater share of his time on routine
activities. This results in either postponement or avoidance of long term decisions.
This phenomena is called by them as “Gresham’s law of planning”.
4. Peter Drucker in his popular book The practice of management classified decisions
into generic and unique decisions.
5. Simon’s model of rational decision making is also known as behaviour alternative
model because he proposed an alternative model as a more realistic alternative to the
classical ‘economic rationality model’.
6. Charles E Lindblom in his article The science of muddling through (1959) advocated
the ‘incremental model’ of decision making.
7. Etizioni’s article Mix Scanning; A third Approach to decision making published in 1967,
has suggested an intermediate model that combines the elements of both rational
comprehensive model (rationalism) and incremental model (incrementalism).
8. When CAG was formed in 1963 the purpose was to make a comparative study of
administrative and political system in the under developed third world.
9. The ecological perspective of public administration has been best explained by F.W
Riggs in his book The ecology of Public administration 1961.
10. Riggs fundamental approach to study the system was structural functional in which he
was influenced by Talcott Parsons and Marion Levy.
11. The Prismatic society was propounded by Riggs.(Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted)
12. ‘Sala’ is a Spanish word to be used in developing societies in place of the bureau of
weber.
13. Riggs explained his theory based on Thailand and Philippines.
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14. Though family, community and caste play a decisive role in prismatic society, there is
a simultaneous growth of new groups in the society. Riggs called them clects.

THEORIES OF ORGANISATION
 Scientific Management Theory
1. Henry Fayol is called as the father of ‘Management process school’ or the functional
management theory.
2. Fayol’s theory of the ‘scalar chain’ which is the synonym for hierarchy is a ‘kind of
photograph of the framework’.
3. The POSDCORB become the basis of Brownlow commission report which was a n
outcome of 3 member committee on administrative management appointed by
president Franklin Roosevelt in 1936.
4. The work of Charles Babbage and Frederick Halsey initiated the use of scientific
techniques.
5. The scientific management theory was propounded by Frederick Taylor. He is the
father of scientific management. This theory is also known as “Taylorism’.
6. The term scientific management was first coined by Louis Brandies, 1910.
7. The pillars of Taylor’s findings;
 Time an d Motion studies
 Differential Piece rate system
 Shop floor management
 Functional Foremanship(4+4 workers)
 Soldiering
8. March and Simon criticised scientific management theory as psychological
organisation theory.

 Classical Theory

9. Classical theory reached its zenith in 1937 when the Paper on the science of
administration by Urwick and Luther Gulick was published.
10. Henry Fayol is regarded as the father of classical theory.
11. Fayol defined Scalar Chain as the chain of superiors ranging from the ultimate
authority to the lowest ranks.
12. Esprit de Corps means harmony or union among the personal of an organisation.
13. Luther Gullick identified the four basis of departmental organisation as
Purpose,Process,Persons and Places(4Ps formula)
14. Gullick coined the acronym POSDCORB.
15. Mooney and Reiley emphasised hierarchy in organisational design and called it the
scalar process.
16. Woodrow Wilson called classical theory as’ the science of administration’.

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  Bureaucratic Theory

17. Bureaucracy has been associated with the name of German sociologist Max Webber
although the term was first coined by the French economist Vincent De Gournay.
18. Robert Michels in his book Political Parties propounded the concept of “iron law of
oligarchy”.
19. Gaetano Mosca in his book The ruling class classified the political system into two
categories; bureaucratic and feudal.
20. According to Webber authorities synonymous to “authoritarian power of common”
and he called it “domination”. He wrote the book The theory of social and economic
organisation.
21. Weber stated that all administration means domination.
22. M.P Follett is regarded as a bridge between the classical approach and the
behavioural-human relations approach to organisation.
23. Follett propounded the concept of “constructive conflict”
24. According to Follett, “Power is the ability to make things happen, to be causal agent,
to initiate change”.
25. Chester. Bernard conceived organisation as a social system. He is regarded as the
spiritual father of the social system school.
26. F.M Marx talks about 4 kinds of bureaucracy: Guardian, Caste, Patronage and Merit.

 HUMAN RELATIONS THEORY

1. Elton Mayo an American sociologist is regarded as the father of human relations
theory. He called this approach as ‘clinical method’. He undertook the first research
programme in 1923 in a textile mill near Philadelphia and named it “the first enquiry”.
2. The phases of Hawthorne experiment;
 Illumination experiment
 Relay Assembly test room experiment
 Mass interviewing programme
 Bank wiring experiment

 BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
1. Chris Argyris and E.W.Bakke developed the fusion process theory
2. Douglas McGregor propounded his theory of motivation, popularly known as ‘Theory
X and theory Y’
3. The system approach took the study of organisation was developed mainly after
1950.it is also known as modern organisation theory
4. Chester Barnard gave the first comprehensive explanation of organisation from the
system point of view.
5. There are three models of organisation; the closed model of organisation, open model
organisation and the newer tradition model of organisation

