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Waves
a pattern of disturbance which propagates and carries energy with it.

Mechanical wave

Sour

(Ptin

Wave on a String by moving one end of the rope up and down.

The wave produces on String needs a medium to propagate and
here medium is String itself.

This type of waves is known as Mechanical Waves.

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Electromagnetic Waves

EM Waves are created as a result of variations of

osallhons
electrie & magnetic fields.
Light wave
EE

Direction
wave

Electromagnetic waves don't need a medium to propagate.

EM waves are waves which can travel through Non-methanica

the vacuum of outer space (unlike mechanical waves).

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Electromagnetic Waves
These waves have synchronized oscillations of electric & magnetic
fields r to each other andT to direction of wave propagation.

E
Dredin S)
fog-yakan
Electromagnetic wave s Pagehin 10t n g 74magnetic and electric fields.
 In a plane electromagnetic wave, directions of electric Jee

field and
magnetic field are
represented by k and 2i 2,
respectively. What is the unit vector along direction of
propagation of the wave.

JEE Mains 2020]

A B.

c.
+2/) D.

Electromagnetic Waves Zjee

The theory of EM waves was mainly developed by Maxwell around 1864.

According to him, an accelerated charge

sets up
a magnetic field in its neighborhood.
Electromagnetic waves are also known as
solutions of Maxwell's equations.

And Maxwell's equations the fundamental

are equations of electrodynamics.

Electromagnetic Waves Fjee

Equation of light wave

Electromagnetic Wave
y- ASi(u* E- Eo sin (wt- kx)
ead vads

Evhd
E.Snlolt- - z
AAA
trovedly In ox-dmehos
E: varying electric field at position x & time t

© : speed of light in vacuum

The electric field E is in X - Y plane,

t o direction of propagation.

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Electromagnetic WPage 13 74
Sinusoidally varying magnetic field associated with
electric field 1lr to electric field.
 Electromagnetic Waves jee

Equation of light wave

Y,
Electromagnetic Wave
-ASios
EEg sin (ot kx)
Evchpe
E . Snlw(t-
AAA, drha,
*

E; varying electric field at position x

&time t
C : speed of light in vacuum

The electric field E is in X

- Y plane,
t o direction of
propagation.

Electromagnetic Waves Zjee

Sinusoidally varying magnetic field associated with

electric field
1 to electric field.
Propagation
Electric Direction
Field (E)

B Bg sin o (t - x/c)}|

Magnetic
Field (B

Wavglength (h)

Such combination of mutually perpendicular electric & magnetic

fields in referred to as an Electromagnetic wavein vacuum.

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A plane electromagnetic wave propagating along
Y-direction can have the following pair of electric
a) field (E) and magnetic field (B) components.
[JEE Mains - 2021]
AEB, or E, B E B or E B
E , Bor E, B D. E B, or Ey B

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In electo Page 15 thdoha74ife rence/between
electric and magnetic field vectors F& B is-
() A.0 B. T/2 C. T D. T/4
 jee
In electromagnetic wave the phase difference between
and
magnetic field vectors E& B is-
electric
AO B. Tt/2 C. D. Tt/4

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Ampere's Law
Electric current produces magnetic
field and is calculated using:

B
d
|B-dl Hoinet

Valid.only when electricfield at the

surface does not change with time.

Zjee
Ampere's Law
EKarpe

B x r men-3oo

Fails on surface S

as there is no current through the surface but if we

keep a compass needle near S we get a deflection.