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 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
1. Fayol referred hierarchy as the ‘scalar chain’, while Mooney and Reiley called it the
‘scalar process’. Mooney stated that hierarchy is a universal phenomenon.
2. To speed up the flow of business and avoid delay in disposal of cases, Henry Fayol
suggested an alternative route called ‘gangplank’.
3. Henry Fayol is the most important advocate of principle of ‘unity of command’.
4. J.D Millet advocates the theory of ‘Dual Supervision’.
5. F.W Taylor has also rejected the principle of unity of command. In its place, he
advocated the concept of ‘functional foremanship’, under which a works receives
orders from 8 supervisors.
6. The principle of span of control in public administration is related to the concept of
‘span of attention’, described in psychology by V.A Graicunus, the French
management consultant.
7. Mooney and Reiley described authority as the ‘supreme coordinating power’ that
provides legitimacy to the organisational structure
8. Chester Bernard adds that the acceptance of authority is facilitated by the ‘zone of
indifference’ of individual participant of the organisation
9. Recentralisation is the opposite of decentralisation.it means centralisation of
authority once decentralised.
10. W.F Willoughby distinguished between two patterns of field organisations; unitary
and multiple.
11. Luther Gullick distinguished between three types of field organisation ;
 All fingers
 Short arms ,long fingers
 Long arms, short fingers (arms denote regional offices and fingers indicate the
line of communication reaching to the lowest field offices at the firing line).
12. The administrative organisation of the government consists of three types of agencies,
namely, line, staff and auxiliary. This classification has been borrowed from military
terminology
13. While American writers used the term auxillary agencies, British writers refer to them
as establishment services.
14. In India the first corporation was Reserve Bank of India which was established in the
year 1934. All other corporations were created after independence.
15. Independent Regulatory Commissions are an exclusive feature of U.S.A.

PERSONAL ADMINISTRATION
1. Herman Finer rightly observes, ‘personal is the sovereign factor in public
administration’.
2. China was the first country to adopt the scientific system of recruitment based on the
merit principle.
3. The role of training for civil servants was thoroughly analysed for the first time by the
Assheton committee in its report of 1944 in the U.K.

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4. Indian institute of public administration was set up at New Delhi in 1954 on the
recommendation of Paul H Appleby Report of 1953 on Indian Administration. It’s a
quasi – governmental body.
5. The principle of seniority was accepted first in India by the East India Company by
1669.
6. Spoilage System (USA) and Merit System(China).
7. Whitley council was in UK(1917).

COMMUNICATION

1. The first comprehensive analysis of the decision –making process is given by

Chester Barnard. He observed, ‘The processes of decisions are largely techniques
for narrowing choice’.
2. According to pfiffer , communication is the “heart of management “
3. Organisation communication has three aspects; internal, external, interpersonal.
4. Henry Fayol is the first administrative thinker to give a comprehensive analysis of
the problem of communication in an organisation
5. Norbert Weiner, he pioneered in the field of ‘cybernetics’.
6. Semantic Barriers,’ these are concerned with the language difficulties.
7. Management by Objectives (MBO), this technique was introduced by Peter
Drucker through his famous book, the practice of management.
8. F.W Taylor, the father of scientific management theory, was the first major
exponent of traditional theory.
9. The traditional theory of motivation is also known by three other names
 Monistic theory of motivation
 Economic theory of motivation
 Carrot and strict Approach of motivation
10. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy is the first systematic conceptual model of human
motivation.
11. Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory of motivation is also known as motivation –
hygiene theory

FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
1. Administrative reform commission of India recommended that the financial year from
1st November to 31st Oct.
2. The financial year in India and U.K is from 1st April to 31st march, in the U.S.A it is from
1st July to 30th June.
3. The system of performance budgeting originated in the U.S.A.The term was coined by
the first Hoover Commission.

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4. Programme budgeting (also known as planning-programming-budgeting system –
PPBS) also originated in the USA.
5. The Zero based budgeting also originated and developed in USA.
6. The system of top down budgeting was introduced in the USA.
7. James C. Charslesworth, ‘Audit is the process of ascertaining whether the
administration has spent or is pending its fund in accordance with the terms of the
legislative instrument which appropriated the money’.
8. Ashok Chanda observed ; ‘In all organised democracies ,audit is not just tolerated as a
necessary evil, but is looked upon as a valid ally’
9. IN 1976, the central govt separated accounting from audit by adopting the new
scheme of departmentalization of accounts.
10. In 1975 the royal commission of Australian govt suggested on the basis of a study
conducted by it that the accountability is ensured through the Management By Results
(MBR).
11. The concept of public accountability when feudalism was weakening and mercantile
commercialism was spreading.
12. Citizen charter started in U.K in 1991.In India it got started in 1997.

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