Ampere's law cannot be applied here in original form

because it is valid only when ele ctric field remains

Page 18 th 74

Earadau'e l aw
 field
We know that changing magnetic
Faraday's Law electric field (EMI)
produces

B produces E
changing
B
ihdeod Conve

doB
dt

ihduad E
is ud to allk Ein
As the
capacitor gets charged the electric field
changes and this
between the plates
changing E produces B

Correction in Ampere's Law

AAq
Afo

Evehnéfpdd

edt Eo
E changes

e mis[ing 6d
chang term in Ampere'4tircuitatáw.
This is the
diopla anea Cunh

Correction in Ampere's Law

The relation between the changing

electric and magnetic field is given by

B di-pofo dÙe
dt,
O
valid 1
Ezcont s d=o o
()

is flux of electric field through area

which
bounded by closed curve, along
is calculated.
the circulation of

Displacement CurPage 21 74
iesuit
Comiiing Ainpeies iaw o tiiis
 Displacement Current

Combining Ampere's law & this result

B.di uoso doe

=

dt

i or i :conduction current:
dde current due to flow of charges
where ia fo dt
=

d displacement current

Displacement Current
Two types of currents are possible in the region with varying electric field

i : Current carried by conductor due to flow of charges.

Cohapt
B

:Current produced due to changing electric field is

called displacement current.
| ia fo dt

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Q Displacement current is same as-

Aconduction current due to flow of free electrons

CB conduction current due to flow of positive ions

conduction current due to flow of both positive and

negative free charge carriers
D. is not a conduction current but is caused by time

varying electric field

Page 24 74 jee

Q A PPC is being charged. Show that the

displacement current across an area in the region
 Maxwell's Equations
whole subject of electricity & magnetism can be
described mathematically with the help of four equations:

Gauss's law of Electrostatics Gauss's law for Magnetism

d ( B-dh=o mohs pbl0)

do no
exiA
Ampere's Law
Faraday's Law

doe)*
E-di-_de
dt B.di =Hoit Bofodt
These equations are collectively known as Maxwell's Equations.

Results of Maxwell's Equations

Using Maxwell's equation, we can prove that

an
EM wave travelling along x -axis,
varying sinusoidally along y axis
electric field
-

S-E.SlotHhaving
will give rise to

varying sinusoidally along axis.

8-BSi(-hmagnetic field z -

E =Ey = Eo sin o(t - x/c)

B B, = B, sin o (t x/c)

Results of Maxwell's Equations

The electric and magnetic fields satisfy the

following wave equations, which can be
obtained from Maxwell's third and fourth equations.

32B
Wave 8'E .e 3-E
ax3 at2 axa at2

dx Electromagnetic wav travel through vacuum with

the speed of light c, where
*

PecatASot-t C
d Ud
Page 30 I 74

Doelee of Mavurellle Fauetions

Results of Maxwell's Equations

1
C=

magnetic
In a
permittivity E and
material medium of

permeability , velocity
of light becomes

VHE

on
Thus, the velocity of light depends
of the medium.
electric & magnetic properties

Zjee
electromagnetic wave of frequency 5GHz, is travelling

Q
An
permittivity and
in medium whose relative electric
a
both a r e 2. Its velocity
relative magnetic permeability
-x 107 m/s
in this medium is_
[JEE Mains - 2021]

Results of Maxwel's Equations

in an
The instantaneous magnitudes of E_and B
electromagnetic wave are related by the expression

Amplhda C
Ampl

E CBo

Page 33 74 Z jee
Magnetic field ofa plane electromagnetic wave is given
Q by (The speed of light =3 x 108 m/s
 Magnetic field of a
plane electromagnetic wave is jee
given
by (The speed of light 3 x 108 m/s)

B 100106 sin 2x210l-

Bo w
then the maximum electric field
associated with it is:
A. 6 x 104 N/C [JEE Mains - 2019]
U 3x 10 N/C
C. 4 x 104 N/C D. 4.5 x 104 N/C

Eo= C8,

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Classification of EM waves according to frequency or wavelength is
called Electromagnetic Spectrum.

THE ELECTRO MAGNETIcSPECTRUM

Wavelength
(metres)
Radio Microwave Infrared VisibleUtraviolet X-Ray Gamma RayY

103 109 1078

a deceans
VwwwMAN
An EM wave can have its wavelength from zero to infinity.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
We are familiar with the EM waves having wavelength
30fm (femtometre') to.30 km,
Increasing Wavelength (A) a

Increasing Energy
10 m 10m 0 10 10 10
10 A(m)
Infrared Microwave Radio
"Rakro
Gamma rays ays

012
10 0
10 10 10
Increasing Frequency (V)

Increasing Wavelength (A) in n m >

200 300 400 S00 600 O0

Ultraviolet spectrum Visible spectrum

Page 36 74 jee
Which o the following electromagnetic waves has

minimunn iequency
 jee
Which of the following electromagnetic waves has
minimum frequency?

B. ultrasonic wave
radio wave
C. microwave D. gamma rays

max

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The most penetrating radiation out of the following is-

A. X-rays B. B-rays

C. a-rays D. Y-rays

Ans: D

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Rays Wavelength Frequency

Gamma rays <0.01 A 3 x 1020 Hz

X-rays 10 A - 0.01 A 3 x 1017 Hz to 3 x 1020 Hz

Ultraviolet rays 4000 A to 10 A 7.5 x 1014 Hz to 3 x 1017 Hz

Visible light 4000 A to 7000 A 4.3 x 1014 Hz to 7.5 x 1014 Hz

Infra-red rays 1 mm to 7000 A 3x 101 Hz to 4.3 x 1014 Hz

Micro-waves 0.1 m to 1 mm 3x 10 Hz to 3 x 10 Hz

Radio waves 0.1 m <3 x 10° Hz

Radio Waves Page 39 I 7 4

Radio and
radio ana
microwave radiations
i.v. communicauon systems
are usedin
 Radio Waves
used in
Radio and microwave radiations are

Tadio and T.V. communication systems

UV Radiation

Ultraviolet radiations used in the detection of invisible

are

writing, forged documents,fingerprints in forensic

laboratory and to preserve the food stuffs.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Super high frequency electromagnetic waves(3000 to 30,000 MHz)
are used in Radar and Satellite communication.
Mico a n e
 Radiation Discovery Production Wavelength Frequency Uses
Range Range
y-Rays Henry Due to 10-14 m t0 hz to 1. Gives information
becquerel radioactive 10-10 m
3x1022
3x1018 nuclear structure.
and nuclei. 2. Medical treatment etc.
Madam
Cuire.
X-rays Roentgen Due to 6x1012 m to 5x1019 hz to | 1. Medical diagnosis and
collisions of 10-9 m 3x101" hz treatment.
high energy 2. Study of crystal
electrons with structure.
heavy targets. 3. Industrial radiography

Ultraviolet Ritter By ionised 6x10-10 m to

3.8x10- m
3x10-17 hz to
5x1019 hz
1. To detect adulteration,
writing and signature.
|rays gases, sun 2. Sterilization of water
Lampsspark
etc. due to its destruction
action on bacteria

RadiationDiscovery Production Waveleng Frequenc Uses

th Range y Range
2. Sterilization of water
due to its destruction
action on bacteria

Visible light Newton Outer orbit 3.8x10-7 m 8x1014 hz 1. To see objects

electron to 2. To study molecular
transition in 7.8x10-7 m 4x1014 hz structure
atoms, gasS
discharge tube,
incandescent
solids and
liquids.

Infra-red William 1.Rearrangement 7.8x10-7 m | 4x1014 hz 1. Used in industry,

Herchell of outer orbital to to medicine and astronomy.
electron in 103 m 3x10" hz 2. Used for fog or haze
atoms and photography
molecules

Production Wavelength Frequency Uses

Radiation Discovery
Range Range
2. Change E of 3. Elucidating molecular
molecular structure.
vibrational and
rotational
energies.
3. By bodies at
high
temperatures.

10-3 m to 3x1011 hz to 1. Phenomena of

Microwave Hertz Special
electronic 0.3 m 10°hz reflection, refraction
devices such And diffraction.
as klystron
tube

10 hz to 1. Exhibit waves like

Radiowave Hertz Oscillating 0.3 to few
few hz properties more than
circuits kms
particle like properties

Page 45 74 jee

An electromagnetic wave is propagaing aiong Y-axis.

Tha